Scientific and technological concept of Beijing ancient observatory

In the eyes of the ancients, nature is mysterious, celestial bodies are mysterious, and mysterious forces dominate the world in the whole universe. All kinds of natural phenomena are controlled by gods, and these gods have names, such as:

Shi Feng's name is Feilian.

Rain Lord's name screen

Yun Shi Ming feng long

Yu Ri Ming xi River

Yu Yue Wang Mingshu

China is one of the earliest countries in the world to enter agricultural life. Agricultural production needs accurate farming time, so people naturally have to observe the astronomical phenomena very diligently, and ancient astronomical knowledge has been developed.

Eclipses have been recorded in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions. There are records about stars and astronomical phenomena in Shangshu, Shijing, Chunqiu, Zuozhuan, Guoyu and Erya. "Historical Records" lists the official books, and "Hanshu" also lists "Tianzhi", which is a chapter devoted to discussing and recording astronomical phenomena.

We now know some common basic astronomical concepts in ancient books, which is undoubtedly helpful to improve our ability to read ancient books.

Seven policies (seven obsidians): The sun, the moon and Jin Mu are five stars. Golden wood fire, water and earth are the five planets actually observed by the ancients, also known as the five latitudes.

Venus: Ancient star, also known as Taibai, is silvery white and extremely bright. In The Book of Songs, Zheng Feng, a female crow, said, "Zi Xing looks at the night and the stars are shining", "Martin, Dongmen Yang" and "Faint for a while, the stars are shining", which means Venus. Venus is called Qi Ming at dawn in the east and Chang Gung Memorial at dusk in the west. The Book of Songs, Xiaoya Dadong, is also about Venus.

Jupiter: the ancient name of nian, also known as nian. In the twelfth year, the Lunar New Year runs around the sky and passes through a certain starry sky area every year, so the date can be set according to the itinerary of the Lunar New Year.

Mercury: Also known as Chen Xing.

Mars: an ancient name.

Saturn: an ancient name for revitalizing or filling stars.

Precession: Due to the slight influence of the gravity of the sun and the moon on the equator of the earth, the earth's axis makes a conical motion around the ecliptic axis, and slowly moves westward, circling for about 26,000 years, and at the same time makes vernal equinox move westward at a speed of 50.2 seconds per year. This phenomenon is called precession. Yu of the Jin Dynasty first determined the more accurate age difference in China, and reached the conclusion that "fifty years recede by one degree", which advanced the time of distinguishing sidereal years from solar years in Chinese calendars. The earliest calendar for calculating precession was Zu Chongzhi's Da Li Ming.

Sanyuan: Ziweiyuan, Taiweiyuan and Tianshiyuan. When you see the sky above the north in the Yellow River Basin, other stars around you gather into an area based on Polaris, which is called Ziweiyuan. The ancients believed that Ziwei Garden was the location of the Emperor of Heaven. Outside Ziwei Garden, the star area north of Zhang Yi is Taiwei Garden. The star-shaped area north of the jumping point at the end of the room is the Shi Tian Wall. Du Fu's "Autumn Sending Stone to Xue Mingfu": "Purple is slightly near the big horn, and the emperor rides on it." Arcturus, the bright star in the northern sky, was regarded by the ancients as the throne of heaven.

Xi (Xi): the grade of the stars. This concept does not refer to a star, but to a collection of several adjacent stars.

Twenty-eight Hostels (House and Star): Twenty-eight Star Zone. The ancients observed the movement of the sun, the moon and the five stars with the stars as the background. The relative position between the stars was relatively stable, so it can be used to observe the position of the movement of the sun, the moon and the five stars. After observation, the ancients successively chose 28 stars (all stars) near the equator of the ecliptic as coordinates, which were called 28 nights, namely:

Seven Nights of the Oriental Black Dragon: Jiao, Kang, Bian, Fang, Xin, Wei and Ji.

Seven nights in northern Xuanwu: fighting, cattle, women, air, danger, houses and walls.

Seven nights in the West White Tiger: Kui, Lou, Wei, Chang, Bi, Gou and Shen.

Seven nights in South Suzaku: well, ghost, willow, star, Zhang, wing and bird.

The ancients imagined the seven nights of each side as four kinds of animals, that is, four elephants. Similar to westerners, they associate constellations with animal images. )

The literary works related to Twenty-eight Nights are:

"The Book of Songs Wind July": "July is full of fire."

"Tang Style Prepare for the Future": "The reward is good, and Samsung is in the sky." "Samsung is in the corner." "Three stars are at home." Mao Zhuan: "Samsung, Shenye. Samsung is in the sky and can get married. " Jian Zheng: "Samsung is also called Antares."

According to careful study, the three stars mentioned in the three chapters of this poem mean that the three constellations appear in turn at different times and overnight. Chapter 1 "Samsung in the sky" refers to Betelgeuse Samsung; The second chapter "Samsung in the corner" refers to the heart of Samsung; At the end of the chapter, "there are three stars at home" refers to a river drum with three stars. The three stars above are bright and close in the sky.

Xiaoya, Progressive Stone: "When the moon leaves the finish line, it will be torrential." Mao Zhuan: "Never put off till tomorrow what you can. It rains when the moon leaves the cloudy stars. " The last quarter of the moon came to an end, and it was rainy in Meng Qiu in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

"Xiaoya Dadong": "Weinan has a basket and cannot be fried; There is a fight in Weibei, so you can't lick wine. " "Justice": "The dustpan fights in the south, the dustpan fights in the south, and the dustpan fights in the north, so it is called the big dipper."

Ding Fengzhi Zhong Fang: "Zhong Fang, Zhi Ding, made by Chu Palace." Mao Zhuan: "Ding, the camp room is also." Biography: "Ding, the night in the north, the star of the camp room. This star is very dark, in the middle, and summer is in October. Then, you can build a palace, so it is called a camp. " Camping house is the name of wall house and room house.

Zuo Zhuan: "Rowen Chen Fu." "The sun hides ice in the northern land and sees it in the west." Hokuriku is a virtual hut, with the east point in ancient times. The western continent is the Pleiades, commonly known as the Seven Sisters cluster. Chang 'e and Bi Qiushi both appeared in the night sky. The dragon wall is the heaven and the main national border, with China in the south and foreign countries in the north. So the ancients often used stars to care about war. Pleiades is also known as Luotouxing.

Confucius in Shangshu said: "Menstruation is wind when dusting, and rain when leaving the end." The word "wind and rain" came from this.

Generally speaking: Mars stays in Antares. Mars is in the heart.

Wang Bo's preface to Wang Teng-ting: "Things are treasures, and the dragon light shoots the bull market." Bullfighting is similar to two stars.

Zou Yang's "King Liang in Prison": "Too white to eat." Venus covers the Pleiades.

Su Shi's "Thousand Red Cliffs Fu": "Xiao Yan, the moon rises above the East Mountain and lingers between bullfights."

Du Fu's "To Wei Ba Chu Shi": "When friends meet, it is as difficult as the stars in the morning and evening." Participating in the west, business in the east, can not appear in the air at the same time.

Zhang Heng's Four Fu Xuan: "The barrier of view falls in the north."

Li Bai's "Army Song of General Sima": "The stars in the north shine, and the heroes in the south are like clouds and thunderous." The abbreviation of the Northern Clan Sect, Bright Star, symbolizes the Yulin military gate that defends the North. The north gate of ancient Chang 'an was called Beiluomen.

Han Yu's three-star tour: "When I was born, I spent the whole month fighting in the south, and the cows struggled with their mouths open. The cows didn't see their suitcases and didn't compete for wine." Scorpions have a unique spirit and never stop blowing. "

Xia Sai Qu by Li He: "See you in autumn."

Tang Wei Xiang's "Ancient Ci": "The magpie blood carving bow is wet but not dry, and the new quenching sword is cold; The veteran of Liaodong turned into snow and still looked at his head every night. "

Zhang said that the poem "Enyili Main Hall Academy Banquet Should Be Made" said: "East Wall Bookstore, West Garden Hanmolin." The east wall is a wall dwelling, the east wall is the main text of the two stars, and it is also a library on earth.

Qu Yuan's Songs of Chu: "Shoot Sirius with a long arrow."

Su Shi's Jiangchengzi: "I can bow like a full moon, look at the northwest and shoot Sirius." Sirius and Sagittarius are both stars or groups of stars in Su Jing. Sirius, south of Tokyo, wild general, the Lord invaded and plundered.

Kong Rong: "There is a star of wine flag in the sky, and there is a county of Jiuquan on the ground."

Li Bai's "Drinking the Bright Moon Alone": "If the sky doesn't love wine, the wine star is not in the sky; If you don't like wine, you shouldn't have the name Jiuquan. Heaven and earth love wine, and they deserve it. "

Bai Juyi's "Yang Liuzhi": "One tree decays and the soil remains, and two branches grow into the sky; Knowing this mysterious image this spring, Liu Su added two stars to the light.

Beidou: It consists of Shu Tian, Tian Xuan, Tianji, Tianquan, Yuheng, Kaiyang and Yaoguang. It's shaped like an ancient bucket of wine. The first four stars form a bucket, also called kui. After Samsung, bucket handle was formed, also known as the spoon handle (biāo). (The western name is Ursa major. The ancients attached importance to Beidou and used it to identify the direction and set the season. Polaris can be found by placing Beidou Shu Tian and Tian Xuan at a distance of five times. The Big Dipper appears in different directions in the sky at different seasons and at different times at night, and seems to revolve around the Polaris, so the season can be decided according to the direction pointed by bucket handle at the beginning of fainting: bucket handle refers to the East, and the world is spring; Guide to barrel handle, it's summer in the world; Bucket handle refers to the west, and the world is autumn; The barrel handle refers to the north, and it is winter all over the world.

Division: Ancient people divided the stars in the sky according to the area on the ground, and assigned the stars in the sky to the states on the ground to make them correspond to each other. Such as "Historical Records" Tian: "There are columns in the sky and States in the land." This is the concept of dividing line.

Related literary works, such as:

Yu Xin's "Jiangnan Fu": "If you give Qin a quail's head, why are you drunk?"

Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting: "The stars spread their wings and meet Lu Heng." Two nights' accommodation is the dividing line between Nanjun, Runan, Huaiyang, Lujiang, Zhang Yu and Changsha.

Li Bai's Shu Dao Nan: Panting, we brush Orion and cross Jingxing Star. Betelgeuse is the dividing line of Yizhou and Su Jing is the dividing line of Yongzhou.

China is an ancient country in astronomy, and China is the first country in the world to record astronomical phenomena such as sunspots, Halley's comet and supernovae in words. The equatorial coordinates used in ancient astronomical calculations in China were adopted by modern astronomy, and China became the first country in the world to adopt equatorial coordinates. Ancient astronomers determined the coordinate system according to the equatorial plane of the earth's rotation and the ecliptic plane of the revolution. In ancient China, equatorial coordinates were used to study the movements of the sun, the moon and the five stars, while in the west, so-called ecliptic coordinates were used. These are two different coordinate systems. The existing ancient image observation instruments in China, such as various image observation instruments of climbing dragons and attaching phoenixes at Beijing Ancient Observatory, all use equatorial coordinates. Modern astronomical research proves that the equatorial coordinate system is superior to the ecliptic coordinate system, and modern astronomy replaces the ecliptic coordinate system with the equatorial coordinate system.

Comet, or process. The ancients thought that this was a fierce image of a military disaster.

Zodiac: the orbit of the sun's annual movement imagined by the ancients. In fact, the earth goes around the sun in its own orbit. Looking at the sun from different positions in the earth's orbit, the projection position of the sun on the celestial sphere is also different. This kind of apparent position movement is called solar apparent movement, and the track of the annual apparent movement of the sun is the ecliptic.

Equator: not the equator of the earth, but the equator of the celestial sphere, that is, the projection of the equator of the earth on the celestial sphere.

Second, about the calendar.

The ancients mainly observed the sun and the moon, and determined the sun and the moon according to the cycle of the sun and the profit and loss of the moon. For example, day and night alternate into one day, and the moon phase changes into January.

The earliest concept of 2008 may come from the cycle of spring planting and autumn ripening, that is, the time for the earth to go around the sun once. Now it is called the year of the sun.

The calendar with the moon as the unit is the lunar calendar, and the calendar with the solar year as the unit is the solar calendar. The ancient calendar in China was not a pure lunar calendar, but a combination of yin and yang.

There are four seasons in a year, and the summer calendar is divided into twelve months, namely: Meng Chun, Midspring, Ji Chun, Xia Meng, Midsummer, Late Summer, Qiu Meng, Midautumn, Qiu Ji, Mengdong, Midwinter and Jidong. Qu Yuan's "Songs of the South": "When people leave and lose, Fang Zhongchun moves eastward." Mid-spring is February in the summer calendar. In the Shang Dynasty and the early Western Zhou Dynasty, a year was only divided into two seasons, so it was later called Spring and Autumn, such as "Zhuangzi Xiaoyao Tour": "I don't know Spring and Autumn." Life is short, less than a year.

The 24 solar terms are an important part of the ancient calendar in China. Its naming order is:

It rains in early January and spring equinox in February.

March Qingming Grain Rain April Long Summer Xiaoman.

May awn is planted in summer to June.

The summer in July and the autumnal equinox in August are the beginning of autumn.

Cold dew in September, first frost and light snow, beginning of winter in October.

1 1 heavy snow in the month, slight cold in the east,1severe cold in February.

The 24 solar terms are determined according to the different apparent positions of the sun on the ecliptic.

The ancient law of recording time:

The ancients commemorated this day with dry branches. Ten branches and twelve branches form sixty units in turn, which are called sixty jiazi. (First seen in Oracle Bone Inscriptions)

Some days have specific names, for example, the first day of each month is called the new moon, and the last day is called darkness. Zhuangzi: "I don't know the future." The third day is called Fei (fěi), the 16th day of the big month, and the 15th day of the small month is called Wang. Bao: "3528, thousands of miles are with you." The day after the light is called hope. Su Shi's "Qian Chibi Fu": "Ren Xu's autumn, looking forward to July."

Time of day. It is called morning at sunrise and dusk at sunset. Therefore, there are common examples of morning and evening, dusk, morning fainting and fainting in ancient books. When the sun is in the middle, it is called the middle of the day, and the time near the middle of the day is called the corner, and the sun sets in the west. It's dusk after sunset, and it's up to people after dusk. Peacock flies southeast: "After dusk, lonely people will settle down." It's midnight after the appointment. Cockcrow and ignorance are two consecutive periods after midnight. The Book of Songs: "When a woman cries, a scholar says she is ignorant." Biography: "Ignorance, ignorance; Dan Ye Ming. When you are ignorant, you want to be ignorant. " Biography: "When you are ignorant, it is the time when chickens crow." Also known as ignorance, it's dawn. Pingdan and Pingming are the dawn.

The ancients divided day and night with twelve earthly branches, and each hour is exactly equal to two hours now. An hour is an hour, and an hour is half an hour. In modern times, time is subdivided into beginning and correctness. Twenty-three o'clock is the beginning of children, zero is children, and so on.

Ancient festivals:

New Year's Day: the first day of the first month.

Man-day: the seventh day of the first month. According to legend, chickens, dogs, pigs, sheep, cows, horses and people were created in turn from the first day of the first month to the seventh day of the first month. Gao Shi's Addendum to Toure on Man's Day: "Poems on Man's Day are sent to the thatched cottage, so people pity their hometown."

Shangyuan: On the fifteenth day of the first month, Yuanxiao. The old custom takes lanterns as a play, so it is also called Lantern Festival.

Society Day: The fifth May Day after beginning of spring, around the vernal equinox, is the day when farmers' sacrificial societies pray for the New Year. Du Fu's poem "Being Drinked by Tianfu Mud": "Heaven forced the club to invite me to taste spring wine one day." The fifth day after beginning of autumn is the autumnal equinox.

Cold food: two days before Qingming. One hundred and fifty or one hundred and six days after beginning of winter, the solstice is called cold food and three days without fire. One hundred and fifty or one hundred and sixty is synonymous with cold food. Yuan Zhen's "Lianchang Palace Ci": "The first cold food is 160, and the shop is smokeless."

Qingming: Tomb-Sweeping Day. The ancients often did not associate Qingming with cold food.

Flower dynasty: February 12 is the flower dynasty, also called Baihua birthday.

Shangsi: On the fourth day of early March, the old custom called "Fu" is not only unlucky, but also called "xi". After the Three Kingdoms, this festival was fixed on March 3rd, and it became a spring festival in the suburbs. Du Fu wrote two poems for Lu: "On March 3rd, it was sunny and sunny, and there were many beautiful people by the Chang 'an River."

Bath Buddha Festival: According to legend, the eighth day of April is Sakyamuni's birthday.

Dragon Boat Festival: The fifth day of May. Legend has it that Qu Yuan threw himself into the river on May 5th. On this day, the competition is to save Qu Yuan. After the Tang Dynasty, the Dragon Boat Festival was designated as a big festival with rewards. Du Fu's poem "Giving Clothes in the Afternoon": "Dragon Boat Festival is an honor."

The third Geng day from Furi summer to the future is called the first volt, the fourth Geng day is called the middle volt, and the first Geng day after beginning of autumn is called the last volt, which is collectively called the three volts. Fu means hiding in summer.

Tanabata: July 7th. Evening is the time for morning glory and weaver girl to get together. Du Mu's Tanabata: "Qiu Guang painted a cold screen with a silver candle, and a small fan danced to fireflies. The night in Tianjie is as cool as water, lying and watching morning glory and Vega. "

Zhongyuan: July 15th. According to Buddhist legend, Mulian's mother fell into the hungry ghost road, and when things went in, they turned into flames, and Mulian asked the Buddha for help. The Buddha told him to make a basin on July 15th to save his mother. Later generations regarded the Central Plains as Ghost Festival.

Mid-Autumn Festival: August 15th.

Chongyang: the ninth day of September. The number of nine yang, the sun and the moon are all nine, so it is called Chongyang. "Continued Qi and Harmony": Fei Changfang told Huan Jing in Runan that there was a great disaster in Runan on September 9, and taking Cornus officinalis up the mountain to drink chrysanthemum wine could avoid the disaster.

Winter solstice: winter solstice festival. The ancients took the winter solstice as the starting point of solar terms. From the winter solstice, the days became longer and longer. Historical Records: "On the solstice of winter, the sun hides in the shade and relaxes." Du Fu's Little Solstice: "The sun rises on the winter solstice and spring comes again."

Lari: Lari is the name of sacrifice. Generally speaking, the eighth day of December is the twelfth lunar month, and today there is the wind of Laba porridge.

New Year's Eve: The evening of the last day of the year. Except to get rid of the old one. The last day of the year is called the beginning of the year, so that night is called New Year's Eve.

Four famous calendars:

Taichu calendar: The Han Dynasty was formulated by Luo and others, with the year of 265.25 and January of 29. 53. This calendar was rewritten by Liu Xin and renamed Sanli when Han became emperor.

Daming Calendar: It was formulated by Zu Chongzhi in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and completed in the Song Dynasty. This legislation takes precession into account as its contribution.

Five-tone Yuan Calendar: It was formulated by Fu and implemented by Tang Wude in two years. The main feature is to abolish the average crescent and use a fixed crescent (because the true values of the sun and the moon are different from month to month).

Calendar: It was made by Guo Shoujing and Xun Wang in Yuan Dynasty, and was implemented in the 18th year of Yuan Dynasty. The tropical year of this calendar is 365.2425 days, which is exactly the same as the Gregorian calendar widely used in the world today, except that it takes hundreds of years in the morning.

Third, about the music law.

China's music and temperament have a long history. At the beginning of Lu's Spring and Autumn Period, Midsummer Story and Ancient Music, it is pointed out that "the source of music is still there". The venerable can be traced back to ancient times. According to ancient documents, there were already 50 kinds of stringed instruments in the Fu period. "In the Book of Poetry, it is said that Dong Zuo has fifty strings." (Du You's The General's Canon) "In the past, Ge Zhile, three people fucked the ox's tail and cast their feet with songs." (Lv Chunqiu Ancient Music) Ge was in the period from Fuxi to Shennong. He also said that the Yellow Emperor ordered Ling Lun to make laws, which have been recorded in the Twelve Laws. It is also said that there were "six tones, five tones and eight tones" and "eight tones and harmony" in the Shun Di era. (Yu Shu Yi Ji and Shun Dian) But these are still legends and not very reliable. However, according to reliable data, melody developed well in the Zhou Dynasty, and developed from pentatonic scale to pentatonic scale and twelve scales in the period of King Jing of Zhou (544—52O BC), but pentatonic scale is still the mainstream of China music, and pentatonic scale and twelve scales have been passed down to this day, showing their scientific vitality. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong put forward the three-point profit and loss method, and has calculated the degree of pentatonic scale. By the end of the Warring States period, such a monograph on music aesthetics appeared, which reflected the maturity of China's music and established a relatively systematic music theory.

Law is the noun of China's music. Seeing that music has something to do with calendars and meteorology will inevitably surprise many people. In fact, temperament is the change of cosmic qi, and it also illustrates the relationship between temperament and calendar.

China's calendar is not only a professional knowledge, but also a meteorology. The calendar started from the Yellow Emperor, when the lunar calendar was used, but it was based on the degree of the sun. In the Xia Dynasty, silver moon was the first month (now the first month of the lunar calendar). In the Shang Tang era, the ugly month was the first month and the first year (now December of the lunar calendar). In the Zhou Dynasty, the first month was the second month (now November of the lunar calendar). Confucius deleted poems and books and ordered ceremonies and music, but still adopted the calendar of the summer calendar.

The 12 rhythms we see each represent a tune. How did these sounds start? It turns out that in Huangdi Neijing, a musician Ling Lun stood side by side in Kunlun Mountain with twelve bamboo tubes produced by Gu Jie, with one end neat and the other end orderly and uneven in length, and put people in the bamboo tubes to burn ashes (that is, the ashes burned by reeds). Bury these bamboo tubes in the underground of the empty house, with the uneven end at the bottom and the neat end on the ground.

When the weather turns fine, that is, the solstice of winter, gas rushes out of the ashes in the first pipe and blows the gong of the yellow bell. The sound of the yellow bell indicates that the positive energy in the land radiates outward at a certain time.

Han Caiyong's "Moon Order Chapters and Sentences": Huangzhong Palace is nine inches long, with a three-point aperture and a nine-point circumference, and the rest is slightly (gradually) shorter, but the size does not increase or decrease.

After the imperial palace is confirmed, according to the method of three-point profit and loss, five tones of palace, business, angle, sign and feather can be produced, and with the changes of palace and sign, it is seven tones. According to the scale of modern music, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, the order of seven sounds is palace, quotient, angle, sign change, sign, feather and palace change.

On the basis of seven tones, you can continue to get three points and twelve methods. Twelve laws are twelve semitone systems that are not completely equal. It is divided into six yang methods and six yin methods. The former is called six methods, and the latter is called six methods.

The ancients usually used palace as the first sound of the scale. Actually, the other four tones can also be used as the first level. When we lead the singer, we usually say "tune", which means the first sound. If it is gong mode, then this song takes gong as the most important tonic in the melody. (Ling Huang is equivalent to C)

Different modes have different colors and can produce different musical effects.

Biography of the Assassin in Historical Records: Gao Jian immediately struck Zhu, Jing Ke and Ming, and all the scholars wept for it, and the sound of fighting for it. The former is a song: the wind is rustling and the water is cold, and the strong man is gone forever. After that, the feathers were generous, and the people were dumbfounded and crowned.

The sign-changing sound is the sign-changing mode, and the feather sound is the feather mode.

The ancients also matched the five tones with the four seasons, five parties and five elements. For example:

Four seasons, spring, summer, autumn and winter are in the last month of summer.

Wushengjiao Gong Zheng shangyu

The five directions are southeast, central and northwest.

Wuxing mu huo Jin tu shui

Ouyang Xiu's Ode to Autumn Sound: "The voice of business dominates the west."

"The Book of Rites and the Moon Order": "Spring is harmonious, then there is a corner." Match the horn with the spring.