What is affective disorder?

Question 1: What is emotional disorder? Emotional disorder and bipolar disorder are synonyms and have merged.

Bipolar disorder is a common mental disorder. Epidemiological surveys in western developed countries in 1990s showed that the lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder was 5.5%-7.8%(Angst, 1999). Goodwind et al. (1990) reported that the prevalence of bipolar I was 1%, and the combination of bipolar I and bipolar II was 3%. If periodicity was added. The peak age of onset is 15- 19 years old, most of them are the first depressive episode, and manic or hypomanic episodes often occur after one or more depressive episodes. At present, there is no systematic epidemiological investigation of bipolar disorder in China. In the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (1993), men 1.5% and women 1.6%.

Name of western medicine: bipolar disorder

Other names: bipolar disorder, bipolar disorder

The main reasons: biological factors, genetic factors and psychosocial factors.

Infectious: non-infectious

Brief introduction of disease

Emotion refers to the low-intensity but long-lasting emotion, which is the basic background of psychological activities for a period of time. Emotion refers to people's corresponding attitudes and external manifestations when they perceive objective things, such as joy, anger, sadness, joy, sadness, fear and surprise.

Mood disorder, formerly known as activity disorder, refers to a group of mental disorders characterized by abnormal changes in mood or emotion, which is characterized by high mood, vigorous energy, increased speech and activity, and is called manic state; Depression is characterized by depression, lack of * * *, decreased energy, decreased interest and decreased activities. Severe cases are accompanied by hallucinations, delusions, neurological symptoms and other psychotic symptoms.

Bipolar disorder is a kind of mood disorder, also known as bipolar disorder, which refers to a mood disorder with manic or hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes since the onset. Mania attacks need to last for more than a week, and depression attacks need to last for more than two weeks. Mania and depression appear alternately or cyclically, or they can appear together. Generally, the course of disease is paroxysmal, and after each attack, it enters the intermittent remission period, and the mental state is normal. Most patients have a tendency of recurrent attacks, and some may have residual symptoms or become chronic.

Edit the etiology and pathogenesis of this paragraph.

① Neurobiochemical, psychopharmacological and neurotransmitter metabolism studies confirmed that the patient had abnormal central neurotransmitter metabolism and changes in the function of corresponding receptors, and the contents of neurotransmitters such as 5- hydroxytryptamine in the synaptic cleft in the brain were abnormal; ② The lack of functional activity of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) may be the basis of bipolar disorder, and it is the quality sign of susceptibility to bipolar disorder. ③ The decrease of norepinephrine (ne) functional activity may be related to depressive episode, while the increase of NE functional activity may be related to manic episode; ④ The decrease of dopamine activity may be related to depressive episode; ⑤ γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Some studies have found that the levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bipolar disorder are decreased. ⑥ The second messenger is unbalanced, and the second messenger is an indispensable intermediary between extracellular information and intracellular effect; ⑦ Neuroendocrine dysfunction, mainly the dysfunction of hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal cortex axis and hypothalamic pituitary-thyroid axis.

hereditary factor

Family investigation found that the incidence of bipolar disorder in the first-degree relatives of probands with bipolar type I disorder was several times higher than that in the first-degree relatives of normal people, and the closer the blood relationship, the higher the incidence. In molecular genetics, many scholars have discussed the marker genes that may be related to bipolar disorder, but there is no exact and repeatable result, and the susceptible genes of bipolar disorder need further study. At present, the genetic mode of bipolar disorder tends to be polygenic inheritance.

Psychosocial factors

Bad life events and environmental stress events can induce the onset of sensory disorders, such as unemployment, lovelorn, bad family relations and long-term high tension. Genetic factors may lead to a susceptible quality in the onset of affective disorder, and people with this susceptible quality will get sick under certain environmental factors.

Generally speaking, the cause of this disease is not very clear. At present, it tends to think that both genetic and environmental factors play an important role in its pathogenesis, and the influence of genetic factors may be more prominent. [ 1]

Edit the disease classification of this paragraph.

At present, the commonly used clinical standards for the diagnosis and classification of mental disorders are: Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria for Mental Disorders-Third Edition (CCMD-3), International Classification System for Mental Disorders (ICD- 10) and American Classification System (DSM-IV).

Classification of mental disorders in China >>

Question 2: What is bipolar disorder? Bipolar disorder, also known as bipolar disorder, is an emotional disease. It refers to a mood disorder characterized by manic or hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes. It is a paroxysmal and repetitive lifelong disease. Bipolar disorder is characterized by intense mood swings. Patients were depressed for 33% of the time and manic for 1 1% of the time. Being in a special period of depression and emptiness (feeling hopeless or pessimistic) is often accompanied by a variety of symptoms of autonomic nervous system disorder.

60% patients have symptoms of bipolar disorder before the age of 20, but in many cases, the diagnosis of bipolar disorder is easily delayed, and patients with inconsistent emotions are often misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. Because hypomania attacks are easily overlooked, unipolar depression has become the most common cause of misdiagnosis. In fact, impulsive behavior and mental escape often indicate the occurrence of "bipolar disorder".

Question 3: What is bipolar disorder? Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is a disease involving one or more severe manic and depressive episodes. This disease makes people's emotions swing between extreme excitement and sadness and disappointment, and there will be times when their emotions are normal between these two States. In the United States, more than 2 million people suffer from bipolar disorder.

Question 4: What is emotional disorder? Emotional disorder is also called bipolar disorder. At present, drug treatment is the main treatment, but drugs only treat the symptoms, not the root cause. What I can't get through in the end is my own heart, so psychotherapy is the best way! Let me introduce three treatments: first, meditation: meditation can clear negative emotions, open your heart, find the true colors of life, and you can accept yourself. ...

Question 5: What does bipolar disorder mean? Bipolar disorder is a kind of mood disorder, which refers to a kind of disease with both manic and depressive episodes. Studies have found that manic episodes are often preceded by mild short-term depressive episodes, so most scholars believe that manic episodes are bipolar disorder, and only depressive episodes are unipolar disorder. DSM-IV divides bipolar disorder into two subtypes. Bipolar type I refers to manic or mixed episodes and major depressive episodes, and bipolar type II refers to hypomania and major depressive episodes, without manic episodes. It is worth noting that bipolar depression has not attracted enough attention from clinicians. It is reported that 37% patients with bipolar depression were misdiagnosed as unipolar depression, and long-term treatment with antidepressants induced manic and rapid cycle attacks, which increased the frequency of attacks.

Is also called

Bipolar affective disorder

English name

Bipolar transformer, BP

English nicknames

Bipolar rectifier diode

Medical department

Department of Psychopsychology

common symptom

A depressive episode, a manic episode, a mixed episode

Etiology listening to speech

The etiology of bipolar disorder is unknown, and its pathogenesis involves many factors such as biology, psychology and social environment. Biological factors mainly involve heredity, neurobiochemistry, neuroendocrine and nerve regeneration. The psychological quality closely related to bipolar disorder is ring temperament. Stress life events are important social and psychological factors. However, these factors do not work alone. At present, it is emphasized that the interaction of genetic, environmental or stress factors and the time when this interaction occurs have an important influence on the occurrence of bipolar disorder.

Clinical manifestations Listening to speech

The clinical manifestations of bipolar disorder can be divided into depressive episode, manic episode or mixed episode according to the characteristics of the episode.

1. depressive episode

The clinical symptoms and biological abnormalities of bipolar depressive episode and unipolar depressive episode are similar, so it is difficult to distinguish them. Bipolar depression is often ignored because of its atypical manifestations. Correct diagnosis of bipolar disorder is the premise of reasonable treatment. There are obvious differences in treatment scheme and prognosis between the two groups. The main differences between them are as follows:

(1) Demographic characteristics ① The prevalence of unipolar depression in women is almost twice that of men, but there is no significant gender difference in patients with bipolar disorder; ② Age: The average onset age of bipolar disorder is 30 years old, and that of unipolar depression is 40 years old. The former is obviously earlier than the latter, especially the first onset of depression before the age of 25 is an important predictor of bipolar depression. ③ Family history, family investigation and twin research confirmed the family clustering of bipolar disorder. Compared with unipolar depression, family transmission of patients with bipolar disorder (especially bipolar type I) is more closely related to genetic factors.

(2) Characteristics of depressive episodes ① Course characteristics Compared with unipolar depression, bipolar depression is more acute in onset, shorter in course and more frequent in recurrent episodes; ② Symptoms: Bipolar depression is different from unipolar depression, and its symptoms include emotional instability, irritability, psychomotor agitation, mental competition/crowding, increased sleep, obesity/weight gain, inattention, more suicidal thoughts, comorbidity anxiety and substance abuse (tobacco, alcohol, drugs, etc. ).

2. Manic episode

(1) Emotion is high and I feel good about myself. I am in high spirits all day, triumphant, smiling and infectious, and often win the resonance of people around me, causing bursts of laughter. Although some patients are in high spirits, they are unstable and unpredictable, sometimes happy and sometimes excited and furious. Some patients show anger, irritability, hostility and even destructive and aggressive behavior, but they often turn anger into joy or apology immediately.

(2) Thinking escapes quickly, thinking is surging, there are many plans and goals. I feel that my tongue is racing with my thoughts, and my words can't keep up with the speed of my thoughts. My words are increasing, my words are flowing, my eyes are dancing, my eyes are dancing, even if I am thirsty and hoarse, I still have to keep talking, my words are unrealistic, and I often change the subject; Arrogant, pretentious, arrogant, arrogant.

(3) Increased activities: energetic, tireless, interested in a wide range, quick-moving, busy and nosy, but often anticlimactic, accomplish nothing, follow one's inclinations, regardless of the consequences, often extravagant, in order to attract attention and over-decorate themselves, grandstanding, bossy, a teacher by example, like bossing around, frivolous, and frequenting entertainment places.

(4) Physical symptoms include rosy complexion, bright eyes, increased heart rate and dilated pupils. Sleep needs to be reduced, it is difficult to fall asleep, wake up early, and sleep rhythm is disordered; Overappetite, overeating, or eating irregularly because of being too busy, >>

Question 6: What is refractory affective disorder? Emotional disorder has been renamed as mood disorder abroad in recent years, which is mainly manifested as high (mania) or low (depression) mood, or both appear alternately. People with severe emotional disorders are called affective psychosis.

Depression includes depression, sadness, despair, self-blame and other experiences. In addition, it can be accompanied by symptoms such as hypochondriasis, mental retardation, delusion of self-incrimination, delusion of poverty, delusion of nihilism, disintegration of personality, disintegration of reality, and slow action. Physiologically, insomnia, anorexia, amenorrhea, weight loss, fatigue injury, general pain, chest tightness and abdominal distension may occur. Depression is the center of all kinds of depression.

Question 7: What is bipolar disorder? It should be bidirectional, not bidirectional. Bipolar disorder is a classification of psychiatry, which means that patients have depression and mania at the same time. Depression and mania are two identical diseases with opposite external manifestations. When a depressed person has mania, it is considered as bipolar disorder.

This situation usually occurs when patients have depression first, which leads to long-term insomnia seriously, and then mania will appear.

Question 8: What is bipolar disorder? Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is a disease involving one or more severe manic and depressive episodes. This disease makes people's mood swing between extreme excitement and sadness and disappointment, and there will be a period of normal mood between these two States. In the United States, more than 2 million people suffer from bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder generally begins in adolescence or early adulthood and lasts for a lifetime. Because bipolar disorder is not usually considered as a disease, patients may suffer unnecessary pain for years.

Bipolar disorder may bring great pain and destruction to patients, their spouses, family members, friends and employers. Although there is no known treatment, bipolar disorder can be treated and recovered. Having bipolar disorder can maintain successful interpersonal relationships and engage in meaningful work. The combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy can help most patients to restore a productive and fulfilling life.