Who is the head of the four ancient capitals?

Luoyang is the capital of China in Xia, Shang, Zhou, Han, Wei, Jin, Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, with the longest history, the longest span and the most prosperous times. As the birthplace of the prestigious Tianxia and Hutuluo, Luoyang represents the core origin of Chinese civilization and the highest peak of the feudal empire in East Asia.

Luoyang was officially recognized as the first of the four ancient capitals in China in April 20 18.

2065438+April 2008, the World Ancient Capital Forum kicked off. After many discussions and agreements between China and foreign countries, Luoyang, China, has the oldest capital, ranking first among the four ancient capitals in China and second to none in the world. Therefore, it has been determined as the permanent venue of the World Ancient Capital Forum.

Therefore, Luoyang has become the first of the four ancient capitals officially recognized by China.

The first World Ancient Capital Forum was held in Luoyang, Henan Province on April 19, 2065438. The representative of the President of the International Association of Museums officially unveiled the World Ancient Capital Forum. More than 20 countries, including Egypt, Britain, Italy, Cambodia, Japan and South Korea, attended the meeting, and all the remaining seven of the eight ancient capitals of China (Beijing, Xi 'an, Nanjing, Kaifeng, Hangzhou, Anyang and Zhengzhou) attended.

Permanent site of the World Ancient Capital Forum-Luoyang, China

Since the Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty in China, 13 orthodox dynasties and more than 20 regimes have designated Luoyang as the political, economic and cultural center. Luoyang has a history of more than 5,000 years of civilization, 4,000 years of city building and 1500 years of capital building. It is the earliest city with the most dynasties and the longest history in China history. Luoyang is also the central city of the Grand Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties and the starting point of the world cultural heritage of the Silk Road in China. Within less than 30 kilometers on both sides of the Luohe River, there are five capital sites, namely Erlitou in Xiadu, Xibo in Shangdu, Wangcheng in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Luoyang in Han and Wei Dynasties and Luoyang in Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Wudu official gong

Formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the world-famous "Silk Road" was opened by Ban Chao, Gan Ying and Ban Yong. From Luoyang, the capital, you can go directly to the east coast of the Mediterranean, and there are endless horses and camels. It is recorded in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty: "His monarch often wants to communicate with Han, but wants to rest in peace with Han, so he cannot hide his worship." Luoyang City in the Western Regions of Han and Wei Dynasties extended from Cao Wei and Western Jin Dynasty to Northern Wei Dynasty, and was changed to Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Dingdingmen is also a world cultural heritage of the Silk Road. As the central hub of the Grand Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties, Yang Di moved its capital to Luoyang after its completion, realizing the Chinese dream of all nations coming to Korea. Huiluocang and Hanjiacang, the world cultural heritage of the Grand Canal, were the granaries of the capital during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Sima Guang, the author of Zi Tong Zhi Jian and a famous historian in the Northern Song Dynasty, once wrote "Crossing the Old Luoyang City": "Smoke knows that the rain cries Watson, and the palace is in the old imperial capital. If you ask about the rise and fall of ancient and modern times, please only look at Luoyang City. " The design of Luoyang influenced the pattern of overseas cities in the same period. For example, cities such as Kyoto and Nara in Japan are modeled after Luoyang in the Tang Dynasty and Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Even Japan's visit to Kyoto in the Middle Ages was called Shangluo.

The Starting Point of the Silk Road —— Dingdingmen Site in Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties

Since a large amount of silk was transported to the west after being traded in Luoyang, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, seres in Rome, srγcinch kn δ h in Sogdian and saragh in Syria all referred to Luoyang City. "Cyrus"-Luoyang City was once regarded as a distant and mysterious China by ancient westerners. The silk exported from China was given the same name by the west and is still in use today, from which modern British silk originated. If porcelain is a symbol of China, Luoyang is synonymous with silk.

In the first month of the fifth year of Yang Di's great cause (609), he set out from Luoyang and toured Xihe River to open up wasteland. Countries in the western regions paid tribute to the eastern capital one after another.

When Wu Zetian sent troops to recapture the "four towns in Anxi", he later set up the North Court to protect the capital, which together with the capital in Anxi protected the smooth flow of the Silk Road.

Silk road illustration

Grand Canal Huiluocang Site

Mangshan Mausoleum in the north of Luoyang is the burial place of many ancient emperors and celebrities. "Born in Suzhou and Hangzhou, buried in the north of Mangshan Mountain", "It's not right to lie in an ox", Mangshan Mountain has always been the seat of Long Mai in the hearts of China people. ? China, Huaxia, Middle Earth, Huaxia, Zhongyuan and Zhongzhou all originated from the ancient Luoyang City and Heluo civilization.

The name of the exhibition of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in Henan Province, "Zhaizi China", comes from He Zun, a bronze ware of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The inscription mentioned that it was built in Zhou (now Luoyang), which is the earliest record of the word "China". "China" refers to the newly-built capital Luoyang, which means a country at the center of the world, and Jiuding moved to Luoyi, all symbolizing Zhou's lofty status. "Zhaizi China" implied the consciousness of heaven and earth and the concept of country at that time, and took it as the title of the exhibition, which was intended to reflect the prominent position of Henan in the continuous evolution of three generations of civilizations and its great significance in explaining "Why China".

China-Luoyang, a stockade in the Western Zhou Dynasty

Duke Zhou established the system of Luoyi-Rite and Music.

First Dynasty, Hehe Xiadu: Archaeologists found in Erlitou site-

● The earliest urban trunk road network

● The earliest Miyagi (the source of the Forbidden City until the Ming and Qing Dynasties)

● The earliest palace complex with central axis layout (the architectural expression of capital and kingship)

● The earliest bronze ritual musical instrument group (the beginning of bronze civilization in China)

● The earliest bronze melee weapon.

● The earliest bronze casting workshop.

● The earliest turquoise workshop

Compared with other sites before and at the same time, the urban form of Erlitou site has changed by leaps and bounds. Miyagi has a large palace building with more square walls around it. Outside Miyagi, the four roads intersect vertically and are wide and flat, which divides the city into different functional areas, such as the official handicraft workshop area, the sacrificial area, and the aristocratic settlement area, which is closer to the later Zhengzhou Mall, Yanshi Mall and the later ancient capital of China, showing a unique king style.

The existing area of the site is about 3 million square meters, with a total excavation area of more than 50,000 square meters, and a series of important achievements have been made. Up to now, many important remains, such as the earliest urban road system, the earliest palace building, the earliest bronze ritual vessels, the earliest official workshop area, the earliest national sacrifice site and a certain number of noble tombs, have been known in China, and more than 26,000 cultural relics have been unearthed, which has expanded our understanding of the formation process of the pluralistic and integrated pattern of Chinese civilization. It can be said that Erlitou site is the earliest capital city with clear planning that can be confirmed so far, and the regulations on the construction of China ancient capital city in later generations come down in one continuous line with it, creating a precedent for the urban planning system of China ancient capital.

The First Dynasty of China —— Erlitou Ruins in Xiadu, Luoyang

Luoyang City in Han and Wei Dynasties was built in the Western Zhou Dynasty. During this period, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty were all built and used. It was abandoned in the early Tang Dynasty and has a history of 1600 years. Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Wei Dynasty, Western Jin Dynasty and Northern Wei Dynasty successively made it the capital, with a history of more than 540 years. Luoyang City in Han and Wei Dynasties is an important ancient capital site in the core area of the origin and development of Chinese civilization. It has been listed in the World Cultural Heritage List of the Silk Road as a whole, and it is also one of the ancient capital sites with the longest capital, the most dynasties, the most complete pattern, the largest area and the richest underground remains in China.

Luoyang ancient city in Han and Wei dynasties

Jianzhong Li Ji

Yingtianmen is located at the south gate of Wei Zi. Wei Zicheng was the Luoyang Miyagi (Palace) in Sui and Tang Dynasties, also known as Wei Zi Palace. It is the main palace, world political center and national symbol of Sui, Tang and Wu Zhou empires. The Tang Dynasty implemented the East-West Beijing system. Luoyang, the east capital, is another national political, economic and cultural center besides Chang 'an. Wei Zicheng is located at the highest point in the northwest corner of Luoyang, the capital of God. It was built in the first year of Yang Di the Great (605) and has a history of more than 530 years. It has become the place where the affairs of nine dynasties were managed, and it is the palace with the longest use time and the most dynasties in the history of China. Besides Wei Zi, Luoyang Shangyang Palace is the largest palace in the history of China.

Yingtianmen is a huge "gate"-shaped building complex, which consists of a gatehouse, a multi-storey building, a que building and its corridors. This is the first que site excavated during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The plane of the site is concave, and it consists of a gatehouse, a flowery building and a que building. The corridor between them connects the gatehouse and the East-West Quelou into a whole, just like a castle in the air, which is thirteen stories high today. Both Li Bai and Bai Juyi have written poems and praised them, so it is not difficult to imagine the grandeur. There are two views on the door, and the plaque on it says "purple microscope"; There are five worship towers on both sides, which are shaped like five phoenixes as a whole, so they are also called "Five Phoenixes Tower". There are three doorways under the tower, which enter left and exit right, with the imperial road in the middle; The front door has three exits in two directions and twelve exits in the east and west sides, symbolizing the royal dignity. It is the highest level of the ancient city gate system and the highest etiquette enjoyed by the emperor. It is also the inheritance and development of the three major systems formed since the Qin and Han Dynasties.

Yingtianmen, the main entrance of Luoyang City and Miyagi City in Sui and Tang Dynasties

Luoyang City Amusement Park in Sui and Tang Dynasties (Tiantong Tower)

Great cause for three years, its winter, the emperor came to the east, carved with barbarian tributes, satirizing the emperor for making a world drama. There are hundreds of thousands of people from all directions to attract exotic skills, famous for their clothes, clothes and gold. While Le Guanbai and civilian women sat in the shed and watched it. They are all beautifully dressed, so let's end this month. In addition, the shops in the three cities set up curtains, filled with wine and food, leaving the palm of their hands, leading the barbarians to trade with the people. Wherever I went, I was invited to sit down and get drunk. The barbarians lamented that China was a fairy.

In the first year of Longshuo (66 1), "In March, Bing Shenshuo went to dinner with ministers and foreigners in Luochengmen and watched Protestant dances in Tun, which was called one of the great events."

In the second year of Tang Linde (665), the leaders of four ethnic minorities and foreign envoys gathered around Luoyang to seal Mount Tai in the east with Tang Gaozong.

In the 13th year of Kaiyuan (725), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty sealed Mount Tai in Dongyue, starting from the eastern capital, and "the four barbarian chieftains followed suit".

Dongyue gave a banquet back to Luo Jing, and Xiqiao passed on the party or secretary.

The balcony is better than Yichun Garden, and the lighting is the same as that of the city that never sleeps.

Sui and Tang Dynasties Luoyang Ziwei City

Tang people often associate wealth with Hu merchants, calling it "a thousand dollars to estimate Hu" and "rich Persia" Hu merchants in the Tang Dynasty were mostly rich. Even the emperor would ask Hu merchants for money when he needed it. Hu businessmen donated tens of billions to build Shu Tian. At that time, there were many foreign businessmen and abundant capital in Luoyang, which was evident.

Wan Guo song de Shu Tian

1. Old Tang Book: Today, the state has designated Zhou and Qin as the eastern and western governments. Set up nine roads and stand in the palace, set up hundreds of officials and strictly abide by the palace. Take the image of Fayuan as an example. The number is Shi Jing.

2. Tang Gaozong: Two Beijings and Two East-West Houses.

3. Tang Gaozong's "Imperial Decree of Jiandong Capital": This is all in the universe, paying tribute to all directions and living in various countries.

4. Tang Zhongzong: In Sanchuan, Bashui Huangzhou.

5. Tang Xuanzong: Sanqin Jiuluo, Xianyue Dijing.

6. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty: Shi Jing is now the old capital.

7. Tang Suzong: Today, the Hanluo Ancestral Temple was restored.

8. "Tongdian": Every Zhou, Han, Wei, Jin, Sui, as for my Tang, it is the imperial capital.

9. Book of the Old Tang Dynasty: From the past dynasties, there were many people in one capital and few people in both. Today, the worship of things in the country is extremely strict.

10. Complete Tang Wen: Today, two capitals are built together and each has its own god. There is a temple in Duluo and a temple in Qin.

The earliest historical document of China, The Book of Hutuluo, came from Luoyang, and Heluo culture is an important source of China culture. This river is the Yellow River and Luoluo is Luoshui. Luoyang is also a world famous cultural city awarded by the United Nations. In modern Luoyang, there are historical sites such as Longmen Grottoes, Baima Temple and Guanlin. Luoyang has traditional cultures such as peony, water mat and Dukang wine, and there are national ancient capital sites such as Erlitou Site, Yanshi Mall, Eastern Zhou Dynasty Wangcheng, Han and Wei Luoyang City and Sui and Tang Luoyang City.

Hetuluoshu

Luoyang, as the capital of the king, naturally became an inevitable place for poets and writers of all ages to display their talents; The scenic spots and natural scenery here are fertile ground for the development of Heluo literature. Since ancient times, countless literati have written on the land of Heluo, leaving countless gorgeous chapters. Heluo literature, marked by the Han, Wei, Tang and Song Dynasties, experienced unparalleled glory in the history of ancient China literature. As the saying goes: Heluo has been rich and powerful since ancient times, and the articles of Han and Wei dynasties are half Luoyang.

San jiao zu ting

In the pre-Qin period, most of the works in The Book of Songs, Nan Zhou, were produced in Heluo area, among which Guan Ju has been telling the world the continuous feelings of Heluo people for thousands of years. Jia Yi, a great writer, a gifted scholar in Luoyang. He not only has the theory of crossing the Qin Dynasty, but also has the title of "Hong Wen in the Western Han Dynasty", which is magnificent and full of emotion. There are also "Ode to Hanging Qu Yuan" and "Ode to Catching Birds", which are considered to be the highest achievements in the creation of Sao Fu in Han Dynasty. They are full of emotion and philosophy. Ban Biao's influence came first, Ban Gu devoted himself to writing, supplemented by Ban Zhao. "Class Three in Luoyang wrote the Han Dynasty" has become an eternal story; Ban Gu's "DuDu Fu" is the first to promote the East Capital, while Zhang Heng's "DuDu Fu" has become a "long track". Wang Chong's writing style criticizes hypocrisy and extravagance; Cai Yong is good at writing, and his writing is beautiful and elegant; Zhao Yi wrote "cishi's Envy and Evil Fu", and the poet was furious and rushed to the crown; Cai Wenji wrote "Mourning for the Past" and "Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia", all talented women shed tears.

During the Jian 'an period, Cao Shi's three sons loved literature, and a large number of ambitious and talented writers, represented by the "Seven sons of Jian 'an", gathered around him, showing the trend of "holding the moon with all the stars". Although most of their works are not made in Luoyang, they have an indissoluble bond with Luoyang, and there are not a few excellent works closely related to Luoyang. For example, Cao Cao's "Good Li Xing" and "Autumn Journey" are both mourning the destruction of Luoyang; Kong Rong became famous in Luoyang; Cao Zhi is a brilliant man, known as the "Jian 'an Wonder Man" and an extraordinary man. Farewell to Ying and Prince Charming Wang Biao are both related to Luoyang, and his Ode to Luoshen is even more fascinating. After the beginning of the world, "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" and "Twenty-four Friends of Golden Valley" gathered in Luoyang with their own styles, making Luoyang a gathering place for literature and art, leaving countless magnificent chapters for the land of Heluo. Zuo Si worked behind closed doors in Yichun, conceiving for ten years, and his masterpiece Sandu was written as Luoyang Paper Expensive. Pan Yue wrote a pen to express his feelings, and the elegant and chic Luoyang City ordered "throwing fruit to build a car". From "I don't think about Shu" to "Everyone knows my heart", Heluo literature has added allusions and legends that have been passed down through the ages; From Lu Ji's "Luoyang Ji" to Yang Xuanzhi's "Luoyang Galand Ji", the glory of ancient Luoyang was recorded in history with literary handwriting.

Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote "Smelling the flute in Luocheng on a spring night". Du Fu lived in Luoyang until he was 20 years old, and Heluo culture cultivated his temperament. Seeing Luoyang off for the last time, I wrote "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" along the way, which reached the peak of poetry creation. Later, Bai Juyi lived in Luoyang for 18 years, and his footprints were almost everywhere in Luoyang, and his poems also described Luoyang everywhere. Among the more than 3,000 poems he left behind, more than 800 were in praise of Luoyang, leaving many dazzling and beautiful sentences for Heluo literature. Han Yu taught Dongdu, gathered talents and promoted backwardness, calling Luoyang his hometown; Du Mu, a gifted scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was rich in ideas and his fame began in Luoyang. As a wonderful flower in Tang poetry, He made great efforts in poetry creation, and the mountains, rivers, grasses and trees in his hometown all had an important influence on him. In addition, Liu Yuxi, Yuan Zhen and poet Lu Tong, pioneers of the ancient prose movement, made important contributions to the prosperity and development of Heluo literature.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, Luoyang in Xijing was a place where literati lived. Many founding fathers retired after their achievements, such as Ouyang Xiu and Sima Guang, and Lv Mengzheng, Prime Minister Fu Bi and Wen Yanbo who stayed in Xijing. These talented people wrote many famous poems in Luoyang, which played an important role in promoting the development of literature in the early Northern Song Dynasty.