The Influence of Taoist Philosophy on Classical Gardens

The Influence of Taoist Philosophy on Classical Gardens

China classical gardens do not simply imitate nature and reproduce the original objects, but require the creators to truly reflect nature and reflect its diversity. So, what indelible influence does Taoist philosophy have on classical gardens?

China's classical gardens advocate the unity of heaven and man, and attach importance to the unity of heaven and man, which is different from Laozi's Tao Te Ching? People everywhere, the land follows the sky, the sky follows the Tao, and the Tao follows nature? Happens to coincide. This idea of the unity of man and nature is the embodiment of natural thought in Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy and the product influenced by traditional philosophy.

Keywords: Taoist thought; China classical gardens; Aesthetic thought; Heaven and man are one. /Man is an inseparable part of nature.

In the history of ancient civilization in China for thousands of years, after the accumulation of Xia, Shang and Zhou cultures in slave society, it entered the early feudal society in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. During this period, different schools and schools competed with each other, which was historically called? A hundred schools of thought contend? Let a hundred flowers blossom? Period. China classical gardens, as residential and ornamental architectural gardens, are important carriers of China culture.

It is the condensation of China ancient literati's thought and spirit, and also the materialization of literati's anxiety. It entrusts the paradise of self-transcendence, carries the thought of Taoist birth, simulates nature, yearns for the artistic conception of three mountains and five pools, and pursues the ideal moral realm and aesthetic ideal realm. Strive to conform to nature, adjust measures to local conditions, deeply understand natural characteristics, refine the spirit of mountains and rivers, and recreate nature, just like nature. China's gardening art reflects China's Taoist philosophy. Pursuit? Harmony between man and nature? Harmonious relationship. Taking the pursuit of the spiritual realm of nature as the ultimate and highest purpose, this paper analyzes the correspondence between Taoist philosophy and the artistic spirit of China's classical gardens, and discusses the embodiment of Taoist thought in China's classical gardens.

First, the main ideas of Taoism

What is the core of Taoism? Tao? Think? Tao? It is the origin of all things in the world, and Tao is natural, invisible, ubiquitous and ever-present, and it is also the law of the movement of all things in the universe. Taoist philosophy first got rid of the approach of Confucian social philosophy, directly cut into the principle of the operation of heaven, and developed the natural meaning and neutral meaning. Tao? The philosophy of. It is advocated to develop one's own thinking system under the framework of the relationship between heaven and man, with natural inaction and human nature letting nature take its course. Care about the world with deep and implicit language and a hermit's mentality. It has the spirit of independence, freedom from vulgarity and the pursuit of returning to nature, so that people's body and mind can be truly released.

Second, the classical gardens in China

Classical gardens in China began in the Spring and Autumn Period, developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. During the Spring and Autumn Period, China's politics, economy and culture had begun to take shape, and garden construction also came into being. With what? Garden? In the history of garden development in China, the location is generally located in natural scenic spots with original landscapes. With the help of natural geographical advantages, it became the embryonic form of China classical gardens.

It is a place for emperors, queens, ministers, slave owners and nobles to visit, watch and hunt. This is a realistic Moshan floodplain garden with simple construction method. Hey? Arrange earth mountains, biogas digesters and terraces, build pavilions and bridges, and plant flowers and trees to facilitate travel. Hey? In this way, Chinese gardens with the theme of natural landscape began to sprout. In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang destroyed six countries, unified China, and established the centralized feudal empire of the Qin Dynasty. In order to show the supreme imperial power, he built a large number of buildings and built mountains to control water. Garden? Zhongda built a palace and began to build an unprecedented branch library. In the short time of the Qin Dynasty 12, there were about 500 or 600 detached palaces, and there were more than 200 near the capital Xianyang.

Epang Palace, built in this period, arranged the layout of the palace on the ground according to the constellation in the sky in Taoist thought. This is Taoist philosophy? Heaven-man induction? The idea in the planning of the imperial capital, and Shanglinyuan and Lanchi Palace are also based on the Taoist theory of the immortal alchemist, digging ponds to build islands and simulating fairy mountains. Although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism, he also believed in the theory of alchemists and immortals. So, he opened up a great grandfather pool in the palace, and built three fairy mountains in the pool, Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou, to symbolize the sacred mountains in the East China Sea. This kind? One pool and three mountains? The new gardening model not only imitates the natural landscape, but also injects symbolic and imaginative factors, which has a great influence on the combination of mountains and ponds in later gardens.

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is an important turning point in the history of ancient gardens in China. Religion prevails throughout the country, and temples and gardens flourish. Although the garden inherited the ancient times? One pool and three mountains? However, it abandoned the form of palaces and castles in Qin and Han dynasties, and the art of gardening began to advocate nature. On the one hand, it is influenced by the development of China's landscape painting, on the other hand, it is influenced by social unrest, seclusion of Taoist thought and advocating natural wildness. Gradually formed a garden style with natural landscape as the theme. From Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties to Song Dynasty, Yang Di dug the Grand Canal to connect the north and the south, and the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, which also promoted the development of classical gardens in China. In the Tang dynasty, the national strength was strong, so the scale of the garden was more grand, and it was still in the form of the front palace and the back garden. The famous gardens are in the west (Taiji Palace), in the east (Daming Palace) and in the south (Xingqing Palace), and the pool is in Lishan Jianhua.

There is a Qujiang pond in the southeast of the city, which is open for three days every year. It is the earliest garden with park significance in China. With the participation of literati, the literati garden interpenetrated three categories of landscape painting, landscape poetry and landscape garden, forming a unique landscape garden style in China. In Evonne, Song Huizong, shortly after he ascended the throne, there were few concubines and the throne was short of people. Taoist Liu Kunkang suggested building a garden in the northeast of the city, and Song Huizong was personally nominated as Gen Yue, a figure representing the northeast in the gossip. Soon there was good news, and sure enough, another son was added.

From then on, Hui Zong believed in Taoism more, and changed the Buddhist temples in the world into Taoist temples. Since the reign of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, emperors had the habit of living in gardens, so there are many palace gardens in the scenic spots near Beijing, all of which were built in the northwest suburbs? Three mountains and five gardens? Namely, Jingyi Garden in Yuquan Mountain, Jingming Garden in Xiangshan Mountain, Qingyi Garden in Wanshou Mountain and royal gardens such as Yuanmingyuan Garden and Changchun Garden. In addition, a large number of private gardens such as Humble Administrator's Garden, Art Garden, Lingering Garden, Master's Garden and Jichang Garden were built, which became the fashion at that time. China classical garden was a well-deserved outstanding representative of China classical garden at that time, and it had completely reached the wonderful realm of freehand brushwork landscape garden, completely conforming to the design? Although it is made by people, how to open it? Gardening theory.

Thirdly, China's garden design concept and aesthetics embody Taoist philosophy.

As an excellent cultural heritage of China, China classical gardens have a long history, rich cultural connotations, distinctive personality and artistic charm, and are one of the three major garden systems in the world. It represents the style and achievements of China's garden art and is a precious historical wealth of the Chinese nation.

It is universally recognized as the mother of world gardens and a wonderful work of world art. Throughout the history of the development of classical gardens in China, the original gardens were enclosure farming, hunting and fruits and vegetables to meet people's physiological needs. Later gardens had a high platform and the embryonic form of China classical garden structure. They imitated nature by artificial means, showing the humanistic thoughts in different historical periods, especially the ideological realm of poetry, ci and painting. The gardening art of China classical gardens takes the pursuit of natural spiritual realm as its ultimate and highest purpose, so as to achieve? Although it is made by people, how to open it? The aesthetic theme of. It is deeply integrated into the connotation of China culture, and also embodies the philosophical thought of Taoism.

China classical gardens do not simply imitate nature and reproduce the original objects, but require the creators to truly reflect nature and reflect its diversity. Some are like mountains and rivers, and some have their own deep courtyards. For example, the creation of Suzhou classical gardens, located in the street, is verifying the theory of relativity of Taoist thinking mode, and the gardens are mainly small, and the small ones are big; Take simplicity first, take less as the whole; Take stillness as the first priority, and observe the movement in stillness. After the ingenious arrangement of the gardener, one after another was formed? Although it is made by people, how to open it? Excellent work: try to avoid symmetry, simulate the natural landscape terrain, determine the main scene, up or down, left or right, make it tortuous, see the big picture from the small, change the scene and make it fascinating. Combine natural spirituality with human feelings and apply them to gardening. Man-made traces are deep in nature. In Taoist thought, taking Zhuangzi and Shi Shuo Xin Yu as examples, the core of Taoist learning from nature lies in the pursuit of spiritual freedom and personality achievement.

Called by Zhuangzi. Materialization? The unity of subject and object, the unity of man and nature, which comes from a quiet heart, sublimates and melts personality and life realm into the great beauty of nature beyond the standards of social judgment of personality and life realm at that time, right? Imitate nature? The main connotation of. Such as curved bridges, cloisters and winding paths. , are directly mixed, set off each other, use freely. The layout of all kinds of scenery in the park is built with the shape, bends with the trend and swims with the scenery. Consciously, in this limited space, I often feel that I can't see everything and see enough.

Fourth,? Harmony between man and nature? Reflection of Thought in China Classical Gardens

China classical gardens advocate the harmony between man and nature, and attach importance to the unity of man and nature. People everywhere, the land follows the sky, the sky follows the Tao, and the Tao follows nature? Happens to coincide. This idea of the unity of man and nature is the embodiment of natural thought in Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy and the product influenced by traditional philosophy. It emphasizes? People everywhere, the land follows the sky, the sky follows the Tao, and the Tao follows nature? 1, think? People? Should? Taoism is natural? Advocate returning to nature and oppose deliberate carving II. Besides,? Heaven and man are one, learning from nature? China's view of nature also deeply influenced the architectural style and design techniques of classical gardens.

Therefore, landscape designers think? Clear water produces hibiscus, natural carving? Than? Wrong gold? The beauty of beauty is more touching. In the eyes of the owner of the garden, a well-decorated flower and tree is far less interesting and charming than an apricot hanging out of the wall. Another example is Wang Shi Garden, which is located in the original water depression and has not changed the terrain to create a landscape. The layout is mainly gathering, and the inlet is properly led out to form a water town full of smoke and water. In the rules of gardening, the contrast between qu, straight, big, small, restrained, yang, deficiency and reality complements each other, which is a method derived from Laozi's dialectical thinking. China's first monograph on garden art theory, Yuanye, was put forward? Although it is made by people, how to open it? 3. The general program of landscape design is the inheritance and display of Taoist natural thought.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion

Generally speaking, China's classical gardens contain the philosophical thoughts of China's Laozi and Zhuangzi, and are influenced by China's traditional philosophy, whether in the concept and purpose of gardening, or in the garden design and artistic conception style? Harmony between man and nature? The infiltration and infiltration of his view of nature unifies natural beauty and artistic beauty, which not only conforms to nature, but also adjusts it to be higher than nature, thus achieving the harmony between man and nature, that is, gardening art imitates nature; Divide space into nature; Garden architecture conforms to nature; Trees and flowers are natural.

As a result, from the macro layout of nature to the micro layout design, the classical garden art in China has been deeply influenced, and the scenery in the garden has been taken from nature, blended with nature, rich and changeable, and often among them, it is easy to produce * * * songs to achieve ecstasy. Therefore, it directly influenced the design language of China classical gardens, thus forming a unique garden style in the world garden system.

refer to

[1] Zhou: History of Classical Garden Art in China, Tsinghua University Publishing House, 1990.

[2] Cao Lindi: Introduction to Oriental Garden Aesthetics, China Building Industry Press, 20 12 edition.

[3] Li Zehou: On the History of China Thought, Anhui Literature and Art Publishing House, 1994.

[4] Chen Guying: "Comments on Laozi", Zhonghua Book Company 1984 Edition.

[5] Zhang Dainian and Fang Keli. : Introduction to China Culture, Beijing Normal University Press, 1994.

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