Zodiac Burning Yuanmingyuan _ Burning Yuanmingyuan Zodiac

What historical relics did Eight-Nation Alliance take when he burned Yuanmingyuan?

According to the statistics of UNESCO, about1.6000 pieces of national treasure precious cultural relics in China have been lost overseas and collected by more than 200 museums around the world. The number of China cultural relics collected by the people is 10 times that of the collection. During its invasion of China, the Japanese plundered more than 3.6 million pieces of China cultural relics. Of the 30,000 precious Oracle Bone Inscriptions films lost overseas, there are about 1.3 million in Japan. According to records, after the war, Japanese returned to China some China cultural relics looted during the war as many as 6,543,800+6,000 vehicles, including more than 2,000 precious cultural relics. The British and French allied forces looted Yuanmingyuan, and Eight-Nation Alliance entered Beijing and plundered it. Many precious cultural relics have flowed into Britain, France, the United States and other countries, becoming the classic collections that museums in various countries are proud of.

The number of precious cultural relics in China scattered in private hands in every corner of the country is really incalculable. It is estimated that it should be more than 6.5438+0.6 million pieces, and about 300,000 pieces of palace national treasures are lost outside the palace.

The cultural relics they plundered were mainly 1860' s looting of Yuanmingyuan by the British and French allied forces, 1900' s looting of Beijing by Eight-Nation Alliance, and the theft of the precious collections of Longmen Grottoes and Dunhuang Tibetan scriptures caves, including the Zhen Tu of Nv Shi, the Fu Tu of Luo Shen, the Jing of Lisao and the reliefs of emperors' ceremonies at Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang. "In the heyday of Yuanmingyuan cultural relics, there were not less than 6.5438+0.5 million pieces.

The bronze statue of the zodiac is just a drop in the bucket among the lost cultural relics in Yuanmingyuan.

Nowadays, in Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park, people can only see semi-abandoned landscapes and broken walls. It is hard to imagine that it once enjoyed the reputation of "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". In the heyday of Yuanmingyuan, there were hundreds of famous scenic spots. 150 For more than 50 years, several generations of emperors in the Qing Dynasty carefully managed this royal garden which concentrated the western architectural style. Emperor Qianlong commented on Yuanmingyuan and said, "There is no such thing." But nowadays, people can only guess the face of Yuanmingyuan more than 100 years ago by imagination.

How many cultural relics are there in Yuanmingyuan? There are different opinions on this issue so far.

According to Mr. Yang's inference, the number of cultural relics in Yuanmingyuan in that year will not be less than 6.5438+0.5 million. He collected a lot of evidence from the historical archives of the Qing Dynasty, the research articles of the Palace Museum and the furnishings of the Summer Palace:

Emperors Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng lived in Yuanmingyuan for more than half a year every year. Take Emperor Qianlong as an example. According to the records of the Qing internal affairs office, Qianlong was 2 1 year, with a total of 393 days (due to the leap moon), Jehol Summer Resort and Mulan paddock were 66 days, Qufu was 54 days, Palace (Forbidden City) 105 days, and Yuanmingyuan 168 days. Daoguang lasted for 24 years, 347 days in a year. Daoguang lived in Yuanmingyuan for 274 days and in the palace for only 73 days. Therefore, the furnishings in Yuanmingyuan should be no worse than the Forbidden City.

The garden buildings in Yuanmingyuan reached 200,000 square meters, more than 40,000 square meters more than the total construction area of the Forbidden City. Excluding the unfurnished pavilions, the building area of garden residence, sacrifice, reading, entertainment and warehouse is about 1.9 million square meters. If the number of cultural relics in these buildings is calculated according to the general furnishings and warehouse storage, it should also be no less than the number of cultural relics in the Forbidden City. It is estimated that when Puyi abdicated, there should be at least 6.5438+0.5 million cultural relics in the Forbidden City.

During the Daoguang period, a memorial of the Ministry of Internal Affairs recorded in detail the inventory of items stored in the Palace and Yuanmingyuan in the 15th year of Daoguang: 569,390 taels of silver, including 290,505 taels in the Palace and 280,694 taels in Yuanmingyuan; All kinds of ruyi 162 1, including Palace Memory 1 194, Yuanmingyuan 450; There are 50/kloc-0 pieces of jade inkstones and pens, including 42 pieces in Gongzhong/kloc-0 and 337 pieces in Yuanmingyuan. 773 first-class porcelain furnaces, bottles and cans. Among them, 337 pieces are in the palace, and 2,965,438+0 pieces are in the Yuanmingyuan ... The collection of Yuanmingyuan can also be seen.

How much do you know about the Yuanmingyuan treasure lost overseas?

1860, the British and French allied forces looted the Yuanmingyuan and took away most of the cultural relics.

According to the memories of the British and French invaders who robbed Yuanmingyuan that year, in order to auction the treasures robbed from Yuanmingyuan, they "arranged all the stolen goods to be exhibited in the main hall of Yonghe Palace", including white and green jade articles of various colors, antique enamel porcelain bottles, bronzes and gold and silver Buddha statues; Fur products are also exquisite, many of which are valuable, including mink, otter skin, mink skin, lamb skin and so on; What is particularly striking is that there are two or three imperial robes. Grant, commander of the British army, gave part of his "due" to the soldiers. "The officers gave him a carved red gold hip flask, which is the most exquisite thing among the stolen goods." The Queen of England also got a copy, two beautiful big enamel bottles.

Montauban, the commander of the French army, gave Grant two pieces of gold and jasper, one to the Queen of England and the other to King Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte of France. After returning home, montauban gave Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte many things: two general's decorative sticks, made of gold, with big gems in the middle and at both ends, which were extremely fine in workmanship; Emperor Qianlong's royal armor (now on display at the French Ji Mei Military Museum), with helmet; Gold-plated and glazed copper pagoda; Several gods made of gold and glaze; Many rings, collars, wine glasses, lacquerware, porcelain and thousands of exotic things.

With the passage of time, the looted Yuanmingyuan cultural relics have been scattered around the world through various auctions. But most of them are still preserved in Britain and France.

The Oriental Art Museum of the British Museum has preserved more than 20,000 rare treasures of China. The British army once presented some looted Yuanmingyuan cultural relics to Queen Victoria at that time, and this part of the special cultural relics was collected in the Oriental Art Museum together with the auctioned Yuanmingyuan cultural relics. Gu Kaizhi, a great painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, painted a picture of women's history, which is a rare treasure in ancient scroll paintings in China. 1860 was snatched from Yuanmingyuan by the British and French allied forces. A 3-foot-long and 2-foot-high white horse was stolen from Yuanmingyuan and returned to Yuanmingyuan after being robbed, but it did not escape the fate of being looted.

There is a China Pavilion in Fontainebleau Palace, which was built by Eugénie, Queen of Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte. 1860 After the British and French allied forces looted the Yuanmingyuan, Meng Daobang, commander of the French army invading China, presented the "spoils" snatched from the Yuanmingyuan to Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte and Queen Eugénie. Queen Eugénie built the China Pavilion to collect these cultural relics.

In the most conspicuous position of the China Pavilion, there is a huge stupa, 2 meters high, with gold-plated bronze and emeralds. There are a pair of ivory and a pair of bronze dragons on the left and right sides of the tower, which are the same as those placed in front of the emperor's throne in the Forbidden City and Summer Resort, indicating that the bronze dragons should be placed in front of the emperor's throne in the Guangming Hall of Zheng Da in Yuanmingyuan. A pair of golden jars and A Jin Manza (the temple decoration of Tibetan Buddhism). The golden jar sparkles with wishful patterns, and the gold is inlaid with pearls, turquoise and rubies, which shows how luxurious the decoration in Yuanmingyuan was at that time. There is a rosary in the glass table and cupboard, with a total of 154 beads, which is different from the ordinary 108 beads. This is a string of emperor's prayer beads and two strings of queen's hanging beads presented by montauban to Queen Eugénie. I don't expect Queen Eugénie to be satisfied, because she has heard that all the officers who went on an expedition to China returned home with full loads. She complained that montauban only brought her such a gift, so montauban gave her three cars of treasures, including seven cars, including all kinds of bronzes, jade, porcelain, lacquerware, gold and silver products and cloisonne stolen from Yuanmingyuan. ...

The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, USA, has a handle of Kangxi Jade Ruyi, carved with precious white jade, with green in white and carved into the shape of porous fungus. The inscription on the top of the handle is "Yu" and the inscription on the bottom is: "I wish you many years, Xian Yi on earth. Minister Wu came in and said that the description of the exhibits showed that this exquisite jade ruyi was looted by the British and French allied forces and bought at the Paris auction. ...

From the 10th year of Qianlong to the 24th year of Qianlong, the Qing court absorbed the baruch form of western architecture and built ten scenes of Dashuifa at the northern end of Changchun Garden, commonly known as "West Building", which lasted 14 years. The West Building was designed and supervised by Italian Lang Shining, French Michel Benoit and Wang Zhicheng according to the orders of Emperor Li Hong, and was built by China craftsmen. Western-style palace architecture is a pioneering work of China gardens. Haiyan Hall is the largest building in the West Building. There is a fountain in front of the building, and you can climb to the second floor along the east-west ramp. There are water garages on the east and west sides of the building, which are I-shaped, and there is a reservoir in the middle, which can store water 180 tons.

1860, 10 In June, the British and French allied forces broke into the Yuanmingyuan and carried out an appalling robbery. The invaders burned this rare art treasure house at home and abroad on June, 2008 10+08 to cover up their barbaric atrocities of trampling on human civilization.

/kloc-in 0/900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Yuanmingyuan, and the other ten scenic spots were looted. The robbers plundered a lot of art treasures in the park. The statue of the zodiac in Dashuifa was robbed, stone carvings were smashed, bronze animal heads and famous bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, ancient ceramics, ancient celebrity paintings and calligraphy, the imperial seal of the Qing Dynasty, as well as jade ruyi, clocks and watches, golden towers and jade archways. Precious cultural relics such as Si Ku Quan Shu, Quan Shu Hui Yao, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books, and Chunhua Ge Tie Manuscript have not been spared.