The alias of Zhoushan

Emperor Kangxi's Imperial Book Dinghai Mountain

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2007-06- 13

In the first year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1662), Zheng, the king of Yanping County in Nanming, successfully recovered Taiwan Province Province, a territory of China occupied by the Dutch for 38 years. After his death, Taiwan Province Province was ruled by the Zheng clique headed by his descendants Zheng Jing and Zheng Keshuang, and became an independent kingdom that confronted the Qing government for a long time. In order to cut off the military pay and supplies of the Zheng Group, the Qing government blocked the Zheng Group and made it surrender without a fight. It imposed an economic blockade on Zheng Group. The measures are to move to the border, immigrate from Tianjin to Guangdong in the north, nail boundary markers along the coastline, and prohibit all ships from going to sea for trade and fishing. Residents of coastal areas and islands moved inward for 30-50 miles, forming a coastal no-man's land. Zhoushan is no exception, and the residents of the island have moved to the mainland. Twenty years later, in the 22nd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1683), the Qing government recovered Taiwan Province Province and the sea was cleared. Zhejiang Governor Zhao Shilin and Company Commander Sun Weitong invited Zhoushan to rebuild. In May of 25, Huang Da, the company commander, came to the joint governor and asked to establish a county government in Zhoushan. Emperor Kangxi believed that the "ship" was a moving object, and it was not peaceful when it moved. It's better to "fix the sea god needle" and "fix the sea god needle". From then on, we can "make Tang Chi a golden city and never build anything", so we changed Zhoushan to "Dinghai" and wrote the word "Dinghai Mountain" in calligraphy. In the second year, Jian County was named "Dinghai". The original "Dinghai" was renamed Zhenhai. In the twenty-eighth year, Miao Sui, a magistrate of a county, chose to build three pagodas in Gongdong's study, on which Yongzheng Imperial Treasures and Mountains and Seas were hung. The building was destroyed by typhoons many times and rebuilt during Guangxu period. At present, the Imperial Bookstore, which was restored on the east side of Dinghai No.2 Middle School on Guo Chang Road, is the original appearance of Guangxu period and is now a key cultural relic protection unit in Zhoushan. Dinghai County was founded in the 27th year of Kangxi, and governs Du Fu, Penglai, Jintang and Anqi. Among them, Du Fu Township is under the jurisdiction of Guo Da 'ao, the largest area, and is the seat of the county government. Kangxi's "Dinghai County Records and County Governance Map" describes it like this: "The sea is huge, the continent is convex, and the county is surrounded by 500 miles. Lushan Mountain is held in the east corner, and the town is in the northwest. This is the case in Guanshan in the south, and Shuangji in the north is the door screen. Topographically, it is also an important area in the Bohai Sea. " Yashan is located in the east of Dinghai, commonly known as Aoshan. Kuiguang Pavilion and Wenbi Pagoda were originally built on the mountain. The mountain is not big, and now it has been razed to the ground to build a house. Guanshan is the Dongyue Mountain at the head of Dinghai Road. It, Zhen 'ao Mountain and Shuangji Mountain still stand at the north and south ends of Dinghai City. This passage describes the majesty and precipitousness of the ocean well.

"Dinghai" is the third name given to Zhoushan by the government. Zhoushan had its first name from the beginning until Kangxi named it Dinghai, which was more than 900 years apart. There were many twists and turns during the period, as the Chronicle said: "Dingyi is an island in the sea, which has been abandoned repeatedly for more than a thousand years. It has risen and fallen with the times, but its name is different before and after, and its traces are different between ancient and modern times." A long time ago, Zhoushan Archipelago was isolated from the sea, and the traffic was inconvenient, so the mainland rulers had no time to take care of it. For a long time, Zhoushan didn't have a formal name. According to Zuo Zhuan, wuyue went to war in the 5th century BC. At first, Gou Jian, the king of Yue, was defeated. Gou Jian, who worked hard to accumulate strength, turned defeat into victory twenty years later and captured the State of Wu. Gou Jian "Please make the prince of Wu live in Yongdong". Du pre-note: "Yongdong, the land of crossing, and Zhongzhou, Donghai, County and Huiji." "Yongdong" and "Zhongzhou in the East China Sea" became the names of Zhoushan at that time. Zuo Zhuan said that Gou Jian "Please make the prince of Wu live in Yongdong". Fu Cha said, "I am lonely and old. How can I serve you?" ? It's embarrassing. The more people come back. "At that time, Fuxi did not go to Zhoushan at the invitation of Gou Jian. He probably thought it was too humiliating to do so, so he committed suicide in shame. However, according to the folklore of Dinghai, Focha has been to Zhoushan, and Wuxie Township in Dinghai is his foothold. Wuxie Township is called "Wuxie" because there is a wooden house for Focha to live in. The doors and windows around the wooden house can be loaded and unloaded at will, so it is called "Xie". The pavilion where the prince of Wu lived was named Wu Xie, hence the name. It was also said that "Five Discharges" was later abandoned, and an Antang was built on the original basis, named "Long Fu Temple". Zuo Zhuan said that Fu Cha's hanging was not groundless, nor was the folklore of Dinghai groundless. Dinghai does have the name of "five discharges". Perhaps in order to receive the arrival of Focha, Dinghai Lincheng must have built the house for him to live in, but Focha committed suicide and didn't come. In the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang "took wuyue as Huiji County", so he called Zhoushan "the south of Huiji County"; From the Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, Liang Chen set up Jixian County, and Zhoushan was also called "the eastern boundary of Jixian County"; During the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty merged Yuyao, Yin and Zhi counties into a sentence chapter, and Zhoushan was also called "the sentence of Dong Zhang"; In the early Tang Dynasty, Yaozhou, Yinzhou and Zhoushan were designated as "Yinzhou Land" by analyzing sentences and chapters. It was not until the 26th year of Tang Kaiyuan (738) that Zhoushan began to have a formal name. At that time, the court allowed an interview to be played by Qi Long, and divided the original area of Jixian into four counties: Fenghua, Cixi, Wengshan and Qixian. Zhoushan is called Wengshan County. This is the first official name of Zhoushan.

The origin of the name "Weng Shan" According to the records of the county chronicles of past dynasties, Ge Hong, a Taoist theorist in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, practiced in Long Fu Temple in Wuxie Township, Dinghai, and was called Ge Xianweng. In order to commemorate him, people called a pu at the junction of Wuxie and Dong 'ao Township "Weng Pu" and a nearby mountain "Weng Shan". Wengshan county got its name from this. Ge Hong (about 28 1 to 34 1), whose real name is Bao Puzi, is a Taoist theorist, physician and alchemist. Since the Jin Dynasty, Taoism has prevailed, and imperial ministers are keen on practicing alchemy. Ge Hong was famous at that time. According to records, in the Southern Song Dynasty, the tiller found a bronze tripod at the foot of Mount Weng. "Have ears but no feet, but don't wear them. There is room for struggle in the middle, but the ink is still there. To return Chen Jinshi Jie, it is called the legacy of alchemy. " It shows that this bronze tripod is a relic of Ge Xianweng's alchemy. Miao You, ordered by Dinghai County in Kangxi Dynasty, wrote the poem "Wengpushan": "The tiller gets a bronze tripod, but he has ears but no feet. Knowing is a tool for returning Dan, and Ge Wenglian is here. County name WengShan, pu also thought's ... "Said is the situation. In recent years, Zhoushan scholars have raised objections to the idea that Wengshan County is named after Ge Xianweng. The reason is that Ge Hong's book Bao Puzi said: "The pleasure of visiting immortals in ancient times, for those who climb famous mountains, are second only to those in East Gezhou, and all the islands in the sea will remember it." Bao Puzi was written by Ge Hong. He wouldn't call the place of alchemy "Wengshan" or "Zhouguo", which shows that the name Wengzhou existed long before Ge Hong was alive. According to Weng's "Liu Gui's Genealogy", "An illegitimate child, with ordinary characters, was sealed in Wengshan. Because of his surname Weng, he is the ancestor of Weng. " More than 900 years BC, the name of Wengshan appeared earlier. From this point of view, it is difficult to establish that Wengshan is named after Ge Xianweng. Weng Zhou and Weng Shan's "Weng" and Ge Xianzhi's "Weng" are not intrinsically related. "Weng" and "Kun" are commonly used words in ancient Chinese, and the original meaning of "Kun" is "Yun Qi" and "water is full of appearance". Zhoushan Island hangs alone in the sea, with clouds steaming and water vapor transpiration, which looks like "flourishing water", so the ancients called it "Wengzhou" and "Wengshan". Whether this statement is true or not remains to be further verified. After the establishment of Wengshan County, a yamen and a school were built, and the management of officers became more and more formal. Where there is a county, there is a city. At first, the city was built? Rivers. Then it was rumored? The "light soil" around the river moved to the foot of Zhen' ao Mountain. This is the first time in the history of Dinghai to build a city. According to Song Baoqing's Guo Chang County Records, "the city is surrounded by five miles". Dinghai Old Town has basically taken shape since then.

Thirty-three years later, in the sixth year of the Tang Dynasty (77 1), Yuan Chao, a native of Linhai, revolted and fell into various counties in eastern Zhejiang, and once occupied Wengshan, which was abandoned. In the next 300 years, Zhoushan lost its official name and was called "Yinzhou Land". Until the sixth year of Xining in Song Shenzong (1073), Wang Anshi, then the magistrate of Yinxian County, played in the court and proposed to re-establish the county government in Zhoushan. The court allowed Wang Anshi to go to war, arguing that Zhoushan Islands "controlled Japan in the east, Dengsai in the north, Oumin in the south and Wu Hui in the west, which was a huge obstacle at sea and could prosper the country." Therefore, it was named "Guo Chang County". This is the second official name given to Zhoushan by the government. At that time, Guo Chang County governed Du Fu, An Qi and Penglai. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Jintang in Dinghai County (now Zhenhai) returned to Guo Chang. In this way, the jurisdiction of Guo Chang County has been extended to four townships. During the 3 18 years of the Song Dynasty, the population of Guo Chang County increased to more than 465,438+10,000, and the economy and culture developed unprecedentedly. There are five saltworks in the county, such as Daishan and Xiaofeng. During the period of Baoqing, the annual salt purchase reached122,400 tons. In education, three academies, Wengzhou, Hongqiao and Daishan, have been established, and many talents have been trained.

Zhoushan was relatively stable during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Only in the third year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 129) did the nomads from the army invade Lin 'an, and Song Gaozong and Zhao Gou took refuge in Chang 'guo, where they lived for seven or eight days. Knowing the fall of Yuezhou, he hurriedly fled to Wenzhou and Taizhou. Nomads from Zhoushan captured, but not Kang Wang. They chased more than 300 miles at sea, but were stopped by storms and Song Jun. It is said that Zhao Gou, the King of Kang, lived in Zipiao in the west of the city when he arrived in Zhoushan. Later, he returned to Lin 'an to reign and changed his name to Zipi Ao Wei Zi Ao. In the first year of Jingyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1276), the Yuan army conquered Chang State. In the 15th year of Yuan Dynasty (1278), there were more than 22,600 households in Guo Chang, with126,000 people. The imperial court issued a letter to promote Guo Chang County to Changguozhou. Six new city gates were added: Dongjiang Gate, Xiximen Gate, South Gate, North Rongmen Gate, Southwest Zhoushan Gate and Northeast Genmen. In the second year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1369), Guo Changfu was changed to Guo Chang County. Considering that Guo Chang is located in Haidong, no soldiers can defend it, so it set up a health care center in Guo Chang. "Wei" is the name of the military organization in Ming Dynasty. Chang Guowei is at county level. Strengthen the defense and rebuild the city wall. The newly-built city wall is 24 feet high, 1 foot wide, 12 16 feet long and 9 miles long. Open four doors, east, west, north and south: rich in the east, civilized in the south, Taihe in the west and Yongan in the north. There is a cave gate at the city gate and a suspension bridge at the southeast gate. There are 2673 pheasant farms and 60 police shops in the city. Open a canal outside the city to build a city, with a length of 1260 feet from east to west and a mountain in the north. Later, the wall of Dinghai City was roughly the same as that built in Ming Dynasty.

In the 19th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1386), a disaster befell Zhoushan people. At that time, Tang Hefeng, the general of the southern expedition, was sent to the southeast by the emperor to deal with defense. Two of his commanders intervened in a civil dispute among local residents of Xiushan Island and were killed. Tanghe was angry with Zhoushan people, boasting in front of Zhu Yuanzhang that "there are enemies outside the residents, but there are many thieves inside", being an "incorrigible stubborn people" and a "great disaster in border defense", and insisting on abolishing county administration and expelling islanders. Zhu Yuanzhang listened to the words of Tanghe. In the 19th year of Hongwu, he wrote to withdraw Guo Chang County, and all the islanders moved to the mainland. Wang Guozhuo, Wei Ziren, went to Nanjing to see the emperor and tried to explain why Zhoushan islanders could not move. Zhu Yuanzhang believes that since you have fields to farm, you should let the islanders disperse, but the military and civilians should jointly strengthen prevention and avoid interference. With the emperor's words, not all Zhoushan residents were driven away, only 547 families with 8085 people were left in Fiona Fang Sili, and all the remaining 46 island residents were driven to the mainland. The expelled Zhoushan people are displaced and it is difficult to make a living in a foreign land. It's hard to stay, too. I'm trapped in a city controlled by officers and men and can't move at will. With the revocation of Guo Chang County, Chang Guowei moved to Shipu, Xiangshan, leaving only two middle-left schools on Zhoushan Island. There are hundreds of households, and there are hundreds of households left on the island, each with about 120 officers and men. In the eighth year of the Ming Dynasty (1443), Jiao Hong, assistant minister of the Ministry of Housing, abolished the 2-mile wall in the northeast corner and kept the 7-mile wall with 30 grades. Rename the four city gates: Nanwen Mingmen, and the wooden fence outside Qiaohao City is called Yingen; Outside the door of Dongfeng Mansion and the wooden door, say Binyun; West Taihe Gate, called Xi 'an outside the wooden door; North Yong 'an Gate, outside the wooden door, is said to be Beigu. The city wall crosses Aoshan Town in the northwest, embraces Xiashan Mountain in the east, and the rest is flat.

As the years passed, the maritime ban was gradually relaxed. Zhoushan people who emigrated to the mainland returned to their hometowns one after another, and some mainlanders also moved to Zhoushan to make a living. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty (1522- 1566), there were 6,005 households in Zhoushan with13,653 residents. Unfortunately, the next generation of Zhoushan people is not peaceful. At first, it was driven away, and then pirates colluded with the Japanese to plunder and harass. The most serious one was that during the Jiajing period, Wang Zhi and others colluded with the Japanese army and repeatedly invaded Jintang Liegang, Zhoushan Cengang and Putuo Mountain to confront the officers and men. From the nineteenth year of Jiajing (1540) to the thirty-sixth year (1557), the time was as long as 17. Finally, with the joint efforts of Governor Hu Zongxian, company commanders Qi Jiguang, Yu and Don Lew, the bandits were wiped out.

In the era when Guo Chang County and Chang Guowei were abolished, the name "Zhoushan" became popular. The name "Zhoushan" is not officially designated, but entirely from the people. The origin of Zhoushan's name is because Zhoushan Island is shaped like a boat, and the island is mountainous, so it is called "Zhoushan". This "ship" has its head facing west and its tail facing east, so there is "Cenao Village" at the western end of the island and "Rudao Village" at the eastern end of the island. In the fifth year of Song Xiaozong trunk road (1 169), Siming Map of Trunk Road and Jinduzhang of Guochang County were compiled, saying: "Zhoushan Crossing, going south to the county, connecting the city, the mountain shape is like a boat, hence the name." What we are talking about here is that mountains are like boats, not islands are like boats. What is more accurate is the statement in the "Dade Changzhou Map" of the Yuan Dynasty, which reads: "Zhoushan is in the south of the state. There are mountain wings like pillow seas, and ships gather together, hence the name Zhoushan. " It turns out that there is a mountain in the south of the island, lying like the wings of a bird on the beach. All boats come here to anchor, so this mountain where boats stop becomes "Zhoushan". Over time, from mountains and islands. "Where is your ship going?" "Go to Zhoushan." Zhoushan has naturally become the name of the whole island. As for the village names of "cengang" and "Ru 'ao", they all come from the island name of "Zhoushan". Since the island is called Zhoushan, there should be a harbor in front and a rudder behind it, so there are cengang Village and Rudder Village. So which mountain is like the wings of a bird? At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the present Renmin South Road in Dinghai was a very open pu, and the sea flooded to the foot of Daolongshan, which is the intersection of Renmin South Road and Donghai Road. At that time, the ship was too small to withstand the wind and waves, and the farther it went, the safer it was. The foot of Daolong Mountain is obviously an ideal parking place. The so-called "Zhoushan" refers to this road Longshan. Later, Haikou gradually moved south to the foot of Dongyue Mountain, so some people regarded Dongyue Mountain as "Zhoushan". Daolongshan is actually an inconspicuous hill. There is a Taoist temple on the mountain, so the chronicles of past dynasties are also called "mountain scenery". This hill is famous in Zhoushan history. According to legend, Song Jianyian was chased by the nomads from three years and fled from his usual life. Nomads from the army chased to Daolongguan, but they didn't see Gaozong. They cut the column with a knife, and the blood spilled out, which made the nomads from the army retreat quickly. During the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, Wang Zhi surrendered and built a pavilion in Guanshan. The concept of Daolong was destroyed in the late Qing Dynasty. In the 1950s, houses were built on Daolongshan, and the mountain was razed to the ground.

In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, some ministers in the late Ming Dynasty acclaimed Zhu Yihai, King of Lu, as the "supervisor of the country" and fled to Zhoushan. They want to use Zhoushan as a base to fight against the Qing dynasty and regain their sight; In order to consolidate its dominant position, the Qing dynasty must get rid of this concern. As a result, Zhoushan became the focus of their struggle. In the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), Lu Wang went to Zhoushan and fled to Xiamen two years later. The Qing soldiers captured Zhoushan, and Zhang Kentang, a university student, and other dozens of legacy ministers committed suicide or died. There are about18,000 Zhoushan residents slaughtered by Qing soldiers. The Qing soldiers began to slaughter the city at noon on the second day of September, killing until late at night. According to folklore, the Qing soldiers ordered the slaughter to retreat tomorrow morning. In the middle of the night, the whole city was on fire, and Zhujiajian got some cocks raised by others to cry together. The Qing soldiers thought that the rooster crowed at dawn and the time for the massacre had come, so they all went back to camp to rest, and some residents in Haicheng were spared. Later, the residents of Jia Zhu Lane in Dinghai made an unwritten rule that chickens, ducks and geese could be slaughtered and eaten on holidays, but roosters could not be slaughtered in return for its call.

Ten years after the Qing soldiers entered the city, Zhoushan people once again encountered migration, which was the Kangxi Dynasty drive mentioned earlier. Fortunately, the displacement time was not long. Twenty years before and after, and twenty-two years after Kangxi, Zhoushan resumed. In twenty-five years, Kangxi gave the name "Dinghai", and since then Zhoushan has a name decided by the third king. In the 28th year of Kangxi (1689), Dinghai City was rebuilt. According to the records of Dinghai Hall in Guangxu of Qing Dynasty, "It was built along the old site, with a perimeter of 1, 2 1.6 feet, a city height of 1 foot and a site width of 1.5 feet. Luoyue City IV is 48 feet 4 feet. Cheng Cheng 1280, 4 feet high. There are four doors in the southeast, northwest and northwest, and the names of the doors are not established. There are four flying buildings on the door, each with three rooms. 38 bunk beds, each 1 room. South has 1 Watergate, and outside is Hao. " After the Kangxi dynasty built the city, Jiaqing and Daoguang dynasties built and repaired it. The last wall was built in the tenth year of Tongzhi (187 1), with a city body of 2 10 feet, battlements 1206, two stone steps and a height of 3 feet in the north city. And built a wopu, cross-examination hall, observation building and so on.

Zhoushan built Wengshan County for the first time in the Tang Dynasty, and it was 948 years before it was established for the third time when Kangxi announced the reopening of the sea ban. Among them, the county was built in 347 years, abandoned for about 400 years, uninhabited and abandoned for 200 years. It experienced two demolitions, two expulsions, a massacre, two invasions by British soldiers during the Opium War and eight years of Japanese occupation during War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. It is really full of hardships and vicissitudes! These Zhoushan people, who have gone through hardships and constantly strive for self-improvement, have created the island's special history and culture.