How do bees and butterflies pollinate?

The way insects pollinate is called insect vectors, and the flowers pollinated in this way are called insect vectors.

Most flowering plants are pollinated by insects. Common pollinators include bees, butterflies, moths and flies. Insect-borne flowers have the following characteristics: ① they have a special smell to attract insects; ② Most of them can produce honey juice; (3) The flowers are large and remarkable, and the colors are diverse and bright; ④ Structurally, it often forms an adaptive relationship with pollinators.

1. Bee vector: Bees are the most important group of flower-visiting insects, with about 20,000 species visiting flowers to collect honey. When bees collect honey, their mouthparts, body hair and other appendages on their bodies, especially their backs and legs, are most susceptible to pollen. Most bees can't tell the hue of safflower, and often regard red as black, but bumblebees can pollinate safflower. Bee-borne flowers have bright petals, usually blue or yellow, and obvious nectaries. Flowers often have some kind of "landing platform" to facilitate bees to land. The pollination of Orchidaceae Ophrys has a wonderful adaptation, and its flowers are like flying female wasps. When orchids bloom in early spring, when drones try to mate with female orchids, pollen will be deposited on drones.

2. Pollination by moths and butterflies: Flowers pollinated by moths and butterflies are like flowers pollinated by bees in many ways, because these insects visit flowers to find food through sight and smell. Some butterflies can see red, blue, yellow and orange. Typical insect-borne flowers are white, and they give off rich fragrance and sweetness after evening to attract moths flying at night, such as the flowers of several plants of Nicotiana. Other moth flowers, although not white, show their colors on a dark background, such as evening primrose and peach-colored solitary flowers. Flowers are mediated by moths or butterflies, and nectaries usually grow at the base of slender corolla tube or spur. Only their long tongues can reach in and lick it.

3. Beetle pollination: The earliest pollination medium was the Cretaceous beetle. Now many angiosperms are pollinated by beetles. Their flowers are large and solitary, such as magnolia, lily, mango and wild rose. Some flowers are small and clustered into inflorescences, such as Castanea henryi, Elderberry and Spiraea. Beetles are frequent visitors to these flowers. Beetles are more sensitive to smell than to see. The flowers they pollinate are generally white or dark, and often have fruit flavor, fragrance or similar fermented and rotten smell. These smells are different from those of flowers pollinated by bees, moths and butterflies; Some flowers can secrete nectar. Some beetles often directly bite petals, pillows or other parts of flowers, and can also eat pollen. Therefore, the flowers and ovules pollinated by beetles are mostly buried deep in the ovary to avoid being bitten by beetles. [