Egyptian pyramids.

Pyramids, in architecture, refer to pyramid-shaped buildings. Generally speaking, the base is a regular polygon such as a regular triangle or a square, or it may be other polygons. The side faces are connected by a plurality of triangular or nearly triangular faces, and the top area is very small, even in the shape of a spire. Ancient pyramids were made up of stacked stones. The higher they are, the less materials are used, and the center of mass is close to the base, which can effectively resist natural disasters. Therefore, the ancestors of civilizations all over the world will regard the pyramids as important memorial buildings, such as tombs and temples. Since 1970s, due to the evolution of architectural technology, some architects have chosen elements from geometric figures, and modern pyramid-shaped buildings have been built all over the world.

the step pyramid

the step pyramid

Before the third dynasty in ancient Egypt, tombs were generally huge rectangular tombs made of mud bricks. In the third dynasty, a doctor named Imhotep wanted to build a tomb for the left king in a special way. So, for the first time in human history, he built a huge tomb with stones.

He first built a tomb about 8 meters high and 63 meters long with stones. Later, he constantly changed the plan and designed the mound to overlap, that is, building one layer at a time, shrinking one layer at a time and adding it to the sixth floor. After that, he wrapped the monster in delicate white lime. After completion, the mound is 62 meters high, with the bottom length from east to west 12 1 meter and the north-south length 109 meter. It is the earliest six-story trapezoidal pyramid in Egypt. Zuo Sai was buried under this pyramid after his death.

There are many corridors and passages around the stepped pyramid, displaying alabaster and rock utensils. On the walls of some corridors, there are also many decorations carved with blue-green ceramic decorations. Around the pyramids, other buildings have been built in Imhotep, such as the memorial halls of "Northern Family" and "Southern Family". The whole building area is 544 meters long from north to south and 277 meters wide from east to west, and the surrounding limestone walls are 10 meters high.

The Red Pyramid is another pyramid built by Pharaoh Safro near the arc pyramid. It is the oldest "real" pyramid in Egypt, with a square with a side length of about 220 meters at the bottom and a height of about 104 meters. It is named because its theme building material is red lime (the surface is wrapped with a little decorative white limestone).

Curved pyramid

This arc pyramid was built around 2600 BC and is located in Shakala, 27 kilometers southwest of Cairo. It was built during the reign of Safro, the first Pharaoh of the fourth Egyptian dynasty. The bottom is square with a side length of about 189 m and a height of about 105 m. Its special feature is that when the tower is over half height, the angle changes. Because the lower half is 52 degrees, the inclination angle bends inward to 43.5 degrees, making the four sides of the pyramid look arc-shaped.

Development and evolution

The pyramids are the tombs of slavery kings in ancient Egypt. These rulers were called "pharaohs" in history. Ancient Egyptians' devout belief in God made them form a deep-rooted "concept of the afterlife" very early. They even think that "life is only a short stay, and after death it is a permanent enjoyment". Therefore, the Egyptians regarded the underworld as a continuation of earthly life. Influenced by this concept of the afterlife, the ancient Egyptians made sincere and confident preparations for their own death when they were alive. Every rich Egyptian should be busy preparing his grave and decorating it with all kinds of things in order to gain eternal life after death. As far as Pharaoh or aristocrat is concerned, he will spend several years, even decades, building a mausoleum, and will also order craftsmen to continue to use tomb murals and wooden models for sailing, hunting, feasting, and what servants should do, so that he can live as comfortable as before.

According to legend, before the third dynasty in ancient Egypt, both princes and ministers and ordinary people were buried in a rectangular tomb made of mud bricks, which the ancient Egyptians called "Mastaba". In ancient Egypt, it was called Piremus, which means a lot. Later, a clever young man named Imhotep invented a new building method when designing a mausoleum for the Egyptian Pharaoh Zuosai.

He replaced the mud brick with the square stone he picked from the mountain, constantly revised the design scheme of building the mausoleum, and finally built a six-story trapezoidal pyramid-this is the prototype of the pyramid we see now.

In ancient Egypt, the pyramids were trapezoidal and layered, so they were also called hierarchical pyramids. This is a tall pyramid building with a square base and a triangle on each side, which looks like the Chinese character "gold", so we call it "pyramid". The tower mausoleum designed by Imhotep is the first stone mausoleum in Egyptian history. The Zossel Pyramid in Sakala is a typical example of this pyramid. Built in 2750 BC, it is the first huge building built entirely of stone in Egyptian history.

After King Zuo Sai, the Egyptian Pharaoh followed his example and built a mausoleum for himself before he died. Since then, ancient Egypt has set off a wind to build pyramids. Because the pyramids originated in the ancient kingdom period, and the largest pyramids were built in this period, the ancient kingdom period of Egypt is also called the pyramid age. Why did the pharaohs of ancient Egypt build the mausoleum into the shape of a pyramid, which is the golden shape in Chinese characters?

It turns out that at the earliest time, the pharaohs in Egypt prepared to use Mastaba as their permanent residence after death. Later, during the second and third dynasties, the ancient Egyptians came up with the idea that the king would become a god and his soul would ascend to heaven after his death. In the inscription of the pyramid later discovered, there is a sentence like this: "Build a ladder for him (Pharaoh) so that he can go to heaven from there." The pyramid is such a ladder. At the same time, the pyramid form also expresses the worship of the sun god, because the symbol of the ancient Egyptian sun god "La" is the light of the sun. The pyramid symbolizes the sunlight that penetrates the sky. Because, when you stand on the road to Kize and look west from the perspective of the pyramid ridge, you can see that the pyramid shines on the earth like the sun.

There is a sentence in the inscription of the pyramid: "The sky extends its own light to you, so that you can climb into the sky, just like pulling your eyes." Later, the worship of the obelisk by ancient Egyptians also had such significance, because the obelisk also represented the light of the sun.

The largest of all the pyramids in ancient Egypt is the pyramid of the fourth dynasty Pharaoh Khufu. The original height of the Great Pyramid was 146.59 meters. After thousands of years of wind and rain, the top has been eroded by nearly 10 meter. The Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world until it was built in Paris in 1888. The bottom of this pyramid is square, each side is more than 230 meters long, and it takes almost one kilometer to walk around the pyramid. The pyramid of Khufu is not only amazing in scale, but also famous for its superb architectural skills. There is no cement or other adhesive between the stones of the tower, but one stone is stacked on another. Every stone has been ground down for thousands of years. Even so, it is difficult for people to insert a sharp blade into the gap between stones, so it can last for thousands of years without falling down. This is a miracle in the history of architecture. In addition, on the north side of the Great Pyramid, there is a triangular entrance composed of four huge stones, and the height from the ground is 13 meters. This triangle is cleverly used, because if a quadrilateral is used instead of a triangle, then the huge pressure of the pyramid with a height of 100 meters will collapse the entrance. With the triangle, the great pressure is evenly dispersed. It is really remarkable to have such an understanding and application of mechanical principles more than 4,000 years ago and to have such a structure.

Shortly after Khufu's death, another pyramid was built not far from his Great Pyramid. This is the pyramid of Khufu's son, Ha Raf. It is 3 meters lower than pyramid of khufu, but it seems to be higher than pyramid of khufu because of its higher terrain. Near the tower, there is a big statue carved with khalaf's head and the lion's body, the so-called Sphinx. Except the lion is made of stone, the whole Sphinx is chiseled on a huge natural rock. It has a history of more than 4500 years.

Why did you carve it into a lion's body? In ancient Egyptian mythology, the lion was the guardian of various mysterious places and the gateway to the underground world. Because Pharaoh will become a sun god after his death, he built such a sphinx to guard the portal for Pharaoh.

After the fourth dynasty, although other pharaohs built many pyramids, their scale and quality could not be compared with the above pyramids. After the Sixth Dynasty, with the division of the ancient kingdom and the decline of Pharaoh's power, the resistance of the Egyptian people and the robbery of some people, Pharaoh's "mummies" were often dragged out of the pyramids, so Egyptian pharaohs stopped building pyramids and dug secret graves on the mountains.

Construction method

Pharaoh is the king of ancient Egypt, and the pyramid is the tomb of Pharaoh. Why did Pharaoh build the pyramids? How were the huge pyramids built? Some people say that the pyramids were built by aliens. What is the truth? If the legend about the bold and wonderful design of the pyramids can still be accepted by modern people, it is hard to imagine such a huge construction process.

Pyramid of khufu is built by millions of huge stones. The average weight of each stone is over 2000 kg, and the largest stone is over 100 ton. Herodotus, known as the "father of western historiography", once recorded that the stones used to build pyramid of khufu were mined from the "Arabian Mountain" (probably Sinai Peninsula).

However, we now know that most of the stones are mined locally, and the limestone used to decorate their surfaces is shipped from Tula mining area in Hedong.

It was not easy to mine stones at that time, because people had no explosives and no steel. At that time, Egyptians used copper or bronze chisels to punch holes in rocks, then inserted them into wooden wedges and filled them with water. When the wedge was expanded by water, the rock cracked. This method may seem clumsy today, but it was a great technology more than 4000 years ago. It is also extremely difficult to transport from the quarry to the ruins of the pyramids.

The discussion on how to build it has been popular for centuries, and some scholars have put forward more convincing and objective statements. He is talking about spiral construction method, that is, building a spiral staircase along four walls and building a roof while climbing the stairs. In this way, there is no need to use levers, crowbars and cranes, which is more in line with the actual situation of ancient Egyptians.

In this century, with more and more extensive observation and research activities on flying saucers, some people even associate the mysterious pyramids with the aliens on the unpredictable flying saucers. They believe that thousands of years ago, humans could not have the ability to build pyramids, and only aliens could have them. After calculation, they also found that the earth is divided into two hemispheres by the meridian of pyramid of khufu, a suburb of Cairo, the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere, and their land areas are equal. This "coincidence" is probably the intention of aliens to choose the site of pyramid construction.

However, a French chemist named David Duvis put forward a brand-new view on the construction of the pyramids. He thinks that the huge stones for building pyramids are not natural, but artificially poured. He got five small stones from the Egyptian pyramid of khufu from an archaeologist and tested them one by one. Unexpectedly, the test results prove that these stones are made of shell-like limestone. Although archaeology has proved that human beings have mastered the technology of making concrete thousands of years ago, it is hard to believe that these shells and limestone are so difficult to distinguish from granite. David Dewey speculated that the ancient Egyptians used the method of "breaking the whole into parts" when building the pyramids, that is, putting the mixed concrete into a basket and carrying it on or on the back of the pyramid being built. In this way, as long as you master certain skills, you can pour out the huge stones piece by piece and add towers layer by layer. This is "labor-saving" and labor-saving. According to his estimation, there were only 1 500 people working on the construction site at that time, not 65,438+10,000 people in each batch as Herodotus said. More unexpectedly, the French scientist also found an inch-long human hair in the stone. This strand of hair may be a testimony to their hard work and brilliant wisdom. But these statements are still some guesses. But in any case, the construction of the pyramids must have concentrated all the wisdom of the ancient Egyptians at that time, because there must be many problems to be solved. But all these problems have been solved. The pyramids have been built and stood for more than 4000 years, which is a miracle in itself. Therefore, it can be said that the pyramids are the crystallization of the wisdom of the ancient Egyptian people and the symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization. Some people don't believe that simple cooperation can create miracles. They don't believe that humans on earth will create miracles like pyramids themselves, saying that they are the creation of whispers. This is obviously incorrect and does not help people to explore their own history and know their own abilities.

work progress

Ancient Egypt in 2480 BC was the early period of King Khufu's rule. Like every Pharaoh, he was ready to build a tomb a hundred years later at the beginning of his term. So, every summer, members of the royal family traveled all over the Nile Valley, selected strong men from each village as laborers, and built the Great Pyramid to serve the king. They work in large groups of 654.38+10,000 people, and each large group has to work for three months. There are slaves among these workers, but there are also many ordinary farmers and craftsmen. Slaves in ancient Egypt transported huge stones to construction sites with the help of animal power and rolling logs. They also piled the sand from Zhou Tianran on the slope and pulled the boulder to the front of the pyramid along the slope. In this way, a layer of slopes and stones are piled up, and the pyramid is gradually increased. It took 20 years to build pyramid of khufu.

The Nile regularly floods every year, flooding the land, nourishing the soil, making the cultivated land fertile and agriculture developed. Therefore, Egypt became one of the earliest countries in history that did not need to put all the labor force into agricultural production. The surplus labor can be used for other purposes, such as building pyramids. This big ship full of labor will wind up along the Nile, passing through cliffs and fields on both sides along the way, and its destination is Giza, south of Cairo 10 km. According to Egyptian mythology, everything is a chaotic liquid at the beginning, and the first dry soil in chaos is in the shape of a pyramid, symbolizing life. But the ancient Egyptians, driven by some impulse, chose this shape symbolizing life to build the resting place of the dead. The newly appointed Pharaoh Khufu also came to the desert with the same impulse to witness the first and most important ceremony of his reign.

Stability is the key for such a huge building. The architect plans to use giant marble blocks, which are arranged layer by layer in a decreasing way, which is the most stable structure. After the site is selected, it shall be cleaned and leveled first, and then the foundation shall be laid by skilled masons. A large square marble floor will be the core of the pyramid.

After rough estimation, it is estimated that 5 million tons of stones will be needed to build the Great Pyramid. Although the demand is huge, most of it can be supplied near Giza. The quarry is in the south of the pyramid construction site, and about 1500 quarrymen work there. Since copper was the hardest metal possessed by ancient Egyptians at that time, every quarryman was equipped with a copper chisel. They used a copper chisel to cut a small hole in the boulder, hammered it into a wooden wedge and watered it. The force of wedge immersion and expansion can crack the stone. However, the copper chisel will become dull after dozens of strokes, so another group of people need to use torches to soften, sharpen and cool it with water, so that masons can use it again.

Each mined stone weighs more than 1 ton, and some even weigh two and a half tons. How to transport is a big problem. Giza Dang produces a very special kind of clay. Sprinkle water on the clay pavement so that heavy stones can slide on it. However, it is important to control the amount of water. It will be more laborious if there is not enough water. In places that are not suitable for sprinkling water, craftsmen will spread logs on the road surface and let the huge stones roll forward on the logs. After the megaliths are concentrated in the ruins of the pyramids, they are cut and processed by special masons, and embedded in the place where they should be placed according to the marks marked on each stone. They can smooth each stone with a simple triangle and plumb hammer, so that the stones are closely connected and even stand after thousands of years of wind and rain erosion.

Pyramid of khufu was built for 20 years. By building long ramps, workers can continue to transport stones to high places. Workers used the natural sand of Giza, bonded with gypsum and plaster, piled up a long slope and pulled the boulder towards the pyramid. Archaeologists estimate that the length-height ratio of the slope is about 10: 1, which is the best ratio to ensure convenient transportation and use the least building slope materials. However, as the pyramid gradually becomes higher, this long slope cannot be applied, because according to this calculation, the length of the slope leading to the top of the tower will reach an astonishing 4,800 feet, and the required building materials will be three times that of the Great Pyramid. Therefore, in the final heightening project, architects will choose to build spiral ramps that save materials.

There is an opening 30 feet above the ground, which was blasted by explorers in the19th century. This is the only place where you can see the inside of the pyramid. Unqualified stones are filled between the neat outer stones and the inner tombs of the pyramid. This may be the way for the ancient Egyptians to speed up the construction. With the pyramid getting higher and higher, architects must consider the layout of the tombs inside the pyramid and reserve a corridor leading to the tombs. There are three tombs in pyramid of khufu. The first one was built when the foundation was built, because it was 600 feet underground. The second place, about 100 feet high inside the pyramid, is the so-called "Queen's Tomb", which has been empty since it was excavated. In 2474 BC, construction began on the third highest and most important mausoleum, which will be the last resting place of King Khufu. At the same time, the big corridor leading to the mausoleum began to be built. The corridor is 153 feet long, and the inner wall is closely connected with the giant polished limestone slab.

Ten years after the construction of the Great Pyramid began, a barge brought some special goods from Yaswan quarry, 250 kilometers away: nine huge granite stones. Each piece weighs more than 50 tons and needs 200 people to move it. Of the millions of stones that built the Great Pyramid, they are the most important. The holy tomb is the center of the pyramid and must be protected. When the Pharaoh's mausoleum is completed, these nine pieces of granite will be used to build the roof above the mausoleum. The architect will draw a center line on each granite with red and stone to center the boulder. The size and weight of the boulder bring great difficulties. If stacked directly, granite will break. Finally, in order to disperse the great pressure between the stacked boulders, the architect placed a triangular wedge between each layer of granite, so that the weight could be dispersed outward instead of downward. Five of the nine stones were finally used, leaving four gaps in the middle. These gaps are 3.5 feet high and people can climb through them. Therefore, the workers who participated in the construction of the pyramids at that time were able to leave some graffiti on the walls between the gaps and spell out some names at will. In some places, you can also see the reference lines drawn by red and jade stones.

When the Great Pyramid was built to a height of about 100 meters, the materials of the last third height could not be transported from the main slope, so architects built a spiral "winding mountain" ramp based on the Great Pyramid to avoid the extra huge project of heightening the main slope. The handling and handling of the pyramid-shaped top stone is more cautious than other stones, because its side is very smooth, so masons specially made a stone bolt protruding outward from the bottom, and the workers rotated the stone to make the stone bolt match the groove of the stone below and fix the top stone.

After the top stone is in place, the pyramid has actually been built, but the outer tower needs final finishing. The spiral ramp at the periphery needs to be removed, and the inclined slate is added to make the appearance of the pyramid smooth and flat. The pyramids we see now don't have sloping stones-because they were taken away as building materials when Cairo was built in the Middle Ages.

In 2460 BC, the immortal tomb was built. A big stone road to the east of the Great Pyramid leads to a temple on the Nile. It will be used as a temporary storage place for the remains of Pharaoh Khufu. After the Pharaoh's mummy was transferred to the inside of the pyramid, according to the custom of ancient Egypt, it was first placed in the underground tomb, then transferred to the second tomb, and finally the coffin was transferred to the third tomb and put into the sarcophagus.

Inside the pyramid

Pyramid-shaped imperial mausoleum in ancient Egyptian slave society, with corridors, stairs, halls and various valuable decorations in the tower. This passage has a cross-sectional area of 9 square inches (equivalent to 58 square centimeters) and is located about 246 feet (equivalent to 65 meters) above the south wall of the Queen's coffin parking room of the Great Pyramid. At the bottom of this passage is a slate with two copper handles on it. So far, what is hidden behind this slate?

Internal schematic diagram

Someone knows. However, this time, after the robot entered through the tunnel, the photographed situation may let us know more about this great pyramid near the Giza Plateau.

Since 1872, these mysterious passages on the wall of the Great Pyramid in Egypt were discovered, people have made various speculations about their origins. One theory is that they are vents, which provide air for workers who build the internal facilities of the pyramids. However, if this statement is true, then why did you seal the hole with just the right stone seal before the project was completed? Besides, why don't they show holes on the surface of the pyramid? Another way of saying this is that there is a secret tomb behind the stone slabs of these passages.

There is also an old saying that these channels are called "constellation channels" because their openings seem to point in the direction of Canis Canis and Orion. Perhaps the purpose of the building was to guide the Pharaoh's soul to heaven. However, this theory was partially refuted by Rudolf Gantenbrink, an engineer who worked in the German Archaeological Association in 1993.

Mayan pyramids

Mayan civilization originated in about 1800 BC, while Ithaca, Chen Chi, was founded in the 5th century and occupied an area of 25 square kilometers in the 7th century. The Mayans built hundreds of buildings with stones here, which is the product of the development of Mayan civilization to its peak. These buildings are not only tall and majestic, but also carved with exquisite decorative patterns, showing the superb architectural art level of ancient Mayans. Chen Chi Iza's central building is a huge pyramid, which stands in the clearing of tropical jungle. It is called Ku Ku Ku Kun Pyramid. The design data of this pyramid is of astronomical significance. Its base is square with steps facing due north, due south, due east and due west, and there are 9 1 steps around it. The number of steps and terraces represent the number of days and months in a year respectively. The 52 stone tablets engraved with patterns symbolize that 52 years in the Mayan calendar is a cycle year, and these orientations are obviously well thought out. In the east of Ku Ku Ku Kun Pyramid, there is a magnificent four-story pyramid, which is called the Warrior Temple. In front and south of the temple is a huge square or round stone pillar, called "Thousand Pillars Group", which is used to support a huge palace. There is a supine figure at the entrance, carved from a huge stone. The ancient Mayans called it "Chakmore" statue, and behind it were two quetzalcoatl gods with big mouths. There are many stone buildings in the old town of Ithaca, Chen Chi, within a few kilometers around the central area of Fiona Fang, all of which are relics of the same era.

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Sean Tomb in Zhangjiajie

The Pyramid of the sun

The pyramid of the sun and the Moon Pyramid are one of the important cultural monuments in Mexico. They are famous for their magnificent and unique architectural styles and profound mysteries, and attract many tourists from home and abroad every year.

The pyramid of the sun and the Moon Pyramid are the main parts of Teotihuacan, an ancient city of Indian Aztec culture. It is located between the valley of Popocatepel volcano and Esta civatte volcano, 40 kilometers northeast of Mexico City, covering an area of more than 20 square kilometers. Teotihuakan means "the capital of the gods" in Hindi.

Pyramid of the sun was built in the 2nd century A.D., and it is trapezoidal, facing east and west. Its interior consists of 2.5 million tons of soil and sand. Its exterior is paved and inlaid with huge volcanic rocks, and colorful patterns are carved on the stones. The tower is 654.38+00,000 cubic meters high, divided into five floors and 65 meters high. There are 236 steps on the front, which can reach the top of the tower directly. There used to be a 10-meter-high Sun Temple at the top of the tower, which was the place where ancient Indians sacrificed to the sun god.

Pyramid of the moon

The Moon Pyramid was built about 200 years later than pyramid of the sun, facing south, with a tower body of 380,000 cubic meters, four floors and a height of 46 meters. More than 200 steps go straight to the top, and the inclination angle of each step is different, which is intriguing. The stones piled up outside are painted with colorful snake heads with feather collars, and there are many murals symbolizing the rain god composed of corn cobs. The wide square in front of the tower can accommodate tens of thousands of people.

Pyramid of the moon

Pyramid of the sun and Moon Pyramid are located in the east and north of Teotihuacan Street respectively. "Yellow Avenue" is 4 kilometers long and 45 meters wide, running through the whole city from north to south. At the southern end of the street is a large building complex of the ancient city. At that time, it was a religious, trade and administrative center, and now it has become the location of museums, shopping malls and management offices. Opposite the castle covering an area of 67,500 square meters, there is a Quetzalcoatl Temple. Now the temple has been destroyed, but the temple base still exists, and the head of the feather snake on the slope of the temple base is lifelike. On the west side of the northern end of the street is the famous Butterfly Palace, which was the most prosperous area of the ancient city at that time. The stone pillars in the palace are carved with exquisite butterfly wings and bird reliefs, which are vivid and colorful. The Sun-Moon Pyramid in Teotihuacan is comparable to the pyramids in Egypt in architectural scale and art..

Construction method

According to historical records, the residents of Teotihuacan first appeared in 800 BC, and by 450 AD, the city had a population of 200,000 in its heyday. At that time, agriculture was quite developed, and handicrafts also had a certain scale. The ancient city has gradually become the center of religion, politics, economy, trade and social culture. Teotihuacan's influence also extends to Guatemala and other Central American countries, making it one of the world's metropolises. Until the beginning of the 8th century, the ancient city was suddenly abandoned into ruins and its residents disappeared. There are different opinions about the reasons why the ancient city of Teotihuacan went from prosperity to extinction. One theory is that due to the invasion and burning of Toltec people, residents migrated south until a large area of Guatemala; Another way of saying this is that due to the epidemic of plague, residents moved northward and created Tula culture.

Scientists have not reached a unified conclusion about pyramid of the sun and the Moon Pyramid. Archaeologists found a natural cave under the foundation of pyramid of the sun. Many ancient sacrificial relics were found in four secret rooms at the end of the cave, but there were no coffins. Therefore, they believe that, unlike the Egyptian pyramids, pyramid of the sun in Teotihuacan is not a mausoleum, but a place where gods are sacrificed.

In recent years, some astronomers have put forward a new viewpoint that the orientation of Teotihuacan pyramid of the sun and the Moon Pyramid has a subtle relationship with the astrological coordinates of the Milky Way. Mexican scientists also tried to use the most advanced meson detector to take a perspective view of the interior of Teotihuacan pyramid of the sun to solve the Millennium mystery. But in any case, the exquisite murals, sculptures and painted pottery in Teotihuacan site are the treasures of ancient Mexican Indian culture and the crystallization of Indians' diligence, courage and wisdom.

The materials used to build the pyramids are mainly local limestone and Huagang rocks shipped from other places. Limestone is mainly used for internal purposes. For example, Gough used more than 2 million boulders, most of which weighed 2 tons. It is estimated that the construction time will be about 23-30 years, and100000 people will participate in the construction. But they also agree that the so-called construction is not from the beginning of the year to the end of the year, but in the three months of the year, when the Nile is flooded and it is impossible to cultivate.

It is estimated that the pyramids are made of 2.3 million stones. Suppose workers work at ten o'clock every day all year round, and they need to put 3 1 stone in one hour (about two minutes to put it in place), which will take twenty years to finish. However, if you only work during the slack season, the speed of workers must be accelerated to 4 pieces per minute, about 240 pieces per hour. How did people carry stones weighing two tons to build such a huge tower without any lifting tools? This is still an unsolved mystery.