Political problems in the early Tang Dynasty ...

2. The full name of Six Codes of the Tang Dynasty is Six Codes of the Great Tang Dynasty, which is an administrative code of the Tang Dynasty. This is the earliest existing administrative code in China. When Tang Xuanzong was an official, the old title was written by Tang Xuanzong and noted by Li. It was actually compiled by Zhang Shuo and Zhang Jiuling and was written in the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738). It is the earliest existing canon, and the official system originated from the early Tang Dynasty to Kaiyuan. The name of Six Codes comes from Zhou Li, which originally refers to governing codes, teaching codes, ritual codes, political codes, criminal codes and event codes. Later generations set up six books here.

The full name of Six Codes of the Tang Dynasty is Six Codes of the Great Tang Dynasty, which is an administrative code of the Tang Dynasty. This is the earliest existing administrative code in China. When Tang Xuanzong was an official, the old title was written by Tang Xuanzong and noted by Li. It was actually compiled by Zhang Shuo and Zhang Jiuling and was written in the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738). It is the earliest existing canon, and the official system originated from the early Tang Dynasty to Kaiyuan. The name of Six Codes comes from Zhou Li, which originally refers to governing codes, teaching codes, ritual codes, political codes, criminal codes and event codes. Later generations set up six books here. * * * Thirty volumes with nearly three hundred thousand words. In the 10th year of Kaiyuan (722), Li Longji, the Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, called Lu Jianxiu, a layman, to compile the Six Classics, and personally formulated the six laws of reason, teaching, etiquette, politics, punishment and affairs, which were managed by Li Zheng Academy (later renamed Jixian Academy). Xu Jian, Xiao Song, Zhang Jiuling and others participated in the compilation. In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan, Li Cheng, the prime minister, became the emperor the following year. Therefore, this book was named "Letters of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty" with Li's annotation.

3. Is the first question unclear? The official system of the three provinces began in Sui Dynasty, improved in Tang Dynasty, and was used in Song and Liao Dynasties. The three provinces, namely Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province, are respectively responsible for drafting imperial edicts, reviewing imperial edicts and executing government decrees, which to some extent play a role in preventing individuals from being arbitrary. The word "I saved my life in three days" in The Analects of Confucius.

Edit the introduction of three provinces in this paragraph.

Cabinet of ministers

There are two orders for Chinese books in the province of Chinese books, which are second-class (the first three). In the first year of Longshuo (AD 66 1), Zhongshu Province was changed to Xitai, and Zhongshu Order was called Right Phase. In the first year of Guangzhai (AD 684), Zhongshu Province was changed to Fengge, and Zhongshu Order was called literature and history. In the first year of Kaiyuan (AD 7 13), Zhongshu Province was changed to Wei Zi Province, and Zhongshu Mausoleum was called Ziweiling. After the restoration of the old name. As the head of a province, The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Official Records, says, "Chinese books … are in charge of the major policies of the emperor, but they always save trouble". There are also two assistant ministers, which are the three products. They are the representatives of the book order in China. They participated in the important affairs of the court and were ordered to write books. If four foreigners come to North Korea, they will be played by North Korea. There are also six people in charge of Zhongshu, who are the backbone officials of Zhongshu Province. They are responsible for attending performances, participating in table discussion, drafting imperial edicts, making laws and ordering books. Because everything in his hand is very important for maintenance, four prohibitions are stipulated, namely, no leakage, no procrastination, no violation and no forgetting. They can express their preliminary opinions on the military and newspaper performances discussed in the province and sign their own names, which is called "Five Flowers Judge Affairs". The opinions of the provinces are collected by the official department and the assistant minister, and then delivered to the official department, and then the official script is made according to the emperor's intention. This official script is called "Know the patent", and the other official scripts should be signed separately. Choose the oldest among the shed people, called "Ge Lao", who is responsible for handling the chores in this province. Six scheerens went to the six provinces of Shangshu to assist the Prime Minister in judging cases. There is a door in the Prime Minister's yamen that leads to the general office of Mr. Sheren Zhongshu. The prime minister often passes through this door and asks the Chinese scholar for political advice. According to "Biography of Long Stick in Old Tang Dynasty", it has been passed down for generations, and the long stick is the prime minister, so this door is blocked, "to show respect and not to communicate with each other". During Su Zong's reign, he often used other officials' knowledge of other people's affairs in Chinese books. "New Tang Book Guan Baizhi" said that at that time, because of "striving for prosperity and coveting the convenience of power, he went to the cabinet and decided to be the prime minister. Naturally, I gave up the performance of Liu Cao. " It was not until the last years of Wuzong Huichang that Prime Minister Li Deyu suggested: "Taigeli, please go to war with the counties and give up others." However, this system did not seem to be seriously implemented at that time. In the Tang Dynasty, calligraphers in China were all important positions respected by literati. The so-called "Chinese people in the imperial court have the highest status" is an important springboard for Governor Taiwan Province to become prime minister. In addition, two subordinate officials of Zhongshu Province also live in their own homes. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty Guan Baizhi says from six aspects: "Words and records are recorded in the palm of your hand, like the system of taking notes, and national history is awarded at the end of the season." Ordinary waiter 16. From six angles, the palm is directed to the audience and played in the hall. Nearly all the ministers entered the service, and the civil and military officials listed them. General attendants guide them to advance and retreat, praising their worship and etiquette. The barbarian tribute from all directions was also accepted and given by the general manager. The sergeant went to war, was ordered to work, and sent condolences to his family every month. There are also four main books, from seven categories. There are four people in charge, starting from the eighth grade. There are 2 routine nurses on the right and 4 doctors on the right to provide advice. Stories and anecdotes are dedicated to satire and exhortation, major issues and minor issues.

Menxia province

Under the door of the province, the second servant is the governor, which is the second product (the first three products of the generation). In the second year of Longshuo in Tang Gaozong (AD 662), it was changed to Dongtai, which was called Jacky. In the first year of Guangzhai in Wuhou (AD 684), it was called Yan Na, and in the first year of Hanggong (AD 685), it was changed to Luantai. In the first year of Kaiyuan (AD 7 13), it was renamed Huangmen Province, and in the first year of Tianbao (AD 742), it was renamed Jacky. "New Tang Book Guan Baizhi" said: "A servant ... is responsible for the cashier's order to show courtesy. In all state affairs, he will participate in general affairs with China's secretariat, but he will save trouble by judgment. " There are two assistant ministers under the door, both of them are three products, both of them are assistant ministers. In the second year of Longshuo, it was renamed Dongtai Assistant Minister. In the first year of Wuhou's hanging arch, he was called Assistant Minister Luantai and Assistant Minister Tianbao. "Guan Bai Biao" says: "The assistant minister under the door ... takes the position of the second assistant. The big sacrifice is from; ■ Then offer a towel, both mourning and offering a towel; I am honored to receive your praise. On January 21, the winter solstice, it bodes well for the world. If you are in school, you will present coupons and posts. " The subordinate officers of the province under the door are two people who are often served by Zuo Sanqi, and they are below the third grade. Palm rule ironic fault, waiter consultant. On the left are four doctors, all of whom are under four marks. They are responsible for admonishing gains and losses, and the attendants praise them. In 686 AD, a man named Yu Baozong wrote a letter suggesting that a bronze coffin be built to accept books from all directions. Wu Zetian accepted this suggestion and cast four bronze plaques, painted in square colors and arranged in the court: the Oriental green plaque, named "Yan En", was cast by those who told people to persuade farmers; The southern red scorpion, named "remonstrance", was voted by those who discussed the gains and losses of current politics; The western Bai Yi, called "rehabilitation", was voted by those whose speeches were suppressed; The northern black scorpion, known as "Xuan Tong", was forged by anyone who told astronomy or secretly plotted. The imperial court sent 1 person to advise the doctor, fill the vacancy and pick up the remains respectively, and manage the bronze coffins in the square; He also appointed 65,438+0 in the suggestion history and 65,438+0 in the assistant suggestion history as managers. In the ninth year of Tianbao (AD 750), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty approached "ghost" with the sound of "Yi", so he changed his name to Yi Lee as a sacrificial envoy. In the first year of Su Zong to Germany (AD 756), the old name was restored. In the second year of Dezong Jianzhong (AD 78 1), he suggested the doctor 1 as his knowledge envoy. There are four people in the matter, above the five products, who are in charge of things, save trouble and supervise the editing and proofreading of Hong Wen Pavilion. Every hundred teachers play and copy, and the attendants finish the exam, then they refute and lose. Anyone who has inconvenient imperial edicts is called "Tugui". Bai Juyi said in "Qin Zheng can give things a slap in the face" that the obligation to give things is "whoever gives inconvenience, you have to seal it; If there is something unreasonable in the prison, you can refute it; People who have no complaints in the world must correct them with suggestions; If there is an improper choice of the company, it may be dismissed together with the assistant. " Fan Lichuan in Old Tang Dynasty records that during the Zhenyuan period of Tang Dezong (AD 785-805), Li Fan was appointed as an official, and "it was necessary to manage it, so Huang Yi approved it later". At that time, someone told him that it was the imperial edict of the emperor and asked him to write his opinion on another piece of paper. How can you just draft it on the imperial edict? Li Fan said that if it is written on another piece of paper, it is a document. Can you call it quasi-writing? The reason why Fan Li dares to be so outspoken is because the system stipulates that he has the right to "smear and play back" the imperial edict that he thinks is inappropriate. Bai Juyi's so-called "unreasonable prison can be refuted" has the same meaning as "every country's prison, three parts must be decided in detail, if the criminal name is improper, heavy or lost, it must be supplemented and the punishment must be dismissed" in the Six Codes of the Great Tang Dynasty. Guan Baizhi, a book of the New Tang Dynasty, says that the giver can "listen to the grievances of the world with the giver", which means that he can form a "three divisions", go beyond law enforcement agencies, accept the unjust, false and wrong cases in the world and listen to their lawsuits. This system is called "three divisions accept cases" or "three divisions make detailed decisions". Bai Juyi's so-called "teachers who are not properly selected will be dismissed", which means that "the school is the best, the art is the best, and it is even more embarrassing if it is not the person." This system is called "over-official". There are also two living lang, from the six products to remember the testimonies of the son of heaven. When the emperor was in the main hall, he lived on the left and on the right. If the son of heaven has an imperial edict, he will listen to it and return it to history at the end of each season. In the early years of Zhenguan, he gave advice to doctors, knowing both how to remember and how to live. Now, when Xu and Li Yifu are together, it is said that in order to prevent leaks, it is necessary to reduce the number of people who know the secrets in advance. Therefore, after Lang and Scheeren stayed, they were ordered to go out with the official and were not allowed to talk about maintenance. It was not until the ninth year of Emperor Wenzong Daiwa (AD 835) that Dai Yulang and Sheren were ordered to stand under Guo's head with pens and paper on the day they entered the cabinet, so as to restore the system during the Zhenguan period. In addition, there are 4 provincial officials from seven categories; 4 persons in charge, from Bapin; Leave 6 people to fill the vacancy, from Qipin; Left picked up six people, from eight products; There are two ceremonies, starting from the ninth grade. The order of clapping and singing and the position in the temple. There are four people at the gate of the city, who are responsible for opening and closing the gates of the capital, the imperial city and the palace from the beginning of Liupin. Four people, Fu Baolang, are in charge of the Eight Treasures of the Son of Heaven and the National Jeff. In the grand court, they were honored to be on the throne. When the son of heaven is lucky, they will be honored to follow. Please keep quiet and polite when ordering and dispatching envoys. Reward them with courtesy, and kill them with courtesy. Zhongshu province and Menxia province also have their own supplements and supplements, which are divided into two places, "left" to Menxia province and "right" to Zhongshu province. Left and right to fill the vacancy, from seven products; The left and right picks were created in the first year of Wu Zetian's hanging arch (AD 685). According to "Biography of Bai Juyi in the Old Tang Dynasty", Bai Juyi found the left remains in the second year of Zongyuan (AD 808). He said, "Pick up the remains from left to right, and offer a piece of advice. If it is inconvenient to give an order, it will be out of line. If it is small, it will be sealed, and if it is big, it will be imperial. " "The court gains and losses are clear, and the advantages and disadvantages of the world are clear. The original intention of this country is to lick the remains. " The admonisher had the opportunity to give advice directly to the emperor, so the quality of the official was low, but it was also very important to the people at that time. Theoretically, the duty of an official is to make suggestions and satirize, even if the words are fierce, there is no intention of accusing. During his tenure, Bai Juyi tried his best to remonstrate, wrote to the emperor many times and even argued with him face to face. According to "Zi Jian" Volume 238, "Bai Juyi said that your majesty was wrong because of the discussion, but it was a painting village, a stolen name and an imperial decree." Thus, in the eighth year of Yuanhe (AD 8 13), Bai Juyi was appointed as Prince Zuo Zanshan, a spare-time official who was not allowed to ask about state affairs, but accompanied the prince to study. In the 10th year of Yuanhe (AD 8 15), Prime Minister Wu was stabbed to death by Li Shidao, the envoy of Pinglu, and Bai Juyi was filled with indignation. At first, he wrote "Please arrest the thief and report the national humiliation", but at that time, the old bureaucratic group attacked him, saying that "it is not appropriate to remonstrate the official first if the official does not remonstrate", and took the opportunity to frame him and demote him as Jiangzhou Sima. This incident not only shows the privilege of the admonisher, but also shows the difficult situation of the admonisher.

the State Council

Shangshu province, Shangshu province 1 person, is the second grade. In the second year of Tang Gaozong Longshuo (AD 662), it was renamed Dongtai, and the Shangshu was abolished, and the Shangshu was changed to Taichangbo, and the assistant minister was Shaochangbo. In the first year of Guangzhai of Wu Zetian (AD 684), it was renamed Wenchang Terrace, and soon it was changed to Wenchang Capital. In the first year of hanging arch (AD 685), it was called Doutai, and in the third year of Chang 'an (AD 703), it was called Zhongtai. In the Tang Dynasty, the provincial capital of Shangshu was located on the east side of Chengtianmen Street in Chang 'an Imperial City, at the southern end of Zhongshu and Menxia provinces, so it was also called Nansheng or Nangong. Letters issued from Zhongshumen were forwarded to central departments and local counties through Shangshu Province, or made into decrees according to the spirit of letters, and then sent to relevant departments. "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty Guan Baizhi" says: Every state plans to play in the capital, and it is based on the size of the event. All signs, movements, passes and dispatches (according to all official names) must be sent to the provincial capital. Those who are undecided about world events go to Shangshu Province. Thus, the power of Shangshu Province plays an important role. According to the "Biography of Zhou Dynasty in the Old Tang Dynasty", Emperor Taizong once said: "Shangshu Province is an important province in the world, and each department is responsible. The loss of one thing is also the suffering of the world. " These words are enough to illustrate the important position of Shangshu Province in the central administrative organization, that is to say, among the three provinces, Shangshu Province is the actual confluence of administration. In the Tang Dynasty, the organization of Shangshu Province was more neat and strict, from the six Cao Cao in the Sui Dynasty to the six ministries of official, household, ceremony, soldier, punishment and industry. As for the organization of various departments, the assistant minister of Sui Dynasty was promoted to assistant minister of history. Under the leadership of Shangshu, each department has four subordinate departments and 24 departments. The chief executive of Shangshu Province is Shangshuling, in charge of the code and leading officials. Because Emperor Taizong had served before he ascended the throne, the precedent of the Tang Dynasty was no longer established. Take the left and right servants as the province's actual sir. There are also 65,438+0 left, 65,438+0 right and 65,438+0 right, which are responsible for the daily affairs in the province. "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty Guan Baizhi" says: "Take charge of six documents and correct those who are good at raising the imperial history in the province. "Left and right secretaries 1, five products Yuan Wailang 1. Judging from the six products, he is Cheng's assistant and judge six affairs in this province. In the first year of Longshuo in Tang Gaozong (AD 66 1), Zuo Zuocheng was changed to Zuo Suji, and the practitioners were left and right, all of whom were doctors. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the position of servant archer was highly respected, because among the central officials, there was no separate first-class and third-class department, and the second-class official rank was abolished. Only the servant who started from the second class has the highest rank, and the assistants of the other two provinces, such as the assistant minister under the door, the assistant minister of the Intermediate People's Court and the chief supervisor of the temple, are all below the third class. Therefore, "Don Yao Hui" called the left and right servants "teachers and apprentices are officials, although they are in other departments, they belong to the same family". It is said that the servant sent a letter in the hall of the capital, and all the prime ministers sent it. All the civil and military officials have been promoted to the rank, and the left and right Cheng, the assistant ministers of various ministries, the suggestion and the middle Cheng are all below the four or five grades. The servant's failure to reply shows the importance of his authority. Since the mid-Tang Dynasty, the status of Shangshu Province has gradually declined because servants were excluded from the ranks of prime ministers, influenced by envoys and used by non-people. According to "Tang Yao Hui", during the Zhenguan period, Emperor Taizong once stipulated: "The details of the minister belong to the left and right, but those who should play important events are sent servants to shoot." It can be seen that Zuo Cheng's position in Shangshu Province is also decisive, among which Zuo Cheng is in charge of officials, households and ceremonies. You Cheng is in charge of three departments: soldiers, criminals and workers. Six copies of all departments must be sent to the provincial capital for verification before reaching the relevant departments. Because it is stipulated that there is something important in the province to ask for instructions, Zuo Youcheng handles the rest of the details. In this way, the left and right servants were gradually overhead, and the real power of the province naturally fell into the hands of Zuo Cheng, so in the Song Dynasty, Zuo Cheng was also one of the consuls. Twenty-four departments under the six departments of Shangshu Province are responsible for handling all administrative affairs of the state, such as military and political affairs, finance and culture, military punishment and money valley. Among them, the official department is in charge of the selection of works, the seal of honour and the examination of lessons, and the official department, the seal of department, the seal of department and the examination of achievement belong to four departments. The system of selecting and appointing officials in the Tang Dynasty is as follows: those with more than three products are selected and appointed by the emperor himself, those with more than five products are nominated by the prime minister and submitted to the emperor for approval, and the official department listens to the appointment of officials; Those below Grade 6 shall be appointed by the official department according to their figure, qualifications, talents, contributions, virtues, words and judgments, and submitted to the provincial court for examination and approval. The division of labor between the officials of the four departments is as follows: the official department is a doctor, in charge of the official rank, in charge of gathering gifts, giving holidays and giving gifts, and one of them is in charge of the selection of foreign officials. Two foreign ministers, from six ranks, one awarded Cao Nan, both of whom are vice ministers and assistant ministers. Division seal card shark, palm seal life, the meeting, awarded. Si Xun, doctor, official title; Examination methods for the merits and demerits, good and evil and their behaviors of civil and military officials. If an official dies, historians should make a biography for him and often discuss it. If he wants to be engraved on the tablet, he will discuss with hundreds of officials what he should tell and then report to his family. Twenty-four years before Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 736), Foreign Minister Kao Gong presided over the imperial examination. The housing department is in charge of world finance and civil affairs, including land, people, marriage, money valley, tribute and so on. It belongs to four departments: the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Warehouse. Among them, the household card shark and Yuan Wailang are in charge of household registration, land, taxation, contribution, exemption, special care, marriage and inheritance; Du Zhi Langzhong and Yuan Wailang are in charge of the world's tax, and the products are abundant and suitable, which makes the land and water profitable. When they are out of the year, they will be transferred and agreed with the province under the book. Dr. Kimbu Langzhong and Mr. Yuan Wailang are responsible for collecting world cashiers, weighing weights and measures, managing the affairs of Beijing and Gong Shi, and providing clothes for ladies-in-waiting, princesses and official handmaiden. Dr. Kurabe and Mr. Yuan Wailang are in charge of the national treasury, cashier's rent, food supply and food supply. The Ministry of Rites is in charge of etiquette, sacrifice and tribute. It has four departments: ceremony department, ancestor department, catering department and guest department. Among them, the number of employees and foreign ministers in charge of rites and music, schools, clothes, seals, watches, books, books, good omen, paving roads, and funeral gifts for officials and imperial envoys is the main department and assistant minister of this province; Zu Langzhong and Yuan Wailang are in charge of ancestor worship, sacrifice, astronomy, missing engravings, national taboos, temple taboos, divination, medicine and monks and nuns; Sacrificial bean wine diet of Doctor Shibei, Yuan Wailang and Zhang Ling Temple; Host and guests, doctors and foreign ministers are responsible for the affairs of fans. In the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan, Xuanzong was presided over by Assistant Minister of Imperial Examination. In this way, the status of doe has been greatly improved. The Ministry of War is responsible for selection, teaching, examination, conducting military exercises, and military orders, discipline and training at the central level, but it does not directly lead the troops. There are four divisions: the Ministry of War, the staff side, the driving department and the treasurer. One of the employees of the Ministry of War was sentenced to hukou and rank product, and the Wei government was widowed, admitted to school and confessed; One judges the number of books and names distributed by the army.