The genetic law of blood type shows that panda blood

The genetic law of blood type shows that panda blood

The genetic law of blood type shows that both panda blood and human blood type have genetic laws and can be roughly divided into four categories. ABO blood group and Rh blood group are the most common in life, among which Rh negative blood group is very rare, and the genetic law of blood group shows panda blood.

Blood type genetic law table panda blood 1 blood type genetic law table

According to the different homologous antigens on the surface of human red blood cells, blood groups are classified. At present, clinical trials at home and abroad have found that there are more than 30 blood types in human beings, and each blood type system of human beings is determined by genetic factors and has immunological characteristics. The following is the genetic law of blood type.

1, the most common blood group is ABO blood group, which is divided into four types: A, B, AB and O; Followed by Rh blood group system, mainly divided into Rh positive and Rh negative; Thirdly, the blood group system of MN and MNSs, but few people have this blood group;

2. The genetic gene of type A blood can be that both sexes A and A combine to form AA, or that one sex A gene and another sex O combine to form AO. However, regardless of AA or AO, the displayed blood type is type A, and type O is an invisible genetic gene, so it cannot be displayed.

3. The genetic genes of type B blood are similar to those of type A blood, some are BB, some are BO, but both are B;

4. The genetic genes of 4.AB and O blood types are consistent with their blood types. AB is AB, O is OO.

Matching formula table of blood group genetic law

Genetic law of 1 and Rh blood groups

Parents' Rh(D) blood group: positive+positive; Rh(D) blood group of children: positive/negative.

Parents' Rh(D) blood group: positive+negative; Rh(D) blood group of children: positive/negative.

Parental Rh(D) blood group: negative+negative; Rh(D) blood group in children: negative.

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Note that there are some rare exceptions, such as pathological changes and genetic variation, which may lead to disagreement between children and parents. The only accurate method of paternity test is DNA analysis, which directly checks whether the genetic mode of genetic material itself conforms to Mendel's genetic law.

2. Genetic law of 2.ABO blood group

The gene locus of ABO blood group system is on the ninth chromosome, and human ABO blood group is controlled by three genes, A, B and O, while there are only two ABO system genes on the ninth chromosome in each cell, which are a pair of alleles between AO, AA, BO, BB, AB and OO. A or B is a dominant gene, and O is a recessive gene, which is actually four types: A, B, O and AB.

3. What is panda blood?

Rh-positive blood with Rh agglutinin on red blood cells in human blood accounts for about 99.7% of the Rh blood group system.

Rh-negative blood called "panda blood" only accounts for about 0.3%, and Rh-negative blood belongs to rare blood group.

Panda's blood type belongs to rare blood group.

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It is worth mentioning that the genetic law of blood type is fixed, so it is very accurate. Each blood type is related to genetic inheritance and is determined by gene recombination. Only special circumstances are exceptions, but this is very rare.

Table of blood group inheritance law Table of panda blood type 2 blood group inheritance law

According to the different homologous antigens on the surface of human red blood cells, blood groups are classified. Due to the different lectins contained in human red blood cells, blood is divided into several types, so it is called blood type. Every blood type system of human beings is determined by genetic factors and has immunological characteristics. The most common blood group system is ABO blood group, which is divided into four types: A, B, AB and O; Followed by Rh blood group system, mainly divided into Rh positive and Rh negative; Thirdly, it is the blood group system of MN and MNSs, but there are very few people with this blood group.

The common ABO blood type is determined by three genetic factors: A, B and O, and most of them can judge the baby's possible blood type according to the parents' blood type. The genetic law of ABO blood group is as follows:

Blood group matching table

Because human red blood cells contain different lectins, blood is divided into several types, so it is called blood type, and ABO blood type and Rh blood type are the most common. Blood type matching refers to a law that couples can calculate the blood type of their offspring according to their own blood type after marriage.

Narrow blood type refers to the difference of red blood cell antigen between individuals; However, it is known that there are antigen differences among individuals except red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and even some plasma proteins. Therefore, the broad blood type should include the differences of blood component antigens among individuals. People's understanding of blood type is usually limited to ABO blood type and blood transfusion. In fact, blood type has a wide range of practical value in anthropology, genetics, forensic medicine, clinical medicine and other disciplines, so it has important theoretical and practical significance.

Blood rh

What is Rh blood group? Rh is the first two letters of mbth, a macaque. Randsteiner and other scientists found that rhesus monkeys and most human red blood cells have antigen substances of Rh blood group when doing animal experiments in 1940, hence the name. Anyone with Rh antigen (also known as D antigen) on red blood cells is called Rh negative. In this way, people who have found four main blood types of red blood cells, A, B, O and AB, are divided into Rh positive and RH negative respectively.

Rh negative blood

Rh negative blood is what we commonly call panda blood. Rh is the first two letters of mbth, a macaque. Human red blood cell blood group consists of more than 20 blood group systems. ABO and Rh blood groups are two blood group systems that are most closely related to human blood transfusion. When a person's red blood cells have blood group D substances (antigens), it is called Rh positive, which is expressed by Rh(+); When the D antigen is missing, it is Rh negative, which is expressed by Rh(-). The distribution of RH (-) varies greatly among different races, and the proportion of Rh(-) in Caucasians is high, about 15%. Rh-negative blood is very rare, so it is also called "panda blood", and AB-type Rh-negative blood is even rarer.

What does Rh positive mean?

People with Rh agglutinin on red blood cells in human blood are Rh positive. Rh positive blood accounts for about 99.7% in the Rh blood group system. Rh-negative blood, commonly known as panda blood, only accounts for about 0.3%, and Rh-negative blood belongs to rare blood group.

Rh blood group and ABO blood group are independent blood groups. Rh antigens on the surface of human red blood cells mainly include D, C, E, C, E and so on. Among them, D has the strongest antigenicity. Therefore, only the identification of D antigen is generally done in clinic. The agglutination reaction between red blood cells and anti-D serum is positive, otherwise it is negative. The determination of Rh blood group is very valuable for hemolytic transfusion reaction and neonatal Rh hemolytic disease.

The genetic law of blood type shows that panda blood is 3 Rh negative blood, commonly known as panda blood. Rh is the first two letters of mbth, a macaque. Human red blood cell blood group is composed of more than 20 blood group systems, ABO and Rh blood groups are the two blood group systems most closely related to human blood transfusion. When a person's red blood cells have blood group D substances (antigens), it is called Rh positive, which is expressed by Rh(+); When the D antigen is missing, it is Rh negative, which is expressed by Rh(-).

Development history

1940, landstein and Weiner injected the blood of rhesus monkeys into rabbits and obtained an immune antibody. The' immune antibody' in this serum can not only agglutinate rhesus monkey's red blood cells, but also agglutinate 85% white red blood cells, which proves that these white red blood cells share the same antigen with this monkey's red blood cells, so they use rhesus monkey's English prefix "RH" as the name of this antigen. Those with Rh antigen are said to be Rh positive, and vice versa. Rh is a blood group system, and more than 99% people in China are Rh positive.

Rh blood group is the most significant blood group after ABO blood group was discovered, and it is also one of the most complicated blood group systems. Rh blood group incompatibility blood transfusion can endanger the life of patients; Pregnancy with Rh blood group incompatibility between mother and fetus may lead to stillbirth, premature delivery and hemolysis of newborn. The probability of Rh-negative recipients and pregnant women being stimulated by Rh-positive antigen is 99.6% ~ 99.8%, and more than 50% of Rh-negative recipients will produce anti-Rh antibodies after a single transfusion of Rh-positive blood. Because the antibody of Rh blood group is immune antibody, if Rh positive blood is transfused again, it is easy to have blood transfusion reaction. So Rh blood group test is as important as ABO blood group. It should be noted that pregnant women with Rh negative must go to the blood station in the city center for Rh blood group identification to determine whether there are immune anti-Rh antibodies after pregnancy, so as to prevent neonatal hemolysis caused by maternal-infant blood group incompatibility.

Discovery and distribution of Rh blood group

Andsteinet and Wiener repeatedly injected rhesus monkey red blood cells into rabbits to produce antibodies against rhesus monkey red blood cells, and then mixed human red blood cells with rabbit serum containing this antibody. It was found that about 85% of white red blood cells could be agglutinated by this serum, which indicated that these people's red blood cells had the same antigen as rhesus monkey's red blood cells, so this blood group was called Rh positive blood group. Another 15% of people's red blood cells are not agglutinated by this serum, which is called Rh negative blood group. This blood group system is called Rh blood group system. Among all ethnic groups in China, about 99% of the Han nationality and most ethnic minorities are Rh positive, and only 1% is Rh negative.

Antigen and typing of Rh blood group system

Rh blood group system is the most complicated system in red blood cell blood group. At present, more than 40 kinds of Rh antigens (also known as Rh factor) have been found, among which 5 kinds are closely related to clinical: D, E, C, C and E. Theoretically, three pairs of alleles of C and C, D and D, E and E control 6 kinds of antigens.

The characteristics and clinical significance of Rh blood group are different from ABO system.

There is no natural antibody against Rh in human serum. Rh-negative people can only produce anti-Rh immune antibodies through humoral immunity after receiving Rh-positive blood, and the serum anti-Rh antibody level reaches its peak 2 ~ 4 months after blood transfusion.