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The Apollo 1 1 spacecraft Eagle exhibited at the National Air and Space Museum. It was launched on July 1969 and returned to Earth from the moon on July 24th.

From the late 1950s to the mid-1970s, the United States and the Soviet Union competed with each other in the fierce space race, and the lunar exploration activities were in full swing with remarkable results. Although the lunar exploration activities in various countries were once silent because of the huge cost, in recent years, the world's space powers have once again set off a new wave of lunar exploration.

In the massive lunar exploration activities in the past, human "messengers" made close contact with the moon again and again, making history again and again, and human insight and understanding of the moon went up again and again, and the cause of lunar exploration made brilliant achievements.

During the period from 1608 to 16 10, Galileo, a famous scientist, discovered with the help of a telescope that the terrain on the surface of the moon was uneven, ancient and colorful, with the shadow part being the widely distributed moon sea, while the part with strong sunlight reflection was the highland on the surface of the moon, which was covered with craters. 16 10, Galileo took the first front view of the moon with a telescope.

1957, 10 year10.4, the Soviet union successfully launched the first artificial earth satellite, marking the arrival of the human space age.

1959 65438+ 10 In October, the lunar probe "Moon 1" successfully launched by the Soviet Union passed through the moon and sent back data.

1959 12 In September, the Soviet Union launched the "Lunar 2" probe, and two days later, it hit the moon and hit the east of the "Jinghai" on the surface of the moon. This is the first hard landing of man-made objects on the moon, marking the beginning of direct scientific exploration of the moon at close range. The "Lunar 2" probe also sent back precious photos of the moon's surface for the first time, confirming that the moon has no global magnetic field.

1959 10 10 In October, the "Moon 3" probe launched by the Soviet Union bypassed the back of the moon, and scientists obtained the photos of the back of the moon for the first time.

1961April 12, Soviet astronauts completed the first space flight in history, observing the earth from space for the first time in human history, and seeing the moon from outer space for the first time. Gagarin's first entry into space on behalf of mankind was an important milestone in the Soviet Union's exploration of the universe. Although he didn't fly around the moon, he didn't land on it either. Later, in order to commemorate his contribution to the aerospace industry, people named a crater on the back of the moon "Gagarin Mountain".

1On February 3, 966, the "Lunar 9" probe launched by the Soviet Union achieved a soft landing on the surface of the moon for the first time in the history of human lunar exploration, and sent back a batch of panoramic photos of the moon from the moon.

1966 On March 3 1 day, the Soviet Union launched the "Moon 10" probe, which flew around the moon for the first time and took a lot of pictures of the moon.

1968 65438+1October 1 1, the United States successfully launched the Apollo 7 spacecraft and conducted the first manned flight around the moon.

196865438+February 2 1 day, the United States successfully launched the "apollo 8" spacecraft, realizing the first manned flight around the moon.

1On July 20th, 969, the American "Apollo 1 1" spacecraft successfully landed on the moon for the first time, which opened a new era of human understanding of the moon. Astronaut Neil? Armstrong took the lead in setting foot on the moon and became the first man to land on the moon. What he said at that time was "one small step for the individual, but one giant step for mankind", which later became a famous saying quoted on numerous occasions. On July 24th of the same year, this spaceship returned to Earth with astronauts.

1970 September 12, the Soviet Union launched the "Moon 16" probe. Since then, the probe landed an unmanned spacecraft on the moon for the first time, and recovered the moon sample for the first time and returned to Earth.

1970 1 10/0 In October, the Soviet Union launched the "Moon 17" probe, and the first unmanned lunar rover "Lunar Rover 1" carried by the probe traveled on the surface of the moon for the first time and made scientific detection.

During the period from 1969 to 1972, the United States conducted six complicated lunar exploration activities, all of which were successful except that Apollo 13 failed to land on the moon as planned. * * * 12 astronauts landed on the moon and brought back 440 kilograms of lunar rock samples to the ground, and obtained a large number of moon photos, scientific data on the surface of the moon and experimental data on the orbit around the moon, which made researchers' understanding of the moon rise to an unprecedented height and laid the foundation for future lunar exploration in the United States.

1989101October 18, the United States launched Galileo probe, and made multi-band imaging of the moon at19921kloc-0/0. The data obtained are widely used in the mapping of moon images and the moon.

1990 65438+1On October 24th, Japan launched the lunar probe "Tian Fei", which did not send back data from the lunar orbit, but it was the first lunar probe launched by a country other than the United States and the Soviet Union.

1994 65438+1On October 25th, the United States launched the unmanned spacecraft "Clementine" and made a new topographic survey of the moon.

1997165438+1On October 23rd, the United States launched the "Lunar Explorer" probe, which completed its mission in July 1999, with the purpose of drawing the topographic map of the moon surface, analyzing the geological structure of the moon and looking for evidence of the existence of ice or water on the moon. Its instruments found that there may be water at the bottom of the basin at the moon's poles.

On September 27th, 2003, the European Space Agency's first lunar probe "Smart 1" was launched. After a flight of 14 months, it reached the near-moon orbit above the moon on June 165438+ 10/5, 2004. After precise position adjustment and operation, "Intelligent 1" entered the elliptical final orbit 470 km to 2900 km away from the lunar surface.

In the process of flying around the final orbit, Intelligent 1 carried out a lot of scientific experiments, drew the topographic map and mineral distribution map of the lunar surface in detail, and collected important information such as the chemical composition of the rocks on its surface. According to the original plan, "Intelligent 1" should have ended its lunar exploration trip in August 2005, but because of its excellent performance, experts from the European Space Agency unanimously decided to extend its service time by one year. On September 3, 2006, "Intelligent 1" completed its last mission of hitting the moon at a speed of 7,000 kilometers per hour. Scientists hope to find the answer to the mystery of the origin of the moon from the dust aroused by the moon.

On September 14, 2007, Japan's first lunar exploration satellite "Moon Goddess" was successfully launched. On September 10 of the same year, "Moon Goddess" entered the orbit around the moon and became the first lunar orbit probe in Japan. This marks a new step in Japan's space exploration, and officially opens the world's most technically complex and largest lunar exploration program since the US Apollo program costing $478 million. "Moon Goddess" will make a comprehensive observation of the moon with unprecedented accuracy during its one-year flight around the moon, paving the way for Japan's next manned mission to the moon.

From June 5438 to October 2007, China plans to launch the first lunar exploration satellite "Chang 'e-1".

Link: a brief history of human exploration of the moon

17th century ago, observing the moon with naked eyes;

Since the17th century, the moon has been observed through a telescope;

In the 1950s and 1970s, the United States and the Soviet Union competed for hegemony, and the two countries launched 83 unmanned lunar probes.

In the 1980s and 1990s, lunar exploration revived after relative silence.

Since the 20th century, the United States, Russia, Europe, China, Japan and India have all taken actions to reach the climax of lunar exploration. (