Comprehension of reading primary school examination questions

The second chapter in the fourth quarter

Today, Teacher Mao Mingrui talked about an interesting topic: Pisces has a particularly high proportion of fraudsters in the country. There is no offense to the Pisces community here, because Teacher Mao is also a Pisces.

Does this mean that Pisces people love to cheat? No Perhaps the opposite is true: fraudsters are not limited to a certain constellation, and every constellation may appear. However, because Pisces people are more realistic and have a higher probability of being caught, there is a saying that "the proportion of Pisces is particularly high".

Different interpretation angles bring completely different analysis and results. This reminds me of an equally interesting topic in the book Elementary School Problems.

The fourth section of the second chapter talks about an interesting misunderstanding of thinking: causal inversion. Can you see the reason from the results? I believe many people will say that this is not simple? Because the reason is behind, and the result is behind.

In theory, but let's look at an example: there is a saying that "an artist is bold." It means that people are bolder because of their superb skills. But in fact, it can also be said that it is "more daring." It means that because of courage and courage to try, the skills are more superb. As can be seen from the example, the proposition holds, and so does the counter-proposition, which shows that cause and effect are two-way, with both cause and effect. Such a situation is "mutually causal" or "mutually causal".

Give me a more complicated example. A study shows that people who give their partners a kiss every morning will earn 20%~30% more than those who don't show this intimate relationship, and their average life expectancy will be five years longer, and the possibility of car accidents and occupational diseases will be lower. At first glance, this is really a magical kiss, which can kiss so many effects.

Come to think of it, the above example actually reversed the cause and effect. If you think about it this way: it is these people whose income is 20%~30% higher than others who will have more money to invest in establishing intimate relationships and are more qualified to stay away from such misfortunes as occupational diseases and car accidents. After exchanging cause and effect, it is more withstand scrutiny and more in line with common sense.

Now all kinds of analysis and research, there are reasons and results, but specious, it is easy to be brought into the ditch, mistakenly believe that it is true. We must think from another angle. Will it be "mutually causal and antagonistic"? Is there a phenomenon of "causal inversion"? I won't be fooled by these statements.