Technical specification for landscaping nursery

1, General Provisions 1. 1 These Provisions are formulated to strengthen the technical management of urban garden nurseries, improve the technical level of seedling raising and meet the basic needs of urban landscaping for seedlings. 1.2 This procedure mainly provides relevant regulations on the propagation techniques of trees, shrubs and some flowers and trees needed for urban landscaping. Other professional nurseries can learn from it. Nursery procedures for garden plants such as flowers, lawns, ground cover plants, aquatic plants and potted flowers and trees shall be formulated separately. 1.3 The garden nursery area of a city should account for 2% ~ 3% of the built-up area. According to the development of urban landscaping and market demand, the seedling production plan is formulated. 1.4 Garden nurseries should carry out scientific experiments, popularize new technologies, gradually realize improved varieties and strong seedlings, and cultivate seedlings with rich varieties and beautiful shapes. 1.5 Garden nurseries around the country should formulate operating rules for seedling raising technology, strengthen technical training and technical assessment, strive to improve the technical quality of employees, and guide seedling raising production in accordance with the rules. 2. Selection and zoning of nursery land 2. 1 Selection of nursery land 2. 1. 1 Cities should set up garden nurseries according to the requirements of urban greening planning. When setting up more than two nurseries, they should be located in different directions of the city. 2. 1.2 The nursery should be built in the leeward and sunny place with flat terrain, and the slope of the production area is generally not more than 2 ‰; If it is built in hilly land, the terraced fields should be reclaimed. 2. 1.3 The physical and chemical properties of the soil in the nursery should be good: the depth of the soil layer is more than 50 cm, the pH value is 6.0 ~ 7.5, the salt content is less than 2 ‰, the organic matter content is not less than 2.5%, and the contents and proportions of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are appropriate. 2. 1.4 Nursery should have sufficient water and convenient irrigation and drainage. The groundwater level should be about 2m, and there is no serious air and water pollution. The transportation is convenient, and it should not be far from the city center. 2.2 division of nursery 2.2. 1 According to the needs of seedling production, nursery should be divided into production area and auxiliary area. 2.2.2 The land used in the production area is not less than 80% of the total area of the nursery, which can be generally divided into the following five communities: a. Seedling breeding community. It should be selected in a place with flat terrain, good soil quality, near water sources and close to the management area. B. small seedling cultivation community. It should be near the nursery area. C. big seedling cultivation community. Yi 'an is arranged on the flat ground or gentle slope with general soil. D. scientific experimental community. According to the needs of different experiments, it should be selected in the above-mentioned residential areas and generally located near the management area. E. mother community. Should be built in fertile soil, deep soil; Seed collection base can also be established outside the nursery. 2.2.3 The auxiliary area includes management area, machine station, warehouse, manure yard, etc. It is necessary to make overall plans and scientifically arrange roads, water, heating and electricity systems; Shelterbelt should be built around the nursery. 3. Soil preparation, fertilization and rotation 3. 1 soil preparation 3. 1. 1 Before planting, soil preparation should be carried out and meet the following standards: a. Dig deep into the soil. The ploughing depth in the culture area is 25 ~ 30cm, and the culture area is 30cm. Because the plough layer is shallow, it should be deepened year by year. B. build irrigation and drainage ditches. Ditches should be built according to the design of plots and the setting of beds. C. make the bed. According to the needs of production and operation, set a square or rectangular bed surface to make the bed surface flat. D. soil disinfection. Local drugs should be disinfected regularly. 3. 1.2 Raw wasteland and other land, if used for seedling raising, should be cleared with shallow tillage first, and then ploughed; If conditions permit, you can plant a crop of green manure first to improve soil fertility. 3.2 Fertilization 3.2. 1 Nursery should accumulate fertilizer all the year round, giving priority to organic fertilizer and expanding fertilizer sources. 3.2.2 Fertilization is mainly based on base fertilizer, supplemented by topdressing, and organic fertilizer should be applied after it is decomposed. It is necessary to gradually popularize compound fertilizer. 3.2.3 Base fertilizer should be applied before ploughing and spread evenly. Topdressing at seedling stage, nitrogen and phosphorus are mainly used in the early stage of growth, nitrogen in the middle stage and phosphorus and potassium in the later stage. Attention should be paid to the application of trace elements and external fertilization. 3.2.4 Fertilization should be combined with improving soil physical and chemical properties. Seedlings with soil balls should be supplemented with cultivation soil and organic fertilizer in time after they leave the nursery. 3.3 rotation fallow 3.3. 1 In order to maintain and improve soil fertility and reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, the nursery should implement rotation fallow system. 3.3.2 Except for the tree species as the host of diseases and insect pests, other seedling varieties can be rotated. 3.3.3 When the land is barren or the diseases and insect pests are serious, we should dig deep for leisure. Green manure should be planted in leisure land; The leisure period shall not exceed one year. 4. Seedling propagation 4. 1 propagation preparation 4. 1. 1 preparation of propagation bed. Choose materials with good water retention, drainage and ventilation as the substrate, and do a good job in disinfection of breeding places. 4. 1.2 perennial breeding, it is necessary to build greenhouses and promote container seedling raising. Try to use advanced greenhouses and supporting devices to gradually realize industrialized seedling raising. 4. 1.3 The parents of seed collection must choose the mother tree with strong growth, strong adaptability and no pests and diseases, and select excellent strains with different characters and functions according to the purpose and requirements of seedling raising. 4. 1.4 Do a good job in provenance investigation and collect seeds in time. It is forbidden to mix when collecting, and record the collection place, time and name in detail. 4.2 seed propagation 4.2. 1 In order to obtain a large number of seedlings with strong stress resistance and easy domestication, seed propagation should be adopted. 4.2.2 Seeds should be selected immediately after harvest. The selection criteria are normal appearance, large and full particles, fresh contents, no pests and diseases, 95% purity and moderate water content. 4.2.3 Seeds should be treated in time, and seeds that have not been collected and sown should be properly stored. 4.2.4 Before sowing, the seeds should be disinfected, the germination rate should be determined, and the sowing amount should be determined reasonably. Seeds that are not easy to germinate must be treated by physical or drug to accelerate germination. 4.2.5 The sowing date should be determined according to the physiological characteristics of seeds. Generally, seeds with long dormancy or hard shell should be sown in autumn, and seeds that are easy to lose germination ability should be sown with harvest. 4.2.6 Seeding methods include drilling, broadcasting and on-demand. Generally, tree species should be drilled and sown less. Large or precious seeds should be sown on demand, and container seedlings can be used if conditions permit. 4.2.7 Sowing should be even and moderate, and soil should be covered immediately after sowing. The thickness of soil should be determined according to the seed size, soil and climate conditions. Keep the seedbed moist after sowing to prevent hardening. 4.3 asexual propagation 4.3. 1 In order to keep the original characters of the female parent and obtain early flowering and fruiting seedlings, asexual propagation should be adopted. Asexual propagation can be divided into cutting, layering, burying strips, dividing plants and grafting. 4.3.2 Seeding, transplanting and propagation. Collect well-developed branches, leaves or roots as cuttings in time. Trees that are easy to take root can be cut in the field, and trees that are difficult to take root can be cut in protected areas and treated with rooting elements. Pay attention to prevent reverse insertion. A. hardwood cutting. After defoliation, the trees should choose 1-2-year-old robust branches, store them in a cool and humid place in stages, and carry out cutting in the next spring. Evergreen trees are planted in spring, autumn and rainy season. B. soft branch cutting. Select the semi-lignified branches of that year as cuttings and insert them while picking. C. root cutting. It should be carried out in spring and autumn, and the top of the root spike is flush with the soil surface. 4.3.3 Layered propagation. Tree species that are not easy to cut and take root adopt layering propagation method. When layering propagation, the epidermis of the branches pressed into the soil is cut or peeled off in a ring, and the roots can be cut off from the mother tree for cultivation. Stratification can be divided into the following ways: A. Umbrella stratification. Also known as ordinary stratification. Before germination in early spring, the thick branches of the mother tree 1-3 years old were bent around and buried in the soil for 8- 12 cm, and the branches stood upright, exposing the soil surface. B, pressing branches: pressing the annual sprouting strips at the base of the mother tree on the ground, cutting off the leaves at the base of the new branches when the leaf buds sprout to15-20cm, putting the pressed branches and the base of the new branches into a ditch with a depth of 4-6cm, and filling them with fine soil. C. air stratification. Also called high-branch layering. Put fine soil or other substrates with good water retention and air permeability into containers and put them on branches. This method is mainly used for the propagation of precious seedlings that are not easy to take root. 4.3.4 Propagation by burying strips. In autumn, the long branches from the roots of deciduous mother trees are collected and buried in the sand. In the following spring, put the branches into a ditch 3-5 cm deep, cover them with fine soil, irrigate them and keep them moist. 4.3.5 Propagation by ramets. Generally, the branches sprouting from the roots of mother trees are planted separately in spring and autumn, which are mostly used for tree species with developed roots and tillers. 4.3.6 Grafting propagation. According to the requirements of propagation, select the tree species with strong affinity between scion and rootstock, strong growth and no pests and diseases for grafting. The incision should be smooth, all operations should be connected quickly, and the contact surface of formation should be consistent. After that, it is necessary to strengthen management and take measures such as shading, moisturizing, cultivating soil and removing anvil to improve the survival rate. A. grafting. Generally, harvesting and grafting are carried out before germination in spring. If the ear is harvested in autumn, it should be sealed with wax and stored at low temperature until the next spring. B. Bud grafting is generally carried out in late summer and early autumn when Mu Yi peels the stock. Grafted buds should not be stored. 5, seedling tending 5. 1 After the seedlings are unearthed, the plastic film will be removed in the evening or cloudy days, and the trees and soft cuttings that are prone to sunburn should be shaded in time. 5.2 The nursery area should have sprinkler irrigation facilities, and the cutting bed should have a spraying device. The amount of water sprayed and sprayed depends on the growth of seedlings. 5.3 Weeds in riverbeds, paths and ditches should be removed. Chemical weeding is generally appropriate. Tillage should be carried out after rain and when the topsoil is slightly dry after irrigation. 5.4 Seeding seedlings should be interplanted for 2-3 times after they are fully grown, and the spacing between seedlings should be even, and the sparse part should be replanted. 5.5 Cuttings, layering, burying and grafting propagation seedlings should be peeled and tillered in time, and the lignified application branches should be cut off. 5.6 We should attach great importance to the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests. Once pests and diseases are found, they should be sprayed in time to prevent the spread. 5.7 According to the growth and development of seedlings, topdressing should be done in time, once every 10 ~ 15 days in peak season, and topdressing should be done outside the roots as appropriate. 5.8 seedlings should pay attention to cold. According to its cold resistance, measures such as pouring frozen water, setting wind barriers, covering and scaffolding were taken to cover the autumn sowing seedlings with long roots but not unearthed for the winter. 6, big seedling cultivation 6. 1 transplanting 6.1.1~ 2-year-old seedlings must be transplanted to make them develop into big seedlings with complete roots and certain stem crown types. Fast-growing trees are transplanted 1-2 times, slow-growing trees are transplanted 2 times or more, and the nursery can be cultivated directionally. 6. 1.2 The transplantation period is mainly in spring. When transplanting deciduous trees in autumn, it should be done after the seedlings have fallen leaves; Soil ball transplantation should be the main method in rainy season. Conifers can be transplanted with soil balls in winter in the north. 6. 1.3 The row spacing of transplanted plants depends on the growth needs of seedlings and should be convenient for electricity storage and mechanical operation. 6. 1.4 In the process of digging, transporting and planting seedlings, the time should be shortened as much as possible, and the seedlings should be planted in different levels or follow up. The seedlings should be watered immediately after planting. 6.2 Pruning 6.2. 1 The pruning method of seedlings depends on tree species and cultivation purposes. Generally speaking, it is mainly natural tree-shaped, light in weight and diligent in maintenance, with even branches, full crown width and suitable dry-crown ratio. A. Trees: the trunk of street tree seedlings should be straight, with clear main branches and lateral branches, and the branch point height should be 1.8 ~ 2.0m, and it should be moved up to the specified dry height year by year; The trunk of ornamental saplings in the garden should not be too high, and it can develop into multi-stem or bent-stem type. B. Shrub: Dense branches and leaves, 5-8 main branches, evenly distributed. C. Conifer: those who develop full crown type or low stem type should keep the top of the main branch; Tree species with inconspicuous tree tops should develop multi-stem or geometric types. D. Hedge: it should be branched to keep the whole plant full of branches and leaves. It can also be trimmed and assembled into a hedge after leaving the garden. E. Ground cover plants and climbing plants: 3-5 main lianas are evenly distributed. Alien seedlings should be trimmed and shaped step by step. 6.2.2 Pruning during hibernation is mainly integer, which can be slightly re-pruned; Pruning during the growth period is mainly to adjust the tree potential, so pruning should be light. Trees with bleeding should be pruned in summer and autumn. 6.3 Other cultivation technical measures 6.3. 1 Strengthen irrigation, fertilization, intertillage, weeding and other technical measures to promote the robust growth of seedlings and reach the predetermined indicators. 6.3.2 Pay attention to prevent natural disasters such as drought, waterlogging, wind and hail, severe cold and heat, and human and animal injuries, so as to improve the survival rate of seedlings. 6.3.3 Reasonable intercropping, interplanting and replanting to improve the land utilization rate. 7, pest control 7. 1 Nursery should be designated persons responsible for pest control, strengthen pest prediction, and establish plant protection files. 7.2 According to the occurrence regularity of main pests and diseases of different tree species and different growth stages in this area, long-term and annual prevention and control plans are formulated, and comprehensive prevention and control are carried out by biological, chemical and physical methods. 7.3 Carefully disinfect the soil and seedlings. Avoid planting seedlings with the same diseases and pests on a piece of land or planting them year after year; Vegetables and other crops susceptible to pests and diseases shall not be planted in the nursery. 7.4 Strictly implement the provisions of the national plant quarantine laws and regulations, and the seedlings without quarantine shall not be introduced or exported. 7.5 When taking pest prevention measures, great attention should be paid to protecting natural enemies. 7.6 The following pests and diseases should be mainly controlled: a. Root pests and diseases: damping off, root rot and root cancer; White grubs, white grubs, gray elephants, needle worms, cutworms, nematodes, etc. B. Leaf diseases and insect pests: rust, powdery mildew, brown spot, chlorosis and witches' broom; Aphid, red spider, leaf roller moth, debt-avoiding moth, nest moth, Tian She moth, thorn moth, etc. C. branch pests and diseases: rot; Spiny moths, wood moths, longicorn beetles, chalcophora japonica, scale insects, etc. 7.7 The use of pesticides should strictly implement the relevant provisions of the national plant protection laws and regulations, with particular attention to the following points: a. Choose pesticides correctly to prevent phytotoxicity. B. Within the effective range, it is advisable to use low-concentration pesticides. Attention should be paid to using different chemicals to prevent pests from developing drug resistance. C in order to improve the control effect, drugs with high pollution, high residual toxicity and mutual interference shall not be used. D plant protection operation procedures must be implemented to ensure the safety of people and animals. 8. Nursery seedlings leave the nursery 8. 1 nursery preparation 8. 1. 1 nursery seedlings should be investigated before leaving the nursery, and the varieties, specifications, quantity and quality of nursery seedlings to be prepared should be counted so as to leave the nursery as planned. 8. 1.2 Nursery seedlings shall meet the requirements of product standards for garden nurseries. 8.1.3 Evergreen saplings under 5 years old should not leave the nursery when transplanted for less than 2 years, and saplings over 5 years old should not leave the nursery when transplanted for less than 3 years. 8. 1.4 Large seedlings should be circumcised when they leave the nursery, and they can leave the nursery within 2 years after root cutting. 8.2 Digging seedlings 8.2. 1 Digging seedlings specifications Small seedlings are big, medium seedlings are above the soil ball, which is a general digging seedling specification, and trees with slow rooting and deep roots can be appropriately increased. 8.2.2 When digging bare-rooted seedlings, the soil moisture content shall not be lower than 17%, and the soil moisture content with soil bulbs shall not be lower than 15%. 8.3 Other requirements 8.3. 1 The exposure time of bare-rooted seedlings after digging up should not be too long, otherwise they should follow in. The running-in period should not exceed 20 days. 8.3.2 After the bare root seedlings are dug, they should be covered with roots. The soil balls with soil balls should be wrapped and tied tightly. Bundle and label before transportation, indicating the model and quantity to avoid confusion. 8.3.3 When pruning seedlings out of the nursery, leave room for pruning when planting, and must cut off pests and redundant branches. The pruning of root system can be based on the rooting standard, and the long part can be cut off. 8.3.4 Nursery seedlings should be inspected by special personnel, so that they can't leave the nursery, that is, the varieties are wrong, the specifications are inconsistent, the quality is unqualified, and there are pests and diseases. Description of words and terms in appendix 1 Words that are strict and must be done: the positive word is "must" and the negative word is "forbidden". 2. Words that are strict and should be done under normal circumstances: positive words use "should" and negative words use "should not" or "may not". 3. Allow a little choice of words that should be done first when conditions permit: the positive word is "appropriate" or "possible" and the negative word is "unfavorable". 4. The words "shall be in accordance with" or "shall meet the requirements or provisions of …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… If it is not necessary to follow the referenced standards, specifications or other regulations, it should be written as "Reference ……".