Influence of human activities on flood and drought disasters in the Yellow River Basin in Tang Dynasty

The impact of human activities on flood and drought disasters in the Yellow River Basin mainly has the following factors: 1. Irrational land reclamation. The Yellow River has been a muddy river since ancient times. Therefore, the ecological environment of the Yellow River basin has a great influence on the occurrence of flood and drought disasters in this basin. Good grassland vegetation in the upper reaches of the Yellow River can greatly reduce floods in the middle and lower reaches. However, in the Tang Dynasty, northwest China was a national reclamation area, and a large area of land was reclaimed as farmland. According to historical records, in order to prevent the invasion of northern Turks and western Tubo, they actively stationed troops in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. After two years of exposure, Heiya often served as the ambassador of Heyuan Army and cultivated more than 5,000 hectares of farmland. During the Yuanhe period, Prime Minister Li Jiang invited him to open a farm, and he was appointed as the ambassador of Hanzhong Warwick, responsible for the grain transportation of Zhenwu, Jingxi Yingtian and Hehuo. He started from the north, plowed 300 hectares in the east and crossed Yunzhou in the west, which was an extreme surrender to the city. Within more than 600 miles, there are 20 columns and more than 3800 hectares of farmland. At the end of Yamato, Wang Qi fought against Li Ning Yingtian in Lingwu. Better to make Bi Jian keep a scholar and open a farm. Land reclamation in the Tang Dynasty turned a large area of land in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River into farmland. Although at that time, it also increased the grain income and solved the problem of grain supply for the army, in the long run, it destroyed the local ecological balance, aggravated the climate drought, and appeared a large area of grassland and desert. For example, in the early 5th century, the Mu Us sandy land was rich in aquatic plants, and Helian Bobo was rich in aquatic plants here, so it was chosen to build Tongwan City. Ordos Plateau was an important pasture for horses in the early 6th century, with many rivers. But since the 8th century, the Mu Us Sandy Land and Ordos Plateau have become thousands of miles wide, all quicksand, and the ecological environment has deteriorated. In the second year of Tang Changqing, the flying sand in Wantong City reached the city wall, reflecting the further deterioration of vegetation and environment. The destruction of vegetation in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River has increased the sediment content of the Yellow River, which has accumulated in the middle and lower reaches, raised the downstream riverbed and increased the frequency of flood disasters. In the Tang dynasty, in order to expand the area of cultivated land and encourage reclamation. During the years of Kaiyuan and Tianbao, the economy was the most prosperous, the cultivated land area increased greatly, and Shan Ye was barren and wasteland was everywhere. Gullies have also been turned into farmland. For the Yellow River basin, summer and autumn are rainy seasons, and flash floods will occur during heavy rains. After the rainy season, drought and climate imbalance often occur.

2. A large area of forest has been cut down. In the Tang Dynasty, due to the construction of a large number of palaces and the use of charcoal, the forests in the Yellow River Basin were cut down in large quantities. According to the records of the Tang Dynasty, there are palaces under construction, Taihe Palace and Renzhi Palace in yijun county, Yizhou. At that time, Daming Palace and Luo Yang Palace were built, and Yuhua Palace was built in Fenghuang Valley, yijun county, as Feixian Palace and Yingcheng Palace. Stone, Jianyuan Temple, Jianming Hall, Fengtian Palace in the south of Songshan Mountain, Sanyang Palace in Songyang County, Xingtai Palace in Wanan Mountain, Shouan County, Lianggong in Baduyuan, Wanquan Palace in Lantian County, Mianchi Palace and Lianggong in Yong 'an County, Yongzhou. At that time, Jiaotai Hall and Changsheng Hall were built, Qin Zheng Building, Mingguang Building, Yi Ming Building and Wangchun Palace were built, and a hot spring palace was set up in Lishan. Tang Dezong built Xuanwu Building and Wang Xianlou; When I was in Tang Xianzong, I worked in Yong 'an Hall and Baoqing Hall. Tang Jingzong repaired Weiyang Palace in Han Dynasty; Tang Wenzong Shi Xiu Anfu Building, Liang Yitang, Ganlutang and Ziyun Building; When Tang Wuzong builds Sendai, it will build a fairy building; Due to the construction of a large number of palaces and pavilions, trees near Beijing were completely cut down during the Tianbao period of the Tang Dynasty. In the 13th year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong, Pei Yanling, assistant minister of household affairs, played: A valley was discovered in the same state, with thousands of mature trees, all 70 to 80 feet long. Hearing this, the emperor said, as people say, in Tianbao, there is no one who is fifty or sixty feet long. Why are there these Woods nearby now? It reflects the large-scale disappearance of forests in the Yellow River Basin in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to building palaces and cutting down forests, the use of charcoal for heating and cooking in the Tang Dynasty also reduced the forest area. Tang has charcoal messengers who are responsible for charcoal supply in Beijing and various bureaucracies. Charcoal vendors recorded the situation that farmers in Nanshan reduced their wages and burned charcoal in order to sell Beijing charcoal. In the Tang dynasty, the army often cut wages as logistical supplies. Book of the Old Tang Dynasty 142 "Biography of Wang Ting": The country destroyed thieves from Xianzong and hid the air. Mu Zong acceded to the throne, reward too much, and your town * * *, hundreds of financial resources exhausted. When the town had more than 150,000 soldiers, just out of its territory, they returned to Du Zhi and set the north and south as the army. Now that we have gone deep into the thief's territory, it is difficult to get rid of it, and the meager salary is not followed. Various armies repeatedly collected firewood. In addition, the development of mountainous areas has also reduced forest resources. Forests have the functions of water conservation and soil reinforcement. The reduction of forest area in the Yellow River basin, especially in mountainous areas, has led to the destruction of ecological balance, drought in rainy season and flash floods, which have greatly increased the water volume of the Yellow River, caused flooding of the river and brought disasters to residents in Beijing and nearby areas.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the frequency and destruction of Yellow River immigrants increased day by day. According to the chronology of major natural disasters and anomalies in ancient China, the Yellow River was diverted twice in Tang Dynasty, with 14 overflows and 38 floods in the Yellow River basin.

The Yellow River disaster is mainly caused by human factors. Since the late Tang Dynasty, large areas of virgin forests in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River have been cut down indiscriminately, large areas of pastures have been reclaimed as cultivated land, and natural vegetation has been destroyed. Serious soil erosion leads to frequent floods in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. In the late Tang Dynasty, the Yellow River was diverted twice. Once, in the second year of Tang Jingfu, nearly a hundred miles of diversion occurred in Bohai County, Binzhou. According to the Taiping Universe Binzhou Records, the old Yellow River is 60 miles northwest of the county seat, and the river course was diverted two years after Jingfu. Another diversion occurred in the third year of Tang Dynasty, which was caused by human factors. In April this year, in order to protect the slippery state, Zhu Quanzhong ordered to open the riverbank, because the two rivers are separated by more than 1000 miles. According to historical records, breaches often occurred in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in the Tang Dynasty. From 655 to 906, Zhengzhou, Huazhou, Daming, Bozhou, Yunzhou, qi zhou and Dizhou exploded one after another. The bursting of the Yellow River means a big flood. For example, in the second year of Tang Ruyi, the Yellow River in Shandong flooded, with more than 2,000 bad residents. In the second year of Tang Shengli, the Yellow River in Henan flooded, and the river overflowed Huaizhou, drifting away more than 1000 families. The Yellow River burst 14 times in the Tang Dynasty, and it spread to Henan eight times, two of which were particularly serious. In the tenth year of Tang Kaiyuan, in July of Jiazi, Huai, Wei, Zheng, Slip, Bian, Pu and Xu were flooded by rain, tributaries of rivers flooded, people lived in nest boats, thousands of people died, and no assets were left. This is a serious flood. Seven states were flooded, and thousands of victims, houses, properties, fields and crops were looted by the flood. Another river flood occurred in the 14th year of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty. In autumn, there are fifty rivers in the world, especially in Henan and Hebei, where rivers and tributaries flood. Huai, Wei, Zheng, Sliding, Bian and Pu Min all lived in the nest, and thousands of people died. Only four years later, the tragedy was repeated in the same area, and the flood of the Yellow River once again brought profound disasters to the people of Henan.

In the Tang Dynasty, floods and droughts occurred frequently in the Yellow River basin. During the more than 200 years of the Tang Dynasty, there were few good years. Sometimes there is seasonal or interannual drought, sometimes there is continuous rain and waterlogging, and sometimes there is a drought and waterlogging every year. And the consequences of drought and flood disasters are quite serious. Drought caused crops to die and crops to fail. Rain and waterlogging caused houses to collapse, people and animals died, crops were flooded, and famine was caused. According to the records of New Tang Book, Old Tang Book and Tang Yaohui, the floods and droughts in Zhongzhou area in Tang Dynasty were as follows: In the first year of Zhenguan, floods occurred in Shandong provinces.

Zhenguan four years, Xuzhou water.

In the seventh year of Zhenguan, in August, floods occurred in forty states in Shandong and Henan.

In the eighth year of Zhenguan, floods occurred in thirty states of Shandong and Henan.

In the ninth year of Zhenguan, in August, floods occurred in Shandong, Henan and Huainan.

Ten years of Zhenguan, twenty-eight years of Guandong Huaihai, and floods.

In the autumn and July of the eleventh year of Zhenguan, heavy rain spilled into Luoyang Palace, reaching four feet deep, damaging the left door and destroying 19 palaces; Luoshui overflows and floats over a hundred families.

In the eighteenth year of Zhenguan, floods occurred in Gu, Yu, Song and Bo.

In the nineteenth year of Zhenguan, Qinshui and Yizhou flooded crops.

Yonghui suffered a four-year drought, especially in Yingzhou.

In the sixth year of Yonghui, in June, the water in the states of Slippery, Bian and Zheng was exhausted, and the crops were harmful; The flood in Los Angeles destroyed Tianjin Bridge.

In the first year of General Zhang, there was a drought in the capital and Shandong and Jianghuai.

Yifeng two years, summer, Henan, Hebei drought.

In September of the first year of Yonglong, floods occurred in Henan and Hebei provinces, and some people drowned.

In August of the second year of Yonglong, floods occurred in Henan and Hebei, causing more than 100,000 bad residents.

On June 12 of the first year of Yongchun, it rained for days, and on the 23rd, Luoshui surged, damaging more than 200 houses in Lide, Jinghong and Jingxing, Tianjin Bridge and Zhongqiao, and pedestrians stopped for several days. First of all, there was a heavy rain, and it was like hanging streams, so it was a conflict. Hunger in middle school from Shaanxi to Los Angeles, countless people died.

In March of the second year of Yongchun, the Yellow River in Luozhou flooded the county seat of Ayang, and the water level was five or six feet higher than that in the city. From the bottom of the salt dike to the county seat, Shili lime, advection, and the north-south road of the bridge are all broken. In the summer of the same year, Henan and Hebei were dry.

Hanging arch for four years, in February, Shandong and Henan were very hungry.

In the first year of Yongchang, in March, there was a drought.

In the first year of Ruyi, in April, Luoshui flooded and Yongchang Bridge was damaged. There are more than 400 floating residents. In July, Luoshui flooded and more than 5,000 residents drifted. In August, the river flooded and damaged Heyang County.

He lived for two years and entered Henan at the age of eleven.

The first year of magic, the nineteenth year of Henan Province, water

In June of the first year of the Gregorian calendar, Chen Wu and Luoshui surged, more than 2,000 houses were damaged and many people drowned.

In the second year of the solar calendar, in July, it rained heavily in Chen Bing, and Luoshui was not good for Tianjin Bridge. In this area, the river overflowed Huaizhou, and more than 1000 families were floating.

For a long time, the first year, October, Luozhou water.

Chang 'an two years, spring, no rain, as for next May.

Chang 'an for three years, winter, no snow, as for next February.

For four years in Chang 'an, from September to October, it was dark day and night, with rain and snow. There are people and animals, and there are people who starve to death.

In July of the first year of Shenlong, Luoshui rose, and there were more than 2,000 bad people in Lushe.

In April of the second year of Shenlong, the Luoshui River flooded, damaged Tianjin Bridge, drifted to Lushe, and drowned thousands of people. In winter, there is no rain. As for next May, the capital, Hebei and Henan will be dry and hungry.

In the summer of the third year of Shenlong, drought occurred in more than 20 States in Shandong and Hebei, and more than 2,000 people starved to death. In the third year of Kaiyuan, Henan and Hebei divided water.

In the fourth year of Kaiyuan, in July, Ding You and Luoshui flooded and hundreds of ships sank.

In June, the fifth year of Kaiyuan, Renshen and Gongxian County were flooded with heavy rain for several months, which destroyed more than 700 houses in Guo Yi and killed 72 people. On the same day, Surabaya damaged more than 200 people near the river. In June of the sixth year of Kaiyuan in Shen Jia, a rising tide lifts all boats, and the bad guys Lushe drowned more than 1,000 people.

In the eighth year of Kaiyuan, in June, there was heavy rain in the east and flood of grain water. Land houses in Xin 'an, Mianchi and Gongxian of Shou 'an, Henan Province have been emptied, and 8 15 people drowned. There are 1 140 people who died in idle soldiers in Xu and Wei prefectures.

In May, the 10th year of Kaiyuan, heavy rain in the east, the flooding of Iraq and Youzhi, damaged thousands of houses in Henan Province and Xu, Ru, Xian, Chen and other states, and drowned many people.

In the 11th year of Kaiyuan, in November, there was heavy snow in Huainan, Shandong Province, with an area of more than three feet.

In June of the 12th year of Kaiyuan, there was a flood in Yuzhou.

In the 14th year of Kaiyuan, there was a drought in summer. In autumn and July, ugly water flooded into the cabin, and States chartered hundreds of ships, drowning many people. In autumn, fifteen states say drought and frost, and five states say water, especially in Henan and Hebei.

In the sixteenth year of Kaiyuan, there was a severe drought in the four provinces of Henan, Song and Bo.

In June of the eighteenth year of Kaiyuan, the water rose, which damaged the chartering in Yang, Chu, Zi and Germany. At noon, Luoshui in the east capital flooded, damaging Doumen, Yongji and Caoqu in Tianjin, drifting away the shops and battlements outside Xiangmen, and damaging more than a thousand houses.

In the 19th year of Kaiyuan, in autumn, the water in Henan was harmful to crops.

In the twentieth year of Kaiyuan, floods occurred in Song, Slippery, Yanzhou, Yun and other states in autumn.

In the twenty-second year of Kaiyuan, there were more than ten species in Guanfu and Henan in autumn, which caused floods to crops.

Twenty-eight years of Kaiyuan, October, Henan County, thirteen years of water.

In the twenty-ninth year of Kaiyuan, floods hit Iraq, Luochuan and Zhichuan, destroying houses, leaving no crops in autumn, destroying Tianjin Bridge, the eastern capital, the East-West Trough and the northern states of Henan, all of which drowned.

Tianbao four years, September, Du Dong, Luoyi, rotten nineteen squares.

In the thirteenth year of Tianbao, Dongdulo soared, and there were no 19 parties.

Yongtai two years, Henan dozens of states water.

Twelve years in Dali, autumn, heavy rain. It was a year of drought in spring and summer, and rainy in autumn and August, especially in Henan. The flat was five feet deep, and the river burst its banks and flooded the crops.

In the first year of Zhenyuan, there was a drought in Shaanxi, and there were no wheat seedlings in spring. As for August, the drought is very serious and the wells have dried up.

In the second year of Zhenyuan, in the summer, the rivers in Du Dong, Henan, Jingnan and Huainan flooded, and the bad guys went to Lushe.

In the autumn of Zhenyuan eight years, it rained heavily, and more than 40 states in Henan, Hebei, Shannan, Jianghuai and other places were flooded, and more than 20,000 people drowned.

In the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan, there was drought in Xia, Shen, Guang and Cai counties.

In the eighth year of Yuanhe, Xu Zhouzou: Heavy rain destroyed mountains and water flowed out, killing and injuring more than a thousand people.

In May of the 11th year of Yuanhe, heavy rains in both cities damaged 40,000 hectares of farmland, especially in Zhao Ying, which drowned people. Chen, Xu and other states have lost thousands of hectares of land.

In the twelfth year of Yuanhe, autumn, heavy rain and north water in Henan province harmed crops.

In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe, there was heavy rain in Songcang, Jing and other states. Since June, Gui You has gone to Dinghai, and Lushe has also gone completely.

In the fourth year of Changqing, in November, floods occurred in Gyeonggi, Henan, Jiangnan and Hunan.

In June of the second year of Daiwa, Zhou Chen's autumn harvest was flooded.

In the fourth year of Daiwa, in the summer, the rotten city of Cao Yu, Pu Yu and Lu came to an end. It has been raining cats and dogs since May in Xuzhou, with a water depth of eight feet, which is bad for most residents in Guo County. In that year 1 1 month, crops in Gyeonggi, Henan, Jiangnan and other places were flooded.

In the sixth year of Daiwa, there was a drought in Hedong, Henan and Guanfu.

In the eighth year of Daiwa, there were droughts in summer, Shaanxi and China.

In the ninth year of Daiwa, in autumn, droughts occurred in Jingzhao, Henan, He Zhong, Shaanxi, China and Tongzhou.

In the second year, in August, there was a flood in Shannan vassal States, and all the crops were gone.

Xian Tong two years, autumn, it doesn't rain in Huainan, Henan, as for next June.

After serving for five years, it rained heavily in autumn, and Fen, Yue and River flooded, which harmed crops.

It can be seen that the frequent occurrence of natural disasters in Zhongzhou area not only brings endless disasters to the production and life of local people, but also seriously hinders the social and economic development in rural areas. Since ancient times, people have brought irreparable negative effects on the disorderly development and utilization of natural resources, and also made us realize the dialectical relationship between human activities and nature from the historical development. In the modernization of the new century, people should consciously accept the experience and lessons left by history, abandon the traditional economic development model, establish Scientific Outlook on Development, enhance environmental awareness, and actively promote the construction of new socialist countryside. This is the guarantee for building a harmonious society and taking the road of sustainable development, and it is also a valuable experience left by history.