Wei Zi was crowned princess.

In the early Western Han Dynasty, it followed the title of Empress of the Qin Dynasty. Also set up the title of beauty, lover, eight sons, seven sons, long ambassador, small ambassador and other concubines.

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Jieyu, Hubei, Hua and Chongyi were added.

By the time of Emperor Han Yuan, Zhao Yi was newly dressed.

The level of concubines has been expanded to fourteen. And each has a title: Zhao Yi is the prime minister, and the title is superior to the princes. Jieyu regards Shang Qing, and Shang Qing wins the battle. She sees two thousand stones in her eyes, which is better than Shanhaiguan. Luo Hua Shi is really 2000 stone, which is bigger than the big one. Beauty sees two thousand stones, less is better than more. Eight children saw a thousand stones, more than the middle. Looking at a thousand stones is more important than looking at the left. Seven sons see eight hundred stones, which is longer than the right. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, longer than Zuo Shu. A dragon messenger looks at 600 stones, which is more than five doctors. Rely less on 400 stones and more on the masses. Five senses see three hundred stones. Shunchang saw 200 stones. No trickle, * * * harmony, entertainment, forest protection, make good use of it, all people who stay overnight regard it as the best stone. Upper-class and middle-class families depend on food and salary.

Under the five senses, he was buried outside Sima Gate.

In the Han dynasty, only the empress of the first dynasty could be honored as the empress dowager. If the heir emperor was born by a concubine or adopted from the royal family, his biological mother may not be called the Empress Dowager. But there are some exceptions. For example, Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty was adopted by the son of a warlord, his grandmother was honored as the empress dowager, and his biological mother was honored as the empress dowager. In addition, Wang He, the mother of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty who was honored as the Empress Dowager, and Empress Dowager Zhao also became the Empress Dowager. There were four wonders in the palace at that time.

4. Wang Mang's new dynasty

During Wang Mang's new dynasty, various names emerged one after another in pursuit of retro. He gave up the title of concubines in the Han Dynasty, imitated the pre-Qin period, and created four titles: harmony, concubines, beauty and royal. Three, nine, twenty-seven and eighty-one.

5. Eastern Han Dynasty

After the founding of New China, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty simplified the red tape, and the titles of concubines * * * included four levels: imperial concubine, beauty, imperial secretary and vegetable girl.

Noble people give gold seals and purple ribbons, and their salaries are dozens of millet. Beauty, imperial secretary, vegetable girl, no title, no salary.

It is worth mentioning that in the Western Han Dynasty, after the emperor's wife became king, his mother became the queen mother. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the decrease of fiefs of princes, the queen was renamed princess and the queen mother was renamed king.

In the Han Dynasty, princes' wives and concubines were divided into three classes. The wives were called concubines, and the concubines were called obedient girls and obedient children.

the Tang Dynasty

Tang Jianguo refers to the old system of Sui Dynasty at the beginning;

Lady: Imperial concubine, Shu princess, De princess and Xian princess. Zhengyipin.

Nine wives: Zhao Yi, Zhao Rong, Zhao Yuan, Yixiu, Xiurong, Xiu Yuan, Chongyi, Chongrong and Chongyuan. Positive binary product.

Jieyu nine people, all three products.

Nine beauties, four things.

There are only nine talents who are good at five things.

Lin Bao has 27 people, and they are six products.

Twenty-seven royal women, seven events.

Twenty-seven women were selected, and they were eight products.

There are also six departments in charge of chariots and horses in the palace.

During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the appellation of concubines changed:

The third lady: Hui Fei, Li Fei and Hua Fei. Zhengyipin.

Fang Yi is six people. Positive binary product.

Four beauties. For the positive triple product.

There are seven talented people. For the positive four products.

Shang Hong, Shang Yi and Fu Shang each have two people. Positive five products.

The number of female officials in other departments and codes ranges from 6 to 9.

The Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty were all similar to the Tang system.

Meta-historical materials are unknown.

Fourth, the Ming and Qing Dynasties

1, Ming

Ming Taizu Hongwu five years, since the Tang Dynasty, there were too many female officials in the twenty-fourth division of the six bureaus, and they were changed to one division of the six bureaus.

The six innings are: Shang Gong, Shang Yi, Fu Shang, Shang Shi, Shang Shui and Shang Gong. Shanggong is in charge of six bureau affairs.

The first division was: Gong Zheng. Responsible for discipline and punishment.

The grades are all positive six products.

There are 75 female officials in the palace, with female history 18, which is less than that in the Tang Dynasty 140.

The titles of concubines are: Xian, Shu, Zhuang, Jing, Hui, Shun, Kang and Ning. And harem concubines, above concubines.

With the efforts of the Empress Dowager, Ming Yingzong was restored. After the restoration, Queen Sun was crowned with the emblem, and was called the Queen of Shenglie Cishou. This is the abuse of the mother of the national emblem by later generations.

In the middle and late Ming dynasty, the highest-ranking imperial concubine appeared.

Ming Xianzong's favorite princess, Wan Guifei, was chased as: Gong Suduan Shen Jingrong, the imperial concubine.

The title of imperial concubine officially appeared in Ming Shenzong period, when Zongshen's favorite concubine Zheng Guifei was promoted to imperial concubine after giving birth to the emperor's third son.

2. Qing dynasty

In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty, Sai-jo adopted the advice of officials of the Ministry of Rites:

There is a lady in Gan Qing Palace, a lady in Yi Shu, six ladies in Shiwan, thirty ladies in Rouwan and thirty ladies in Wan Fang.

There is a Rong Zhen and two Shen Rong in Cining Palace, and the number of diligent attendants is uncertain;

The establishment of female officials followed the six bureaus and one division of the Ming Dynasty.

The proposal was passed, but it failed to be implemented.

After Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, the level of concubines was re-formulated.

The queen, the central palace.

Imperial concubine, one.

Imperial concubine, two.

Princess, four.

Six people.

Noble people are always present, and they promise, and the number is uncertain.

Concubines live in the East and West Zodiac respectively.

References:

ladies.com/archiver/tid-46.html

The harem of the Qing dynasty, from the queen to the maid-in-waiting, was selected from the women of the flag bearer. The flag bearer is unique to the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, the system of selecting the makeup of the harem from the women with banners was also unique in the Qing Dynasty.

In the process of unifying Nuzhen, Nuerhachi, the Qing emperor, founded the Eight Banners system, which was established on the basis of the original hunting organization of Nuzhen. It is a military and political system with administrative, military and production functions. Marked by yellow, white, red and blue flags, it consists of eight colors: yellow, white, red, blue, yellow, white, red and blue.

Flag. After the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, the flag bearer was different from the Eight Banners and the Three Banners painted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The Eight Banners, including Manchu Eight Banners, Mongolian Eight Banners, Han Eight Banners and * * * Twenty-four Banners, were the main pillars on which the Qing regime depended. The coated three flags of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are all slaves of the Qing royal family, and their political status is different. Therefore, although the women of the Eight Banners and Three Banners in the early Qing Dynasty were called female teachers, their selection methods and status in the palace were also different. The Eight Banners women's school is selected once every three years, presided over by the Ministry of Housing, and can prepare for the selection of empresses or marry an imperial clan (that is, within three generations, with close blood relationship); Three Banners are selected once a year and presided over by the Ministry of the Interior. Although some of them were eventually promoted to concubines, all the girls who took charge of harem chores were painted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the woman who wanted to choose the Three Banners was no longer called a woman xiu, but when choosing a maid-in-waiting, she explicitly said "introduce the maid-in-waiting of the Three Banners". Therefore, it is the Eight Banners female xiu who can become the empresses of the Qing court.

The purpose of choosing female practitioners is not only to enrich the emperor's harem, but also for the marriage of royal descendants, or the marriage of princes, county kings and their sons. The importance is self-evident. For female practitioners, it is not so simple to walk into the high palace walls of the Forbidden City. They must go through a series of inspections.

First of all, it is necessary to strictly examine the flag genus and age. Those who are not in the flag want to participate in the draft, and the potential is higher than the sky; Those who want to escape from the draft in the flag are asking for it. According to the Shunzhi Dynasty, all women who were officers of the Eight Banners of the Manchu, Mongolian and Han armies from 14 to 16 years old, non-commissioned officers of other families and idle young men had to participate in the triennial alternating show, and women over 17 years old no longer participated. The fifth year of Qianlong (1740) further stipulates that flag-bearer women who fail to participate in the reading and selection for various reasons within the specified time will still participate in the reading and selection next time. Women who have not been selected for study are not allowed to get married privately even in their twenties. If there is any violation, the chief executive of her flag will be investigated and punished. However, in the second year after the release of this regulation, Depei, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, played on it and asked Emperor Qianlong to allow his son Zhi Heng, who was seventeen years old, to marry the daughter of Matai, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. However, Martai's daughter did not participate in the draft. Emperor Qianlong was very angry about this matter and ordered Depei to go to Beijing immediately to give a face-to-face lecture. At the same time, he stressed: "I made rules in North Korea, and I chose to allow me to get married after reading it. Anyone who is a standard bearer should be respected and obeyed. Recently, there are still things that have not been chosen to hire Xu Zi, ministers and other responsible people. Although they owe me, it has nothing to do with the system. Choose to watch the Eight Banners Female Xiu. It turned out that Wang and his brother chose Fujin. If you made a promise before you were elected, it's not because you abandoned the old system, you are afraid of those who are not responsible for playing, or those who dare not play, and your daughter who has made a promise, because I don't know, I mean others. Besides, the Eight Banners nun went to see it when she was thirteen or fourteen, and she was not afraid of delay. "Here, Emperor Qianlong plausibly said three reasons: First, the three-year draft woman is to choose a wife for the princes, not to enrich the harem for herself; Second, once someone's marriage is broken up because of the draft, it is also because it does not abide by "I am customized". It is not the responsibility of the royal family to break the law first; Third, even if you wait for a three-year or two-year draft, the woman who wants to draft is only 16 or 17 years old, and will not delay her life. Finally, Emperor Qianlong ordered that "the Eight Banners were passed by the Ministry of Housing, and all young women who were not elected were not allowed to get married without permission. They must abide by the rules and get married after being selected. "After twenty years of Qianlong (1755), another item was added. If a scholar who should be studying married the royal family without permission before being studied, her mother's family photo would hide her case. As for the age of participation, according to the records of the Qing Dynasty, the youngest is eleven years old and the oldest is twenty years old.

Every time I prepare to choose a female practitioner, I will report the situation form to the emperor first, and then write it to the Eight Banners Governor's Office immediately after the order is issued. Grass-roots officers at all levels in the Eight Banners reported the roster of school-age women step by step, summarized it in the Eight Banners command yamen, and finally reported it to the emperor by the household registration book, and the emperor decided the reading date. Those who really can't be selected because of illness, disability, ugly appearance, etc., must also take an oath at different levels, state the reasons, and be informed by the Dutong Advisory Office to the emperor. After obtaining permission, they can be exempted from the obligation to be selected and obey their own marriage.

Female practitioners selected by each flag should be sent to Beijing by mule cart in advance. Because many women have different family backgrounds, the government still has vehicles, while the military can only rent a car to ride. Therefore, when Qianlong was in power, it was stipulated: "Anyone who visits a woman, regardless of the size of an official, a soldier or a woman, will be rewarded with one or two taels of silver to meet the needs of hiring a car. ..... this kind of silver, ... moves the user's vault. " After the girls arrived in Beijing, the day before they entered the palace, they sat on mule cars, and the order was arranged by the participation and urging of this flag, which was called "queuing cars", according to the order of Manchu, Mongolian and Han. At the forefront are the relatives of the concubines in the palace, followed by the women who were selected to leave a sign for inspection this time, and finally the newly elected female monk, arranged in order of age, with the double lights on the car and the tree, with the sign of "the daughter of a certain flag and a certain leader" on it. Set out at sunset, enter the Di 'anmen at night, wait for the palace gate to open outside the Shenwu Gate, get off the bus, and enter Shunzhen Gate in turn under the guidance of the eunuch in the palace. The mule car that the female xiu took went east and south from the Shenwumen passage, went out of Donghuamen, went north from Chongwenmen Street, passed through Beijie Town, and then came outside Shenwumen via Di 'anmen. It was noon the next day. After the primary election, the girls boarded the mule carts they came in in turn outside the Shenwu Gate and returned to their respective homes. This method of orderly arranging cars was invented by a man named Danba Dozzi during Jiaqing period.

When the young women to be selected get off the mule car outside the Shenwu Gate, the officials of the housing department first maintain order, and then the eunuchs lead them into the palace. The Imperial Garden, Sports Temple, Beijing and Yi Xuan were once places for reading and draft. Generally, only two flags are read every day, according to the number of girls participating in the program. Usually there are five or six people in a row for the emperor or queen mother to choose from, but sometimes there are three or four people in a row, or even one person in a row. If you have a fancy, leave her a famous brand, which is called leaving a brand; If you don't select it, you will discard the flag. Then, women who leave the brand will be re-examined regularly, and those who don't stay after re-examination are also called abandoned cards. There are two fates for female practitioners who are re-elected after re-election: one is to give them to the prince or the royal family; One is to stay in the palace, accompany the emperor and become a candidate for empresses. If you become a candidate for empresses, the procedure will be more complicated. After the first "reading", you will repeatedly "review" and have a "registered name", which is selected to leave a brand; There is a "registered name", which is a brand left by the emperor himself. Finally, we have to go through the inspection of staying in the palace, select a certain number of female practitioners who stay in the palace for accommodation, and brand all the rest.

When the word "female xiu" comes into people's sight, people's intuition is that female xiu should look like a drowned fish. However, is beautiful appearance the main criterion for being elected as a female student? Here is a photo of a woman who should be a conscript in the late Qing Dynasty. It seems difficult to associate these faces with any words that express beauty. Moreover, the nature of girls' love for beauty has become an idiotic dream. It was clearly stipulated in the Qing Dynasty that women must wear flag clothes when studying the Eight Banners, and fashion is strictly prohibited. Moreover, according to China's traditional concept, "lewdness" is also extremely disreputable, and "beauty brings disaster to the country and the people" has always been the amulet for the emperor and his ministers to have sex, so this standard is always at arm's length and kept secret. In the forty-third year of Qianlong (1778), a county student stopped the royal carriage and begged Emperor Qianlong to punish himself for cutting off the funeral of Queen Urnala, which made Yan Long furious. But he still didn't forget to declare that after Narala's book, "I didn't choose love to follow the color" and later fell out of favor, but I also "overreached, not because of the color decline". In short, I will never admit myself. The rulers of the Qing dynasty made public two standards, one is moral character and the other is family status. In the Qing dynasty, we often see generosity, filial piety, gentleness, prudence, "noble family" and "Zhongxiang Fahua" in the books of the empresses, concubines and concubines. Among them, family status plays a more important role. As we all know, Yulong, the queen of Guangxu Emperor, is ugly, but she is the niece of Empress Dowager Cixi, so she became the queen. When Zhen Fei, who was regarded as a confidante by Emperor Guangxu, was selected, her father was assistant minister Chang Xu, her grandfather was former governor Yu Tai, and her uncle was Guangzhou general Chang Shan, who was also the son-in-law of a university student and the brother-in-law of Prince Gong Yixin, so he and his sisters were selected as Zhen and Jin Erqi.

This piece of red paper without a name shows more about the family background of the female xiu, which is not only related to whether the female xiu herself is selected, but also to her position in the palace after being selected:

On February 3rd, 11th year of Tongzhi, Imperial Palace issued a decree:

The daughter of the former duke was made a princess.

The general's daughter was made a princess.

The magistrate's daughter wrote a seal for her wives.

Yuanwailang's daughter was made a concubine.

I admire that.

Therefore, the draft girl in Qing Palace is by no means a beauty pageant.

In the Qing Dynasty, from Shunzhi to Guangxu Nine Dynasties, women were selected for more than 80 times. According to the statistics of empresses buried in the mausoleum, there were 2 14, and their fates were different.

Emperor Qianlong, Li Hong's first queen, Fuchas, was a lucky man. Through the women's draft, 16-year-old Fuchs became the first lady of 17-year-old Prince Li Hong. Ten years later, Qianlong ascended the throne and she became the queen. In the 13th year of Qianlong (1748), Fu Chashi traveled eastward with the emperor and the empress dowager to pay homage to Confucius in the Confucius House in Shandong.

On March 1 1, he became seriously ill and died on a boat returning to Beijing at the age of 37. Emperor Qianlong was devastated. For nine days in a row, he placed offerings in front of the queen's coffin three times a day, and took the word "filial piety" that Fu Chashi hoped as her posthumous title. Empress Xiaoxian's coffin was placed in Yuling Underground Palace for more than four years. Emperor Qianlong offered her a drink 1 18 times, and wrote a heartfelt "mourning": "If you don't mourn, you will leave. If you lose your wife, who will follow?" Emperor Qianlong's grief was deep and sincere.

There are not many lucky people like the filial piety queen, because the emperor's likes and dislikes are impermanent. Since the emperor shunzhi, it is not uncommon that the Qing Palace was abandoned as a concubine and turned into a concubine.

Urnala, the second queen of Emperor Qianlong, was also a Fujin who accompanied Li Hong when he was a prince. She was loved not only by the emperor but also by the empress dowager. Therefore, after Fu Cha's death, she was able to enter the palace. However, at the beginning of the 30th year of Qianlong (1765), Emperor Qianlong went to Jiangnan for the fourth time. In Hangzhou, the queen who just finished her 48th birthday suddenly disappeared from the company. According to the records of Qing Palace, on February 18, the queen was rewarded by the emperor when she had breakfast in the palace. When it was time for dinner, the queen disappeared and her name was stamped with a note. The word "Ling Guifei" replaced the queen. Why is the queen missing? Some people say that she is insane, so she cut her hair in Hangzhou and became a nun. Some people say that she offended the emperor and was sent back to Beijing first. The imperial edict of the Qing Dynasty confirmed the latter: "On February 18th, the imperial edict was issued, and the Queen of Fulongan was sent back to Beijing by water." As for why the queen returned to Beijing first, Emperor Qianlong said that the queen was crazy, and unofficial history said that the queen discouraged the emperor from going out for fun. The official history, which the venerable man keeps secret, can't tell us the real reason. In a word, it is certain that the queen annoyed the emperor. Since then, Urnala's family has been neglected. If it weren't for the opposition of his ministers, Emperor Qianlong would repeat the story of his great-grandfather the emperor shunzhi abolishing the queen. In the early autumn of the following year, that is, July 14th, the thirty-first year of Qianlong (1766), when Emperor Qianlong took a walk in Chengde Mulan paddock with great interest, Ulanala finally ended his 49-year-old life in the cold palace. Emperor Qianlong did not stop hunting after hearing the news. He calmly sent Nora's son back to Beijing to handle the funeral affairs, and issued an imperial edict: the funeral was "according to the routine of the imperial concubine" and held a funeral for Nora.

The fates of the two empresses of Emperor Qianlong are worlds apart.

Since ancient times, accompany you like a tiger. The life of empresses depends on the likes and dislikes of the emperor. Moreover, the power struggle in the imperial court was complicated and fierce, and even if it was favored by the emperor, it was impossible for everything to go well.

In the eleventh year of Tongzhi (1872), the little Tongzhi emperor who ascended the throne at the age of six has grown into a seventeen-year-old boy. Empress Dowager Cixi had to give up the curtain and hand over power to her son Tongzhi Emperor. This made Empress Dowager Cixi, who had a strong desire for power, very unhappy. On the question of who to choose as the queen, Empress Ci 'an, Emperor Tongzhi and Empress Dowager Cixi had another disagreement: Empress Dowager Cixi took a fancy to Alut, the daughter of imperial academy assistant minister Chongqi. Chongqi is the number one scholar in Mongolia, and the Arute family grew up in a scholarly family that has been an official for generations. He is knowledgeable, cautious and dignified. Empress Dowager Cixi took a fancy to Fu Chashi, the daughter of Mr. Lang Fengxiu, and thought that this smart and beautiful girl had her own shadow when she was young. Empress Dowager Cixi was defeated because the Tongzhi emperor also tended to make Arute the queen. On the third day of February this year, the Empress Dowager of the two palaces issued an imperial edict, choosing Arut as the queen, and at the same time naming Fu Chashi and others as Hui Fei, Ai Yu and Xun Ai.

The two green-headed cards collected by the First Historical Archives of China are the witness of this period of history. Green-headed cards were originally used by Qing officials to identify themselves. Later, the emperor also used it when recruiting women and concubines. So when he drafted women, there was a saying that "the brand was dumped" and "the brand was dumped". The performance girl named Arut was the queen of Tongzhi Emperor. On one side of the green-headed card, her flag registration, family and age are written: Zhenglanqi, Mongolian, assisted by the Dalai Lama in Tumen River, great-granddaughter of former foreign minister Jing Hui, granddaughter of former deputy commander Cezana, daughter of Chongqi, 18 years old. These aspects are also written on the famous brand of the performance girl named Fu Cha. These are all necessary for women in the draft, but you don't have to write so much when you call the lucky queen. this is

First of all. Secondly, Arut's wife was made queen at the age of eighteen. Therefore, these two green-headed cards can only be used when choosing a female practitioner at that time. Only at this time, the Arutes have reached the age of 18. According to the provisions of the Qing draft, this is "over-age service." However, considering that Tongzhi began to choose concubines in the seventh year of Tongzhi (1868), that is, four years ago, when he first chose concubines, Alut was thirteen or fourteen years old and less than one year old. On the other side of these two green-headed cards are written "Queen" and "Hui Fei" respectively, which should have been written in a hurry when the names of the Queen and Hui Fei were just determined, so the handwriting is rather scrawled.

This also laid the foundation for the tension between Cixi and Tongzhi Empress. Coupled with Arut's unsmiling nature, Empress Dowager Cixi was even more upset. It is said that the relationship between the Western Empress and her daughter-in-law was very tense, and she once advised Arut to settle for perfection, but Arut disagreed, claiming that my status was unshakable because of the orders of my ancestors. This made Nora furious when she entered the palace from Shenwumen, because when the emperor got married, only the queen's phoenix jade could "descend" to Kunning Palace through Daqingmen, Wumen and Taihe Gate, and other selected palace concubines could only enter the palace from Shenwumen. When Nora finally came to the world as the Queen Mother, she was the first and last woman to step down from the mule car carrying her daughter and climb to the top of power step by step. However, it is such a mighty authority, but there is an eternal regret that she did not enter the palace from the Qing gate. Although Emperor Xianfeng ascended the throne as an adult, he had no chance of getting married at all. His queen, later Empress Ci 'an, did not enter the palace from the Qing gate, but Arut's words reminded Empress Dowager Cixi of her humble position at the beginning of entering the palace and touched a sore spot. After the death of Emperor Tongzhi, Arut lost her most important umbrella. Finally, less than 100 days after the death of Emperor Tongzhi, she was forced to commit suicide because she could not bear the arrogance of Empress Dowager Cixi.

The dead have grown up. What about the living? When Daoguang died at the age of 69, most of his concubines were in their prime. Not to mention those short-lived emperors, such as the emperor shunzhi, who lived for 24 years, and Tongzhi Emperor, who only lived for 19 years, and their empresses were undoubtedly in their prime. After the death of the emperor, his concubines will move out of the original zodiac and live in the courtyards specially arranged for the widows of the emperor-Cining Palace, Shoukang Palace and Shouan Palace, which are often called widows' courtyards in the Forbidden City. Since then, Buddhist temples and light smoke here are the main contents of their later days.

Three years after Xuan Tong's three-year-old emperor Aisin Giorro Puyi ascended the throne with the voice of "almost finished", the gunfire of Wuchang Uprising declared the end of the Qing Dynasty, and the activity of selecting female practitioners also came to the end of history.

References:

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