The contribution of physicist Hooke

Robert hooke (1635.7.18—1703.3) was born in Frey Schwart, Wit Island, southern England, on July1635. Father is a local parish priest. Hook grew up sickly, eccentric but ingenious, and liked to fiddle with machinery, make wooden clocks and small warships that could fire. At the age of ten, Hooke became interested in mechanics, which laid a good foundation for the development of experimental physics in the future. 1648, Hooke's family declined after his father died. Thirteen-year-old Hook was sent to an oil painter's home in London as an apprentice. Later, he was the lead singer of the church choir, and he was also a servant of the rich. With the enthusiastic help of the headmaster of Westminster School, Hook completed the middle school course. 1653, Hook entered Leo College of Oxford University for work-study programs. Here, he met some talented scientists. Most of these people later became the backbone of the Royal Society. At this time, Hooke was keen to participate in the activities of doctors and scholars, and showed his unique experimental talent. 1655, Hook became the assistant of Willis of Oxford University (1621-kloc-0/675, British physician, brain and neurologist) and was recommended to work in Boyle's laboratory. Because of his experimental ability, he was appointed as the experimental director of the Royal Society in 1662, arranged three or four experiments for each party, and obtained a master's degree in 1663. In the same year, he was elected as a full member of the Royal Society, and concurrently served as the exhibition room librarian and librarian of the Society. From 65438 to 0665, Hooke was a professor of geometry and geology at Siam College in Gleiter, and engaged in astronomical observation. 1666 after the London fire, he worked as a surveyor and city inspector in London and participated in the reconstruction of London. From 1677 to 1683, he became the secretary of the royal society and was responsible for the publication. Social working conditions enabled him to make his own contribution to the frontiers of natural science at that time (such as mechanical instrument reform, elasticity, gravity, optics, and even biology, architecture, chemistry, geology, etc.). ). 1676, Hooke published the famous law of elasticity. 1703 On March 3rd, Hook died in London at the age of 68. Hook loved science and devoted his life to it. His research covers a wide range, such as architecture, fossils, meteorology and so on. And he also dabbled and made contributions. However, as a scientist, Hooke still lacks skillful mathematical and logical reasoning ability as a weapon for research and thinking, so it is not easy to thoroughly analyze and solve problems from the combination of theory and practice. This is also Hooke's inferiority compared with Newton and Huygens. Hook was born on July 1635 in a pastor's family in Freche Water Village, Isle of Wight. When he was a child, he often had headaches, was sickly, was eccentric but ingenious, and liked to fiddle with machinery, make wooden clocks and small warships that could fire. At the age of ten, Hooke became interested in mechanics, which laid a good foundation for the development of experimental physics in the future. 1648, Hooke's family declined after his father died. Thirteen-year-old Hook was sent to an oil painter's home in London as an apprentice. Later, he was the lead singer of the church choir, and he was also a servant of the rich. With the help of Busby, the headmaster of Westminster Middle School, he learned Latin, Greek, Hebrew and mathematics, and also learned to play the organ. In almost a week, he greedily read the first six volumes of Euclid's Elements of Geometry, and immediately applied mathematical knowledge to mechanical design. Hook designed twelve mechanical structures and thirty flight methods. 1653, after graduating from Westminster Middle School, Hook moved to Oxford and entered Leo College of Oxford University. Here, he met some talented scientists. Most of these people later became the backbone of the Royal Society. At this time, Hooke was keen to participate in the activities of doctors and scholars, and showed his unique experimental talent. 1655, Hook was recommended to Boyle to work as an assistant in Boyle's laboratory. Hook improved the air pump used in Boyle's research, which made Boyle successful. 1662, Boyle published Boyle's law about air pressure, which condensed Hooke's wisdom. 1658, Hooke proposed that objects can vibrate by elasticity instead of gravity, that is, installing a spring on the shaft of the balance wheel can drive the balance wheel instead of gravity, which is the basic principle of modern clock design. According to this principle, the nautical hour hand for determining longitude did not appear until18th century. 1660, Hook applied for a patent for this, but later withdrew the application. 1660, Oxford academic group moved to London. 1662, officially named the Royal Society, and Hook was appointed as the experimental administrator of the Society. From 65438 to 0662, Hooke served as the experimental administrator of the Royal Society, which fully demonstrated his intelligence. He will provide three or four meaningful experiments for the weekly meeting, and at the same time, he must carry out experimental verification on the ideas put forward by members at any time. 1663 received a master's degree in literature from Oxford University and was elected as a member of the Royal Society. In the same year, Hooke drafted the Draft Constitution of the Royal Society, stipulating that the purpose of the Society is to "improve the knowledge about natural things through experiments, as well as all related arts, manufacturing, practical machinery, engines and new inventions (not involving theology, metaphysics, morality, politics, grammar, rhetoric or logic)". As the administrator of the experimental work and daily affairs of the Society, Hooke has been in contact with and deepened the active frontier fields of natural science at that time and made his own contribution in the activities of the Society for more than 20 years. 1664, Lecturer in Mechanics, Gresham College, Curator of Treasures Museum of Royal Society. 1665, he was a professor of geometry at Gresham College. From 65438 to 0665, robert hooke designed a microscope with quite complicated structure according to the information provided by a member. Once, he cut off a cork and observed it under a homemade microscope. He found that the cork was made up of many small rooms, which were separated by walls, just like a honeycomb. Hook named such a small room "cell". In fact, cork is composed of dead cells, only cell wall, no protoplasm. But the term "cell" has been used ever since. The vast majority of cells are very small, beyond the limits of human vision, and observation of cells must use a microscope. So in 1677, when Levin Hook observed the animal's "sperm" with his own simple microscope, he didn't know it was a cell. Hook also observed a large number of minerals, plants and animals through a microscope. In the same year, Hooke published a book "Microatlas", which collected the famous cork slice cell map. This is the most important work among all his achievements, and it is also one of the most important scientific documents in Europe in the17th century. He began to apply the microscope to biological research. He carefully examined and compared the stings of bees, feet of flies, feathers of birds, fish scales, fleas, spiders, grass and marijuana with a microscope. He observed the connective tissue of cork and other objects, and explained it with "hole" and "cell". The word "cell" was directly adopted by biology. Hooke's discovery aroused people's research on cytology. Now we know that all living things are made up of countless cells. Hooke has made great contributions to the development of cytology. This atlas provides people with a lot of little-known microscopic picture information, involving chemistry, physics, geology, biology and other fields. In the same year, he also proposed that heat is the result of the mechanical movement of matter particles, all matter will expand when heated, and air is composed of particles far apart. These results have been confirmed by later generations. Hooke invented the wheel barometer, which is an instrument to record pressure by rotating the pointer around an axis. In addition, his climate clock can record pressure, temperature, rainfall, humidity and wind speed on the same drum, so some people call him the founder of scientific meteorology. 1666, a fire broke out in London and destroyed many buildings. Hook proposed to rebuild London in the form of a rectangle. Although this plan was not adopted, it was appreciated by the London City Council and was appointed as one of the three surveyors responsible for the reconstruction of London. The year 10 after becoming a surveyor is the peak of Hooke's scientific creation. During this period, he not only successfully completed the work of surveyor, but also achieved fruitful scientific research results. 1679, Hooke's other important work came out after Microatlas, which was a set of six series of works published by Hooke in the 1970s of 17 and named Cutler's Lectures. Hook is a skilled experimenter. In addition to improving the structure of the air pump and clock, he also made a microscope and improved the telescope. People call Hooke the greatest inventor and designer of scientific instruments in17th century. In addition, his contribution to astronomy is particularly valuable. Hook first installed a crosshair sight, a variable grating and an adjustment knob that can directly read the telescope's orientation. He was the first person to make Gregor reflecting telescope. With this telescope, in 1664, he discovered the fifth star of Orion, and was the first person to propose that Jupiter rotates around its axis. He also made a detailed observation and description of Mars, and took this achievement as the basis for determining the rotation speed of Mars in the19th century, affirming his work in astronomy. Hook also recorded his research on optics in macro photography. He observed the color in thin and transparent films such as mica, soap bubbles and air layer between glass sheets, and found that the color changed periodically and the spectrum repeated with the increase of film thickness. In order to explain this phenomenon, he put forward the wave theory of light. 1672, he discovered the diffraction phenomenon again and explained it with the wave theory of light. Hooke was one of the earliest advocates of the wave theory of light. Hooke made contributions to heat and meteorology. Together with Huygens, he came to the conclusion that the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water are fixed under normal pressure, and proposed that the freezing temperature of water should be zero degrees of thermometer, that is, zero degrees Celsius. Hu Xin gravity or universal gravitation, these celestial bodies not only attract their own parts to the center, so that these parts will not fly away from them, but also attract other celestial bodies within the range of activities, just like the earth we see. 1703 On March 3rd, Hook died in London at the age of 68. Hooke didn't get a high degree or a prominent position, but he got rich returns in the long-term experimental research, which made us realize more clearly that as long as we work hard, we can achieve excellent results regardless of our career or status. After 360 lines, we will be the number one scholar. Hooke's experience also reminds us that knowledge is important, and it is precisely because his knowledge base is not deep that he can't study deeply. Hook's work in mechanics fully proves this point. But Hooke's contribution to science is enormous. He deserves to be a great physicist and biologist. He has made great achievements in mechanics, optics, astronomy and many other aspects. The scientific instruments he designed and invented were unparalleled at that time, and he himself was also called the "eyes and hands" of the Royal Society.