Pentecostal photos

The main constellations in the winter sky

Auriga Alpha (Chinese name Capella) is a famous bright star in the northern sky, with an apparent magnitude of 0.08 and a distance of 42.20 light years. Capella is mbth of Capella, which means "Little Goat". The three dark stars near Capella are its three "lambs".

The closest star to Capella is ε auriga (middle named 1), which is an eclipse star with a brightness ranging from 3. 1 to 3.8 and a period of 9900 days. ζ auriga, the farthest from Capella in Lamb, is also an eclipse star, with a brightness of 4.9-5.5 and a dimming period of 972 days. South of Lamb, Auriga ω is a binary star (5.0, 8.0, etc. ) is 5 ".8.

Auriga θ, the vertex on the east side of the Pentagon, is also a binary star (2.7, 7.5, 3 ".0).

There are three open clusters in Auriga. M36 is a beautiful and regular open cluster with an angular diameter of 17' and a distance of 4 100 light years. The open cluster M37 has an apparent magnitude of 6.2 and an angular diameter of 25', which is more beautiful than M36. The bright star near the center of the cluster is red, with a distance of 3900 light years. The open cluster M38 has a magnitude of 7.4, an angular diameter of 18' and a distance of 3900 light years. It looks like a crucible with many stars. The twelve constellations in the winter night sky are Aries, Taurus and Gemini. There are not many bright stars in Aries, which are not obvious. Several bright stars form a broken line. Among them, Aries ε is a binary star (5.2, 5.5, etc., 1 ".5).

The stars of Taurus are arranged in horizontally placed forks, one of which extends to the pentagon of Auriga.

The star at the south vertex of the Pentagon is called "Five Cars and Five". In fact, it is the second bright star of Taurus, Taurus β. Taurus has many famous celestial bodies. Alpha Taurus (middle name: Bisuwu) is a standard 1 star, which belongs to K-type star, and its surface temperature is about 4000K, so its color is red. It is a binary star, the main star is 1.0, the companion star is 1 1, and the angular distance between the two stars is 3 1.4 ",which is still increasing. It is about 65 light-years away from us, with a radius 47 times larger than that of the sun and a volume 65,438+million times larger than that of the sun. Taurus λ, located in the middle of Taurus fork handle, is a large variable star with a light variation range of 3.3 ~ 4.2 and a light variation period of 3.95 days. From Taurus λ to the north, you can see a dense cluster of small stars, which is the famous M45 open cluster. It is the most obvious open cluster in the northern sky. Because it is the Pleiades in the Twenty-eight Hostages, it is called Pleiades in China and Seven Sisters Cluster abroad. The naked eye can see that there are six bright stars, and there are actually hundreds of members of this open cluster. In ancient times, the Pleiades star cluster was attached great importance at home and abroad, and the four seasons were judged according to its position in the sky. Through telescope observation, a gas nebula (NGC 1435) can be seen in the Pleiades cluster. There is also a famous gas nebula M 1 near the zeta end of Taurus, which is another branch of Taurus bifurcation. It is a planetary nebula, which is also called the crab nebula because it looks like a crab. The crab nebula was formed after the supernova explosion in 1054, with an angular diameter of 420″× 288″ (the actual size is 8. 8× 12.8 light years). This nebula emits visible light and radio waves, as well as X-rays. It is also a source of infrared radiation and gamma rays. There is a star in the center of the Crab Nebula, which has been found to be a pulsar, both a radio pulsar and an optical pulsar.

Gemini stars are arranged in a rectangle. The bright star Gemini Alpha (named Beihe II) and Gemini Beta (named Beihe III) are not far apart, and the brightness is almost equal. Beihe III is slightly brighter than Beihe II, and we can find Gemini according to them. Beihe II is a binary star, and the angular distance between the two sub-stars (2.0, 2.9, etc. ) It's getting closer. It's not easy to tell with a small telescope. Through the method of spectral analysis, it can be known that each sub-star of Beihe II is a split binary star, so Beihe II is a tetrad star. Gemini η is a binary star and a semi-regular variable star. Gemini μ, λ, σ and κ are also binary stars. Zeta Gemini is a Cepheid variable star. These stars are all above level 4 and relatively bright. M35 is an open cluster of magnitude 5.3 near the star η of Gemini, which is located in the northwest corner of Gemini rectangle and can be seen by naked eyes. Very beautiful. The most striking thing in the winter sky is Orion. Four bright stars are arranged in a quadrilateral, and three stars are neatly arranged in the center of the quadrilateral, which is called "Samsung" by the people. There are three stars under Samsung that are almost connected together, and the one in the middle looks blurred. It is the famous Orion Nebula M42, an irregular fan-shaped gas cloud, which is light green when observed with a low-power telescope.

The brightest star in Orion is Orion β (Betelgeuse in Chinese), which is located in the lower right corner of the quadrilateral. It is a star of the same size, 850 light years away from us. If it is as far away from us as the sun, it is more than 60,000 times brighter than the sun, and its surface temperature is1.20,000 k, giving off blue-white light. Orion β is a binary star, the companion star has a magnitude of 7, and the distance between the two sub-stars is 9 ″ .2. It is often observed to test the performance of a 5 cm telescope. Another sporadic star in the upper left corner of Orion is Orion α (middle name Betelgeuse), which is a red star with a surface temperature of 3500K and a distance of about 600 light years. It is a red giant with a radius of 900 times that of the sun, and it can put 700 million suns in it! The mass of Betelgeuse is 15 times that of the sun, so its material density is extremely small, which is 1% of that of the sun (14 10 kg/m). Orion α is a semi-regular variable star. In more than 2000 days, its brightness gradually decreased from 0.2 to 1. In the Tang poetry, "it is difficult for friends to meet each other like the stars of the morning and evening" refers to Betelgeuse and Scorpio Alpha, and the middle is called Antares. The difference between these two stars is almost 180, so they can't appear in the night sky at the same time. Many bright stars in Orion are binary stars like Orion β. For example, Orion ζ, η, δ, λ, Orion θ and σ are triplets. To the west of Canis Canis and to the south of Orion are rabbits. After finding Orion, it is easy to find this small constellation. Several bright stars in it are arranged in an irregular cross-shaped herringbone. Both β and γ are binary stars, and the angular distance between the two sub-stars (3.8, 6.4, etc. ) is very large, which is1'.35 ". But the angular distance of β (3.0, 1 1, etc. ) The binary star in the celestial rabbit is only 2 ".6, and the change is very slow. M79, located in the south of Scorpio, is a small globular cluster with an apparent diameter of about 3 ′, a distance of 43,000 light years and an apparent magnitude of 8.

Sagittarius to the south of Scorpio is also a small constellation. There are only two third-class stars in it, and the rest are very dark.

The sculpture is located in the west of the pigeon constellation, and there are no bright stars in it, so it is not easy to identify.

The easel is just south of the pigeon constellation, and there are no bright stars in it.

Further south are clockwork and swordfish, close to the southern horizon, and there are no bright stars in the constellation.

However, there is a bright star in the northeast of Sagittarius, which is the second brightest star in the whole day, with an apparent magnitude of -0.27, a distance of about 200 light years, and a surface temperature of about 7500K K. It is a yellow-white F star with a radius of 46 times that of the sun and a mass of 12 times that of the sun.

There is also a bright star in the south of the clock constellation, which is the tenth bright star in the whole day with an apparent magnitude of 0.46. It is a B-type star, with a surface temperature of about 25,000 K, a mass of about 14 times that of the sun and a radius of 10 times. The constellation Bojiang is a big constellation, winding southward from the celestial equator to -60 degrees at declination. Among them, the wave constellation θ is a beautiful binary star with two subsatellites (3.4, 4.4, etc. ).

The angular distance is 8 ".5". ε is the third nearest star visible to the naked eye, with a distance of 10.9 light years.

The earth is constantly running, and the stars in the night sky will gradually disappear on the western horizon in winter. Spring will come again. For thousands of years, people have used their position in the sky to determine the seasons according to the changes of the stars, and they can also find their position on land or in the ocean. Starlight is not only one of the sources of human culture and art, but also the most important way for human beings to understand the mysteries of the universe.