Spaceships of various countries

Soyuz spacecraft, belonging to the Soviet Union and Russia, consists of three parts: orbital module, command module and equipment module, with a total weight of about 6.5 tons and a total length of about 7 meters. Astronauts work and live in the orbital module; The equipment cabin is cylindrical, 2.3 meters long, 2.3 meters in diameter and weighs about 2.6 tons. It is equipped with telemetry, communication, energy, temperature control and other equipment. The command module is bell-shaped, with a bottom diameter of 3 meters, a length of 2.3 meters and a weight of 2.8 tons. Before the spacecraft returns to the atmosphere, throw away the orbital module and equipment module, and the command module will carry astronauts back to the ground. Starting from Soyuz 10 spacecraft, the spacecraft of the former Soviet Union switched to docking with the space station for manned flight, which pushed manned space activities to a higher stage.

In addition to the three types of spacecraft of the former Soviet Union and Russia, the United States also developed and launched three types of spacecraft, namely Mercury, Gemini and the famous Apollo. Mercury is the first manned spacecraft in the United States, and Apollo is the moon landing spacecraft. In addition, the Shenzhou series spacecraft developed and launched by China became the seventh manned spacecraft in the world. Mercury spacecraft is the first generation of manned spacecraft in the United States. It has carried out 25 flight tests, including 6 manned flights. The "Mercury" project started in June 1958 and ended in May 1963, lasting 4 years and 8 months. The "Mercury" project cost 392.6 million US dollars, of which the spacecraft cost 65.438+35.3 million US dollars, accounting for 34.5% of the total cost; The launch vehicle is 82.9 million US dollars, accounting for 21.1%of the total cost; $7190,000 for ground tracking network, accounting for18.34%; The operating and recovery expenses are USD 49.3 million, accounting for 65,438+02.6%; Other facilities amounted to USD 53.2 million, accounting for 65,438+03.46%.

The main purpose of "Mercury" project is to achieve a breakthrough in manned space flight, send a spaceship with an astronaut into Earth orbit, return to the ground safely after many flights, and investigate the impact of weightlessness on human body and human working ability in weightlessness environment. The key point is to solve the problems of reentry aerodynamics, thermodynamics and human error in high acceleration and zero gravity that have never been encountered before.

The total length of Mercury spacecraft is about 2.9 m, the maximum diameter at the bottom is 1.86 m, and the weight is about1.3 ~1.8t. It consists of a truncated cone cockpit and a cylindrical umbrella cabin. Only one astronaut can sit in the cockpit, and the longest flight time is designed to be 2 days, 34 hours and 20 minutes, and it will fly around the earth for 22 weeks (Mercury -9 spacecraft flew from May 1963 to May 16). Mercury's six manned flights lasted 54 hours and 25 minutes.

The attitude control system of Mercury spacecraft is mainly automatic control, and there are two other manual control methods as backup. Astronauts only use manual control devices to control the flight attitude of the spacecraft when necessary, and only play an auxiliary role in the spacecraft manipulation. They are basically topics for ground researchers to understand people's adaptability to the space flight environment. But it also shows people's subjective initiative in flight. Shenzhou-1 spacecraft is the first unmanned experimental spacecraft launched in People's Republic of China (PRC)'s manned space program. The spacecraft was launched from Jiuquan Space Launch Site at 6 am on June 20th. The launch mission was undertaken by the Long March II F manned space rocket, which was developed on the basis of the Long March II bundled rocket. Ten minutes after the launch and ignition, the ship and arrow separated and entered the scheduled orbit accurately.

After the spacecraft was put into orbit, the ground monitoring and control center and survey ships distributed in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean tracked and controlled the spacecraft. In the same place, the life support system and attitude control system in the spacecraft were also tested.

At 3: 00 a.m. Beijing time11October 2 1, the ground command center issued a return instruction to the spacecraft, and the Shenzhou-1 spacecraft was in central Inner Mongolia19991/October 2/kloc-0. The spaceship flew in space for 2 1 hour.

Shenzhou II spacecraft is the second experimental spacecraft launched by China and the first prototype unmanned spacecraft in China. The technical state of the spacecraft is basically the same as that of the manned spacecraft, which consists of three parts: the propulsion module, the return module and the orbital module.

Shenzhou II spacecraft was launched from Jiuquan Space Launch Center at 1 Beijing time and successfully entered the scheduled orbit.

During the flight of Shenzhou-2 spacecraft, all kinds of test instruments and equipment have stable performance and work normally, and a large number of valuable flight test data have been collected. At this time, the spacecraft also carried out scientific experiments in many fields such as space life science, space materials, space astronomy and physics in microgravity environment for the first time.

Shenzhou II spacecraft landed successfully at the main landing site in central Inner Mongolia. The spacecraft has been in space for nearly seven days, circling the earth 108.

Shenzhou III is the third unmanned experimental spacecraft launched by China and a prototype unmanned spacecraft. Except that there are no astronauts on board, its technical state is exactly the same as that of manned state. The spacecraft consists of propulsion module, return module and orbital module. The spacecraft was successfully launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center at 22: 15 Beijing time on March 25th, 2002.

Spacecraft equipped with simulated astronauts can quantitatively simulate astronauts' human metabolism, physiological signals and important physiological activity parameters in space. In addition, Shenzhou III also carried a number of experimental devices and plant seeds.

On April/KOOC-0/day, 2002, Shenzhou III spacecraft circled the earth in space/KOOC-0/08 times and landed at the landing site in central Inner Mongolia accurately.

Shenzhou IV manned spacecraft is one of the shenzhou spaceship series in China and the third unmanned spacecraft in China. Its technical state is exactly the same as that of a manned spacecraft except that there is no one on it. Spacecraft consists of propulsion module, return module, orbital module and additional parts. The total length is about 7.4 meters, the maximum diameter is 2.8 meters, and the total mass is 7794 kilograms.

Shenzhou IV was launched at Jiuquan Space Launch Site in the early morning of February 30th, 2002. Flying in space for 6 days 18 hours as scheduled. After circling the earth 108, it flew at Beijing time on 2003 10/5 16.

Shenzhou IV spacecraft is further improved on the basis of the first three spacecraft, and is designed and manufactured in full accordance with the safety requirements of manned space flight. Two seats have been added to the spacecraft's return module, and two simulated astronauts are sitting. Astronauts need work, life and medical care, including sleeping bags, pressure suits, space food, and various life-saving items needed in case of accidents after landing.

In addition, Shenzhou IV spacecraft carried out a series of actions in space, such as deploying solar panels and adjusting attitude, and successfully implemented orbit change. At the same time, life support subsystem, spacecraft environmental control subsystem, manned space application subsystem and astronaut subsystem have all been comprehensively tested. In addition, there are many experimental projects on the Shenzhou IV spacecraft. There are 8 scientific research projects and 55 loading projects on the spacecraft.

Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft is one of the shenzhou spaceship series in China, and it is the first manned spacecraft launched by China, sending astronaut Yang Liwei into space. This successful launch marks that China has become the third country, after Russia and the United States, capable of sending a man into space alone.

Shenzhou VI manned spacecraft is one of China shenzhou spaceship series. "Shenzhou VI" and "Shenzhou V" have no difference in appearance. They are still three-cabin structures, namely, propulsion module, return module and orbital module. Their weight is basically maintained at about 8 tons, and they are launched by the Long March II F carrier rocket. It is the second spaceship carrying astronauts in China and the first manned spaceship in China to carry out the mission of "many people and many days".

On September 25th, 2008, the Shenzhou VII manned spacecraft was launched from the manned space launch site of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in China on 2 1: 10: 04: 988. Shenzhou VII manned spacecraft is one of China shenzhou spaceship series, which was launched by Long March II F rocket. This is the third manned spacecraft in China. Break through and master the technology related to extravehicular activities. The scientific research units of Shenzhou VII manned spacecraft are China Academy of Space Technology and Shanghai Academy of Space Technology under China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. The scientific research unit of the Long March II F carrier rocket is the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology under China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation.

The total length of Shenzhou VII spacecraft is 9. 19 meters, which consists of orbital module, return module and propulsion module. Shenzhou VII manned spacecraft weighs 12 tons. The combination of Long March 2F carrier rocket and escape tower is as high as 58.3 meters. ..

Orbital module-as the working and living module of astronauts, and the airlock module used when leaving the module. Equipped with pressure relief control, extravehicular spacesuit support and other functions. There are living facilities for astronauts. The top of the orbital module is equipped with a flying satellite and five recompression gas cylinders. There is no tracking function.

Return module-the module for astronauts to return to earth, which is connected with the orbital module. Equipped with parachutes and anti-thrust rockets to land and achieve a soft landing.

Propulsion cabin-equipped with propulsion system, partial power supply, environmental control and communication system, and a pair of solar panels. The Apollo program of the United States is the great project of landing on the moon for the first time, which started in May 196 1 year and ended in February 1972, and lasted for1/year and seven months. The purpose of the Apollo program is to send human beings to the moon, realize their field trip to the moon and make technical preparations for manned planetary exploration.

Apollo spacecraft consists of three parts: command module, service module and lunar module.

command module

The cockpit where astronauts live and work in flight is also the control center of the whole spacecraft. The command module is conical, 3.2 meters high and weighs about 6 tons. The command module is divided into three parts: front module, astronaut module and rear module. Landing components, recovery equipment and attitude control engine are placed in the front cabin. The astronaut cabin is a sealed cabin, which contains necessities and life-saving equipment for astronauts' life 14 days. There are 10 attitude control engines, various instruments and tanks in the rear cabin, as well as attitude control, guidance and navigation systems, airborne computers and radio subsystems.

service module

The front end is connected with the command module, and the back end is equipped with the main engine nozzle of the propulsion system. The cabin is cylindrical, 6.7 meters high, 4 meters in diameter and weighs about 25 tons. The main engine is used for orbit change and orbit change maneuver. The attitude control system consists of 16 rocket engines, which are also used to separate the spacecraft from the third stage rocket, dock the lunar module with the command module, and separate the command module from the service module.

lunar module

It consists of a descending stage and an ascending stage. When taking off from the ground, it weighs 14.7 tons, is 4.3 meters wide and has a maximum height of about 7 meters.

① Descending stage: It consists of landing engine, four landing legs and four instrument cabins.

② Upward upgrade: it is the main body of the lunar module. After completing the activities around the moon, the astronauts drove up to upgrade and returned to orbit around the moon to meet the command module. The upper upgrade consists of astronaut cockpit, return engine, propellant tank, instrument cabin and control system. Astronaut seat; The cabin can accommodate two astronauts (but there are no seats) and is equipped with navigation, control, communication, life support and power supply.

Apollo 1 1

Apollo11(Apollo11) is the fifth manned mission in Project Apollo of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States, and it is also the first human mission to the moon. The three astronauts carrying out this mission are commander neil armstrong, command module pilot Michael john collins and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin. 1969 On July 20th, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to set foot on the moon. The proposal of launching kliper by Zenith rocket from Ukraine runs counter to Russia's established policy of transferring all subcontracts of space and national defense projects from the Soviet Union to Russia. Especially in the context of the political turmoil in Ukraine at the end of 2004, rkk's proposal is particularly surprising. However, the supporters in favor of using Zenith convincingly argue that Klinger can use the existing launch vehicle without developing the "onega" rocket originally proposed for Klinger, which will make the whole Klinger project more realistic in terms of technology and funds.

This iron-shaped flyer weighs 13 tons and will be able to fly 25 times repeatedly. It is designed to carry two drivers, four passengers and up to 700 kilograms of cargo, while the Soyuz series spacecraft developed by rkk can't have more than three crew members. Kliper's shell, that is, its thermal protection system, is based on the materials developed for the space shuttle Blizzard.

The reusable cabin with a volume of 20m 3 is designed as an independent cabin, which can be equipped with two kinds of shells that can change aerodynamic force: one is a space shuttle winged glider; The other is the so-called lifting body. The shape of the latter (without wings) can provide effective aerodynamic lift. It is necessary to control this lift during the reentry of the aircraft.

The airplane type (or airfoil type) kliper can maneuver for 2000 kilometers when it deviates from the designed landing route; Lift airship (or wingless airship) can only maneuver 500 kilometers. The former can land on the runway like an airplane, while the latter uses a three-piece parachute to land.

Kliper can transport crew and cargo to the space station, or take a 6-person 10 day tour. A detachable living cabin is installed behind the main crew cabin, which is borrowed from Soyuz series spacecraft and can meet the needs of some crew members. The living area is equipped with a docking port, a toilet and a life support system. The newly designed "Orion" combines many latest technologies in the fields of computer, electronics, life support, propulsion system and thermal protection system. Its conical shape is considered to be the safest and most reliable shape design for spacecraft to re-enter the earth's atmosphere.

Besides adopting new technology, O 'Ryan is quite similar to several spacecrafts in use internationally, including shenzhou spaceship in China. The first similarity is that they all adopt recyclable technology. The landing design of "Orion" combined parachute and airbag makes the manned cabin reusable after landing, and also saves the expensive search and rescue expenses for landing at sea. The Russian Soyuz spacecraft and China's shenzhou spaceship both adopted this design.

The second point is the insulation layer peeling technology. Mercury spacecraft previously used in the United States, Soyuz spacecraft in Russia and Shenzhou spacecraft in China all adopted this technology, that is, after the spacecraft rushed out of the atmosphere, the thermal insulation layer covering the surface of the spacecraft fell off to reduce the landing weight. Because of this, O 'Ryan can be reused 10 times.

The spacecraft flew to the International Space Station on 20 15, and began to land on the moon in 2020, and began to fly to Mars on 203 1.