Spaceships carrying manned spacecraft in various countries

The earliest series of manned spacecraft in the Soviet Union was the "Oriental", each of which could only carry one astronaut and launch six. 1961April 12, the world's first manned spacecraft flew into space-1. Soviet astronaut Gagarin flew around the earth in a spaceship 108 minutes and returned to the ground safely, becoming the first man in the world to fly in space. /KOOC-0/963 On June/KOOC-0/6, tereshkova of the Soviet Union went into space on the Dongfang VI spacecraft and became the first female astronaut in the world. Based on the "Oriental" spacecraft, Ascension is the second-generation spacecraft of the Soviet Union, which was launched in two times. 1launched on June 2, 19641spaceship, is the first spaceship with three astronauts in the world. Astronaut leonov made the first spacewalk on Ascension, which lasted 65,438+00 minutes.

The oldest manned spacecraft series used by the former Soviet Union and Russia is Soyuz, which is divided into three stages: Soyuz, Soyuz T and Soyuz TM. It can carry three astronauts and has the ability of orbital maneuver and rendezvous and docking. It is an important transportation system between heaven and earth in the Soviet/Russian manned space program. 1969 65438+1October 15, Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 docked two spacecraft in space for the first time. "Mercury" is the first manned spacecraft series in the United States, with a total of six ships launched. 1961On May 5th, alan shepard made a suborbital flight in the first Mercury spacecraft, which opened the curtain for manned space flight in the United States. 1962 On February 20th, john glenn made his first orbital flight in the third Mercury spacecraft, becoming the first American to go into space.

The second manned spacecraft series in the United States is Gemini, which launched 12, of which the first two were unmanned. Gemini Seat -3,1launched on March 23rd, 965, is the first American spaceship with two astronauts. 1On the Gemini 4 spacecraft launched on June 3, 965, White left the cabin for 2 1 min, becoming the first American astronaut to walk in space. "Apollo" spacecraft is a manned spacecraft tailored for the American Apollo program. 1in June, 968, the first manned Apollo 7 spacecraft was launched. Prior to this, only unmanned flight tests were conducted in the Apollo program. From Apollo 7 to Apollo 18, the United States launched the Apollo manned spacecraft 12. Among them,1Apollo-1launched on July 6, 1969, the first moon landing in human history on July 20, 197 1 Apollo-15 launched on July 26, 1969, sent a lunar rover to the moon for the first time. In the whole Apollo program, * * * successfully landed on the moon six times, 12 astronauts landed on the moon.

Soyuz docked with Apollo:1launched on July 5, 1975, Soyuz-19 successfully docked with American Apollo-18 spacecraft in orbit, realizing the world's first international space flight. China's manned spaceflight project was officially launched in 1992. After seven years of hard work, it was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center at 6: 30 on1October 20th. China's first experimental spacecraft "Shenzhou 1" was launched by the newly developed Long March II F carrier rocket, and it was accurate. After an on-orbit flight of 2 1 hour, the spacecraft's return capsule entered the return orbit in 15, and landed at the scheduled recovery site at 3: 04 am1day on 2 1 day, successfully completing the test mission. The success of this test mission marks a major breakthrough in manned space technology in China and lays a foundation for the development of manned space technology in China. 200 1, 1 and in March 2002, "Shenzhou II" and "Shenzhou III" successively completed unmanned experiments. Especially on June 30th, 2002,65438+February 30th, 2002, Shenzhou IV spacecraft carried two anthropomorphic people into space and returned safely, which laid a solid foundation for manned space flight. At 9: 00 on June 5438+00, 2003, and at 9: 00 on June 10, 2005, China's manned spacecraft Shenzhou 5 and Shenzhou VI were successfully launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, sending China's first astronaut Yang Liwei and two astronauts Fei and Nie Haisheng into space, thus achieving the goal of China's Thousand Talents Program. The successful launch of manned spacecraft is another new milestone in China's space history after China successfully launched Dongfanghong-1 satellite on April 24th, 1970. China became the third country in the world to master manned space technology and successfully launch a manned spacecraft after the United States and Russia.

1992, China's "92 1" manned spaceflight project was formally established and developed. 1999165438+1On October 20th, China's first unmanned spacecraft, Shenzhou-1, took off in Jiuquan, and landed in the recycling yard in central Inner Mongolia 2/kloc-0 hours later, successfully completing the "virgin journey". The success of this flight laid a very solid foundation for China's manned spacecraft to go to heaven. In 2003, Shenzhou 5 flew into space with China's first astronaut, Yang Liwei; In 2008, Shenzhou VII carried three astronauts into space, and Zhai Zhigang completed his first extravehicular walk. The launch date and flight destination of the spacecraft Shenzhou-11999165438+1October 20th was the first test flight, and the round trip between heaven and earth was successfully realized. Shenzhou II 200 1 0 1 09 The first full-scale unmanned spacecraft.

The main purpose of flight test is to check the whole process of engineering system from launch to operation, return and orbit maintenance.

Check the correctness and matching of each technical scheme, and obtain scientific data and experimental data related to manned flight. The main purpose of the flight test of Shenzhou III on March 25th, 2002 was to check the escape function of the rocket, the redundancy of the control system, the emergency rescue of the spacecraft,

Autonomous emergency return, manual control and other functions, this mission includes simulated astronauts. On February 29th, 2002, a flight test of Shenzhou IV in unmanned state was mainly aimed at ensuring the absolute safety of astronauts.

Further improve and evaluate the reliability of rockets, spacecraft and measurement and control systems. Shenzhou 5's first manned flight on June 5438+00, 15, 2003 was carried by Yang Liwei, who successfully circled the earth 14 times. Shenzhou VI made its first multi-person and multi-day space flight on June 10 and June 12, 2005, which contained astronaut fees and Nie Haisheng. On September 25th, 2008, Shenzhou VII carried three astronauts, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng, into space for the first time.

Successfully carried out extravehicular activities (also known as spacewalk). Shenzhou-8 201111was successfully launched by the improved Long March II F-8 rocket. 2011165438+1in the early morning of October 3, the first rendezvous and docking mission with the combination Tiangong-1 was successfully implemented and became a part of China Space Laboratory. Shenzhou-9 manned rendezvous and docking with Tiangong-1 for the first time on June 2nd, 2065438+June 2nd, 2065438+June 8th, 2002, carrying astronauts Jing Haipeng, Liu Wang and Liu Yang. Shenzhou 10 will be launched in June 2003 1 1 and June 2003 1 1. It will dock with Tiangong-1 and manage the space station for a short time. The astronauts are Nie Haisheng, Zhang and Wang Yaping. The launch time of Shenzhou XI is undetermined, and it will dock with Tiangong-2 to better master the space rendezvous and docking technology.