The Cultural Development of Sui Dynasty

Lead: The Sui Dynasty ended the political situation of north-south division. What aspects of literature developed at this time? Let's get to know it together!

In the early stage, Emperor Wen of Sui advocated the harmony between Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, advocated simple literature and opposed the gorgeous literary trend of thought in the Southern Dynasties. He advocated Confucianism, promoted Confucianism to an indispensable position in governing the country, and encouraged him to persuade students to salute. Schools were widely built all over the country, and there were many scholars in kanto region. Confucianism once flourished. There are different schools of Confucianism in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and there are different examples to explain Confucian classics. In the Sui Dynasty, there was no unified classic, which made the imperial examination system still difficult in the Ming Dynasty. At the end of Emperor Wen's life, he advocated criminal law and publicly helped Buddha to fight Confucianism.

In 60 1 year, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty thought that there were many schools but not good ones, and ordered to cancel all schools, leaving only imperial academy with 70 places. Liu Xuan wrote a letter to protest, but Wendi didn't listen. At the same time, more than 5,000 pagodas were ordered to be built. Although schools were restored everywhere during the reign of Yang Di, the status of Confucian scholars remained unchanged. At this time, the most famous Confucian scholars were Liu Zhuo and Liu Xuan. Erliu was rich in knowledge and was highly respected by Confucian scholars at that time. However, Emperor Wen used the opportunity of buying books to forge more than 100 volumes of "Lianshanyi" and "Historical Records of Lu" to defraud the reward. Liu Zhuo also has a bad reputation because he cares about binding. In his later years, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty helped Buddha to oppose Confucianism, which made many Confucian scholars discredit the rulers of Sui Dynasty.

Wang Tong was a great scholar at the end of Sui Dynasty and a famous thinker in Sui Dynasty. Wenzhong? . He advocates that rulers should be virtuous before punishment in order to convince the people; It is argued that Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism should coexist, rather than resist each other. He also advocates that the matter between heaven and man can not be separated from the thought of heaven, earth and man. He is the author of Twelve Strategies of Taiping, Continuation of Six Classics (also known as Six Classics of Wang) and Zhong Zhong Shuo. His grandson Wang Bo was one of the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, and his disciple Kevin·Z was also a famous minister in the early Tang Dynasty. His theory had a far-reaching influence on Neo-Confucianism in the late Northern Song Dynasty.

Buddhist thoughts are mostly idealism, among which Tiantai Sect, the most prosperous Sect, advocates "stopping the view" and Zen Buddhism advocates "epiphany". Stop watching, also known as silent photos and silence, advocates stopping all external situations and delusions, focusing on a specific object and generating positive wisdom for that object. Epiphany? See the heart and see the sex? Practice is advocating epiphany. It is advocated that everything should be mastered quickly through the correct practice methods, so as to guide the correct practice and achieve success. Because the Sui Dynasty was short, it had little influence on China literature. Although there was a demand to reform the frivolous style of writing, it was later interrupted, and the ancient prose movement did not develop successfully until the middle Tang Dynasty. At that time, there were books devoted to temperament, as well as good essays and poems. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the literature in the Southern Dynasty paid attention to temperament and color, while the literature in the Northern Dynasty paid attention to simplicity and practicality. Because the gorgeous literature in the Southern Dynasty conquered the Northern Dynasty, most of the literature in the Sui Dynasty inherited the style of study of Liang and Chen, and there was no new breakthrough.

The total number of famous scribes in the north and south of the Sui Dynasty was just over ten. Du Zhengzang's "writing style" is helpful to study the literature of the Southern Dynasties. Tracking? . Even Goguryeo and Baekje studied Du Shu and called it Du Jia's new book. This made the Southern Dynasties literature popular in foreign countries and had a great influence. In 584, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty ordered the simplified literature. Li Wei suggested that we should not recruit talents with flowery words. However, Yang Di advocated the gorgeous literature of the Southern Dynasties, and he was fascinated by the luxury of the Southern Dynasties. Sanxing Jiangdu? ,? Good for Wu Yu? . ? More expensive than Qingyi? 、? Suitable for singing? The literature of the Southern Dynasties is just to his taste. Yang Di is a writer, the most famous of which is Jiangdu Gongle Pavilion. Every poem was published after self-criticism by Yu, a famous poet in the Southern Dynasties. It can be seen that he is a powerful advocate of literature in the Southern Dynasties. Due to the integration of North and South cultures, phonology and bibliography have made outstanding achievements. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, eight people, including Yan Zhitui, Xiao Gai and Sun Qiang Yan Na, spoke with Lu to discuss phonology. They agreed that the tones in the four directions were very different, and the rhymes in the north and south were different. There are mistakes in the previous rhyme books and rhymes. Lu Fayan recorded the gist of various people's discussions and wrote Qieyun in five volumes in 60 1 year. This book unifies the written phonology and reflects the pronunciation of Chinese at that time. It is China's earliest phonological work. This phonetic system was completely preserved in later books such as Guang Yun and Jiyun.

Bibliography was very famous in the Sui Dynasty, including Catalogue of Buddhist Classics in Sui Dynasty, Catalogue of Taoist Classics, Three Treasures of Past Dynasties by Fei Changfang and Records of Sui Renshou Years by Shi Yancong. The Sui Dynasty collected all the books of the Southern and Northern Dynasties and compiled the Catalogue of Imperial Books of the Great cause of Sui Dynasty. Wei Zhi wrote "Sui Shu? What is the position of Jing Ji Zhi, which became the general record of works before Sui Dynasty, in bibliography and Han Shu by Ban Gu? Yi is the same. Since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism have been collectively called the three religions, occupying a dominant position in the ideological field. Emperor Wendi of Sui advocated reconciling religion and Confucianism, and adopted the strategy of paying equal attention to the three religions, so that Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism could complement each other in governing the country. With the opening of the country, Zoroastrianism, which is popular in West Asia, has also spread widely in China.

Because of the close relationship between the emperor and Buddhism, Buddhism reached its peak in Sui Dynasty. When Emperor Wudi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed Buddhism, Ji Xian hid in Yang's house and predicted that Emperor Wen of Sui would claim the throne and revive Buddhism in the future. Emperor Wendi of Sui believed that he was blessed by the Buddha, so he announced to his ministers? I was inspired by Buddhism? Therefore, he actively advocated Buddhism and even rejected Confucianism in his later years. Buddhism became the state religion of the Sui Dynasty. In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of Sui invited a monk who lived in seclusion to come out of the mountain and visit Buddhism. For the country? Let people become monks. During the reign of Yang Di, the imperial court also adopted a policy of actively supporting Buddhism, and Emperor Yang Di also accepted the precepts of the wise master of Tiantai Sect and became a disciple of Buddhism. But the emperor also strictly controlled Buddhism, such as gathering influential Buddhist celebrities in the south of the Yangtze River to rule and give orders? Shaman all hail the king.

At that time, the mainstream Buddhist factions were Tiantai Sect, Sanlunzong Sect and Sanjunzong Sect. Tiantai Sect pays attention to generals? Teaching? 、? Opinion? The two are brought into full play and integrated, thinking that there is no phase in the legal world and everything is one. Meditation is the main way of practice. Three schools of thought are famous for their research on Zhong Lun, Twelve Schools and Bai Lun. It is argued that all things in the world and the laws of all things in the world are produced by many reasons and conditions, and are the products of the comprehensive action of many factors and conditions.

The Sui Dynasty * * * built more than 5,000 pagodas, shaped tens of thousands of Buddha statues and translated tens of thousands of Buddhist scriptures, making its spread hundreds of times more than that of Confucianism. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty devoted himself to worshipping Buddha. In the first two times, as many as 83 pagodas were built in each state, of which Daxing Temple was the most famous. He also ordered Ji Kou to pay for a Buddha statue; He wrote 46 scriptures for Buddhist temples in Shi Jing and metropolis, with a total volume of130,000, and restored 400 old scriptures. Emperor Yang Di restored 6 12 old classics, with more than 29,000 volumes, set up a bible-turning hall and a bachelor's degree in bible-turning, ordered the restoration of old classics, and compiled a new edition, with 90 translated classics and 5 15 volumes.

The continuous improvement of calendar requires more accurate calculation methods. In 604 (the fourth year of Renshou), Liu Zhuo put forward this proposal for the first time when he worked out the emperor's polar calendar. Equidistant quadratic interpolation? The formula of. In 600, Liu Zhuo measured the precession once every 76 years, which is close to the accurate value. According to the constellation set by Chen Zhuo in Sui Dynasty, Dan composed a seven-character song named "Heavenly Song", which was simple and easy to recite, and played a certain role in popularizing astronomical knowledge. Although the Sui Dynasty was short-lived. However, new achievements have been made in culture. Sui dynasty inherited the style of Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, and made a lot of processing, which became the regular script of Sui dynasty. As for seals and official seals, they have long since disappeared. During this period, only regular script prevailed in the world. It can be said that in the Sui Dynasty, regular script was regarded as an extremely standardized standard calligraphy style, which became a norm of regular script in China calligraphy circle. It is the first official script in the Tang Dynasty, which has the deepest influence and the greatest contribution to the school of regular script in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, regular script in Sui Dynasty is a critical period in the history of China's calligraphy. In terms of inscriptions and calligraphy, there is a trend of integration between North and South. Melt the north and the south in one furnace. At this time, the matter of setting up a monument began to become popular throughout the country. Until today, a large number of famous monuments have been left behind, and their calligraphy skills are superb, which even some famous calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty can't surpass. The famous epitaphs in this period include Zhi Yong's Stone Carving with a Thousand Characters of True Grass, Longzang Temple Monument, He Ruoyi Monument, Cao Zijian Temple Monument, Beauty Dong Shi Epitaph, Yuan Gong's wife Ji Jia Epitaph, Su Xiaoci's Epitaph and so on.

If people pay more attention to and study the inscriptions in Sui Dynasty, we can further study the inscriptions in regular script in Tang Dynasty. Because block letters in Sui and Tang Dynasties are the standard of calligraphy. Kang Youwei is in Guangyi Ship? Bao Sui has made it very clear in the chapter. This shows that the monuments and epitaphs of the Sui Dynasty are good. In addition to being neat, the inscriptions in the Sui Dynasty also have antique colors, and because they inherited more elements from the Jin Dynasty, from the perspective of regular script, the Sui Dynasty is an era connecting the preceding with the following, which has a great influence on the calligraphy circle, especially on the calligraphy art in the Tang Dynasty. Among the famous painters of the Sui Dynasty, the most famous are Zhan Ziqian, Dong Boren, Zheng Fashi, Tian Sengliang and Yang Qidan. At that time, the painting was still centered on the story of Taoist characters, but landscape painting has gradually developed into an independent painting discipline. Zhan Ziqian is as famous as Dong Boren, forming a new style. In addition to painting temple murals, they also painted scrolls, specializing in figures, chariots and horses, pavilions and landscapes. "You Chuntu" is the only remaining work in Qian's life. It is a painting with a pen for sketching. It focuses on the relationship between distance and the proportion of people in mountains, rivers and trees, and it is interesting for thousands of miles. Painters in Yuan Dynasty pointed out that You Chuntu was the ancestor of landscape painting.

Yu Kan (Hotan, Xinjiang) painter Wei Chi wrote a poem about Zhina. What was it called at that time? Big Wei Chi? Good at drawing people from the western regions, with shadows on them. What do you mean? Concave and convex method It had a great influence on later paintings.