Brief introduction of crystal culture

English name: crystalrockcrystal

ㄕㄨㄟˇㄐㄧㄥ Athena Chu.

Main composition: silica, which is a precious ore and gem. In addition, there are some plasmas containing chromium, manganese, copper and iron, which cause refraction and produce many colors.

Works: crystal ornamental stones, crystal sculptures, crystal ornaments, crystal balls, etc. , used for decoration, collection, town house to ward off evil spirits. (1) colorless and transparent silica crystal. It is a precious ore and gem with less output. It was called "water jade" and "water essence" in ancient times.

According to GIG's report, I quoted Tongzhi Jian, the second year of Tianfu, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, at the end of Jin Dynasty: "Fujian built a palace and decorated it with crystals." "The ancient and modern novel Li Gongzi was satisfied with saving the snake": "The utensils are all made of glass, crystal, amber and agate, which are unique and not owned by the world." Preface to < Selected Poems of Ai Qing >: "Meditate on the shape of flower dew and love the quality of crystal." (2). Refers to crystal clear objects.

"All Tang Poems" Volume Bai Xuege in 785: "Birds peck at the jade mirror in the ice pond, and the wind knocks on the eaves to slip the crystal." Xu Wei s Poems on Banquet in the Western Suburb in Ming Dynasty;

"The culvert contains ice brain, and the cherry drops crystal."

(3) Yu's Bright Moonlight.

Hong Sheng's Song of the Immortal Palace in the Qing Dynasty: "The cold toad has just risen to the high shelf, and the curtain rolls to smell the wind and reflect the crystal." The words in Chen Weisong's "The Heritage Atlas of Bodhisattva Man Titing Qingxi" in the Qing Dynasty: "I still remember to hide and seek, and the crystal courtyard is cool." Crystal is a large Shi Ying crystal. Its main chemical composition is silicon dioxide, and its chemical formula is SiO2. Western countries think that everything that is transparent is crystal, so the word crystal includes colorless transparent glass (K9, ordinary glass is blue) and rock crystal ore. There are more than ten kinds of names of ancient crystals in China, such as water mirror, aquamarine, aquamarine and crystal. Therefore, in order to facilitate the distinction, Rockcrystal is usually referred to as (rock crystal) in the world. The well-developed single crystal is a hexagonal cone, so it is usually a block or granular aggregate, which is generally colorless, gray and milky white. When it contains other minerals, it is purplish red, smoky red, brown and so on. When the silicon dioxide crystal is perfect, it is a crystal; Incomplete crystallization is the appropriate time: silica becomes agate after gelatinization and dehydration; Water-containing silica gel becomes opal after solidification; When the particle size of silica is less than several microns, chalcedony, flint and secondary quartzite are formed.

1, chemical composition: silica, containing Si-46.7% and O-53.3%. Because it contains different mixtures, it presents a variety of colors. Purple and green are caused by iron (Fe2+) ions, purple can also be caused by titanium (Ti4+), and other colors are caused by color centers.

2. Associated mineral composition: goethite, hematite, rutile, magnetite, garnet, chlorite and other inclusions; Hair crystals are formed by inclusions containing hairy needle-like minerals visible to the naked eye. Containing manganese and iron is called amethyst; Iron (golden or lemon) is called topaz; Rose color containing manganese and titanium is called rose time, that is, pink crystal; Smoke color is called smoke crystal; Brown is called tea crystal; Black and transparent are called ink crystals.

3. Structure and morphology: The crystal with perfect crystallization belongs to the triangular system, often in the shape of a hexagonal prism, with one end of the cylinder pointed or two ends pointed. Many long columns are connected together, collectively known as crystal clusters, which are beautiful and spectacular, and their shapes can be described as various.

4. Crystal specific gravity: 2.56-2.66g/cm3. This means that the weight of a certain volume of crystals is 2.56-2.66 times that of the same volume of water. Bulk crystals may have a slightly higher density.

5, crystal stripe color: colorless. The color of mineral powder is called stripes. It can eliminate false colors, weaken other colors and keep its own color, which is one of the more reliable identification features than mineral colors.

6. Hardness of crystal: Hardness 7 is Mohs hardness, which is equivalent to the hardness of a steel file.

7. Transparency standard: The transparency of a crystal is related to the quality and quantity of light passing through it. When light passes through crystal fragments or slices with a thickness greater than 1 cm, the reflected image can be clearly seen. If the bottom image is not clear enough and only the outline is seen, it is translucent.

8, crystal luster: glass luster. This is true for both polished and fractured surfaces. Gloss refers to the optical characteristics of reflected light on the surface of a gem. Crystal does not reflect beautiful starlight stripes like starlight sapphire and starlight sapphire, nor does it shine with light blue waves like moonstone, nor does it shine with colors like opal. To observe the luster of the crystal, you can hold it in your hand and look at the surface reflection with the light of a lamp or a window. The brightness of transparent crystal is related to its luster.

9. Refractive index of crystal: 1.544- 1.553, which is almost within this range. -refractive index,

It is the ratio of the sine of the incident angle to the sine of the refraction angle when the light penetrates into the gem crystal from the air and refracts.

10, crystal refractive index: 0.009 (maximum), very stable.

1 1. Optical properties of crystals: uniaxial crystals are positive.

12, crystal dispersion: 0.0 13. -Dispersion means that the refractive index of a gem changes with the illumination light. For example, drilling holes

The refraction of red light by stone is 2.405; 2.427 is the green light; Purple light is 2.449.

13, melting point: the melting point of the crystal is 17 13℃. It was found in the experiment that it was fragile when heated. The crystal is baked in the flame of a flame burner. Unless it is well protected and cooled slowly, the crystal is easily broken. This kind of temperament has been thoroughly understood by the ancients.

14, cleavage: no cleavage. Cleavage refers to the property that when a mineral is hit, it will crack in a certain direction regularly and form a smooth plane. According to cleavage degree, it can be divided into five categories: extreme perfect cleavage, perfect cleavage, moderate cleavage, imperfect cleavage and no cleavage, and crystal belongs to no cleavage.

15, fracture: shell-shaped. -fracture is also called breach. It refers to the irregular fracture of minerals after being hit, and the irregular fracture surface is called fracture. According to the fracture shape, it can be divided into shell-shaped and serrated.

16. Appearance and shape: the crystal belongs to a tripartite system, but many people mistakenly think that the crystal is a hexagonal system, because the crystal is often hexagonal, and the cylinder is pointed at one end or at both ends. Crystals are usually larger, ranging from a few millimeters to several meters. Several crystals grow together, which is the so-called crystal cluster, which is beautiful and spectacular. China's Shanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Guangdong and other provinces produce amethyst, and there are many provinces that produce colorless crystals, but the most famous ones are:

(1) A China "Crystal King" was produced in Donghai County, Jiangsu Province. It was delivered 1.7m, with a short diameter 1.2m and a weight of 3.5t, 1973, 1983. In the range of hundreds of square kilometers, the proven crystal reserves are several million tons. In the past 20 years, Donghai County has purchased about half of the crystal in China every year.

(2) Yangjiaoling, Hainan: With an area of only 0.2k㎡ and a depth of 150m, * * produces nearly 100 tons of piezoelectric crystals and more than 2,000 tons of molten crystals, and is known as the mining area with the richest quality crystals in the world.

The main producing areas of amethyst are Brazil, Uruguay, Urals Mountain in Russia, India, Madagascar, the United States and Mexico, and these countries also produce colorless and transparent crystals.