Qin, the historical and cultural treasure of China.

Qin, also known as lyre and guqin, is an ancient plucked instrument with seven strings and no taste. As a special culture, Qin dynasty summarized and represented the ancient and mysterious oriental thought. Guqin was called "Qin" in ancient times, and there are other nicknames such as "Luqi" and "Stone". Legends such as "Fuxi made the piano", "Shennong made the piano" and "Shun made the banjo" are not credible, but their history is really quite long. Qin first appeared in ancient books, and it was China's first poetry collection-The Book of Songs. "My Fair Lady, Friends of the Hare" in The Book of Songs Zhou Nan Guan Luo and "I have a guest, playing the piano and drums" in The Book of Songs Xiaoya Luming Literature all reflect the close relationship between Qin and people's lives. It can be seen that the piano was popular more than 3,000 years ago. Later, due to Kong Yu's advocacy, the atmosphere of playing the piano among scholars flourished, and gradually formed the tradition that ancient scholars had to cultivate "piano, chess, calligraphy and painting". At the beginning of advocating Qin music, Confucius taught gentlemen not to be coke. A gentleman is better than Qin Bide, and only a gentleman can be happy. Playing the piano is the highest realm of gentleman's cultivation, and the unity of man and music shows a calm and sincere demeanor. In the era of Confucius, Qin music was not only the personal cultivation and enjoyment of later gentlemen, but also the sacred music to accommodate heaven and earth and educate the people. In Yu Qin's music, Confucius heard the voice of King Wen Sheng, and Shi Kuang heard the voice of the subjugation of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The ancients believed that the weather of heaven and earth was contained in it, and people worshipped it and gave it moral belief. As a kind of "pronunciation", Qin Le embodies China's orthodoxy and culture for thousands of years. Guqin has accompanied people's lives and left us many touching stories: Boya played the piano and met a bosom friend; Zhuo Wenjun expressed his love with Qin; Ji Kang was facing death, and he also played a song "Guangling San"; Zhuge Liang cleverly set up an empty city plan, calmly played the piano, and cleverly retired hundreds of heroic soldiers of Sima Yi; There is also the story of Tao Yuanming playing the stringed piano. , are celebrated through the ages. Idioms that are well-known to women and children, such as "high mountains and flowing water", "burning the piano to cook cranes" and "playing the piano for cows", all come from stories related to the piano. Guqin witnessed the rise and fall of the Chinese nation and embodied the ideological connotation of peace, tranquility and freedom of Chinese descendants. In guqin music, there is a famous "Flower" which records such a story. Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor had a good dream at night and dreamed that he came to a place called Hua Guoxu. Its land is "the country has no teacher" and "the people have nothing to ask for", and its people "beauty and evil don't sprout in their hearts, and the valley doesn't step on it, but they are happy." When the Yellow Emperor saw the state of his country, he was envious. The peaceful and comfortable life of the people of Huaxu is exactly the ideal life in the hearts of the Yellow Emperor. It can also be said that the dream of Hua Xu of the Yellow Emperor is his ideological realm of governing the country. The ideal of Gude sages is often expressed through the piano. Fuxi, Shennong, Huangdi, Yu Shun and other legends. Who made the piano is widely circulated in the piano field, and Confucius, Zhuangzi and others are also masters of piano learning. Their ideal state is vividly displayed in Guqin culture. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were nine kinds of activities on the ideological stage: Taoism, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, Famous Scholars, Strategists, Yin and Yang Scholars, Miscellaneous Scholars and Peasants. There are differences in various theories, but the thoughts of these nine masters have always been in the hearts of China people and become a major feature of China culture, because China people are well aware of the similarities of various thoughts: free and easy from the heart and world peace. The expression of this inner voice is precisely the strength of Qin. Although there are different opinions, they all have a special liking for Qin. Qinqin blends with the essence of a hundred gods, showing the quiet, serene and chic voice in people's hearts. Therefore, people say that Qin is an outstanding representative of China culture. Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are the main components of China traditional culture. Qin culture is a culture worshipped by all three religions. Music is an important part of Confucianism, Qin is the favorite of Confucianism, while Taoism loves the quiet and free charm of Qin. Even Buddhist monks like to understand ethereal wisdom from the sound of the piano. Scholars in China have respected the three religions since ancient times, and their love for Qin is a cinch. They often use the piano to perfect their personality, cultivate their body and mind, and realize the Tao. Qin and sword have become indispensable basic equipment for literati. Piano, chess, calligraphy and painting are symbols of talented people and beautiful women. Qin culture is closely related to China literati and China's ideology and culture. In addition to Qin's rich humanistic accumulation, his aesthetic thought is unique in the history of world music. Jean didn't vent freely, but revealed peace and detachment in the hint. Qin and poetry are inseparable; Emphasis on verve, combination of reality and reality, and implicit implication create an ethereal artistic conception, which is unified with the aesthetic pursuit of Chinese painting. No wonder the world is amazed. "The moonlight is all white, and the piano is also midnight; On the seven cold strings, the cold wind in the pine forest The old tune of self-love has gone unnoticed; It's hard for you to vote for this song. " This is the eulogy of Liu Changqing, a poet in the Tang Dynasty.

Famous piano in ancient China

1. Day of the week

Zhong is a famous piano in Zhou Dynasty. The sound of this piano is as loud as a clock and a horn, and it is deafening. It is said that Boya, an outstanding pianist in ancient times, once played the "trumpet" piano. Later, the "horn" spread to Qi Huangong. Qi Huangong, the wise monarch of the State of Qi, knew temperament very well. At that time, he collected many famous pianos, but he especially cherished this "bell" piano. Once he asked his men to sing on the horn for fun, and he rang the horn bell to respond. The horn sounded, the song was sad, and the "horn sounded" played a sad melody, which moved the waiters on both sides to tears.

2. Chunqiu/Liang Yusheng

Now there is a saying that "reverberation lingers for three days". Its language comes from a story in Liezi: During the Zhou Dynasty, Han E, a famous Korean female singer, went to Qi State. When she passed by Yong Men, she was penniless and had no food, so she had to sing and beg. Her sad song whirled in the air like a lonely goose singing. Three days after Han E left, his singing still lingered on the roof, which was unforgettable. The name of the piano is "around the beam", which shows that the timbre of this piano is characterized by lingering sound around the beam. It is said that "Around the Beam" is a gift from a man named Huayuan to Chu Zhuangwang, and the date of its production is unknown. Since the detour, Chu Zhuangwang has been playing the piano all day, intoxicated with music. On one occasion, Chu Zhuangwang didn't go to court for seven days in a row, leaving all the state affairs behind. Princess Fan Ji was very anxious and advised Chu Zhuangwang to say, "King, you are too addicted to music! In the past, Xia Jie loved to satirize "sister happiness", which led to a fatal disaster; Zhou Wang listened to decadent music by mistake and lost his country. Now the king loves the "ring beam" piano so much that he is not in the DPRK for seven days. Is he willing to lose his country and life? " Chu Zhuangwang smell speech lost in thought. He couldn't resist the temptation of "ring beam", so he had to reluctantly give up what he loved and ordered someone to play the piano with iron wishful thinking, and the piano was broken into several pieces. Since then, the famous piano "Around the Beam" envied by thousands of people has never sounded again.

3. Korea/Lv Qi

Luqi is a piano played by Sima Xiangru, a famous scholar in Han Dynasty. Sima Xiangru originally came from a poor family with only four walls, but his poems are very famous. Liang Wang asked him as a gift, and Xiang Ru wrote a poem "Jade Fu" as a gift. This poem has gorgeous words and extraordinary charm. Liang Wang was so happy that he returned his collection of "Green Chess" pianos. "Luqi" is a famous piano handed down from ancient times, and there is an inscription on it that says "Tongzi combines essence", that is, Mu Tong and zinc wood combine essence. If you get "green", you will get a treasure. His superb piano skills and the wonderful timbre of "Luqi" made the piano "Luqi" famous for a while. Later, "Luqi" became another name for Guqin. Once, Sima Xiangru went to visit his friend, Wang Sun, a very rich and outstanding man, and held a banquet for him. When the wine is hot, everyone says, "I heard that you play Green Seven very well. Please play a song to satisfy our ears. " Xiang Ru has long heard that Wen Jun, the daughter of Zhuo Wangsun, is brilliant and proficient in piano, and she admires him very much. Sima Xiangru pursued her by playing the piano piece Phoenix Begging for Phoenix. After listening to the piano, Wen Jun understood the meaning of music, and he couldn't help blushing and longing. She fell in love with a talented person, and in order to pay for the "bosom friend encounter", she ran like a mansion at night and made a good marriage. Since then, chasing after Qin has become an eternal story.

4. Eastern Han Dynasty/Jiao Wei

Jiao Wei is a piano created by Cai Yong, a famous writer and musician in the Eastern Han Dynasty. When Cai Yong was "wandering in the rivers and seas, traveling far away to the Fifth National Congress", he rescued a section of buttonwood with abnormal sound, which was not burned in the fire. He made a lyre according to the length and shape of wood, and the sound was really extraordinary. Because there are still burnt marks at the end of the piano, it was named "burnt end". "copulation" is famous for its sweet timbre and unique production method. At the end of the Han Dynasty, after Cai Yong was killed, the "copulating" piano was still well preserved in the Royal Library. More than 300 years later, when Emperor Qi Ming was in power, he ordered people to take out the "mating" piano that had been stored for many years and play it for Wang Cuoxiong in order to appreciate the piano skills of the master of guqin Wang Cuoxiong. Wang Zhongxiong played for five days in a row, improvising "Hate Song" for Ming Di. Wang Fengnian, a native of Kunshan in the Ming Dynasty, still collects the "mating" piano made in Cai Yong.

5. Tang/Chun Lei

Length 126cm, height 10.8cm, shoulder width 22. 1cm, tail width 17.2cm, full shape, black paint and flowing water. Jade emblem, jade pot, jade foot, Longtan circle, phoenix marsh rectangle. The neck of the piano is engraved with the word "spring thunder", and the cursive script is filled in green. There are official script inscriptions on the left and right sides of Longchi: "Its sound is far-reaching and heroic, its rhyme is harmonious and blunt", "Knowing comes from the heart", and seal cutting. There seems to be a big seal under Longchi, but it is blurred after painting. "Spring Thunder" is the name of the piano written by a famous pianist in the Tang Dynasty. There is a cloud in the Ming Dynasty (the secret collection of the Qing Dynasty): "Spring thunder, the Baiqin Hall of Xuanhe Hall in the Song Dynasty, is called the first. After returning to Jin Zhangzong, it became the first royal residence in Mingchang. Zhang Zong died, and he died. In eighteen years, he returned to the world and remained motionless, becoming the crown of all the pianos. Beauty between heaven and earth! Tang Qin handed down from ancient times is extremely rare. Although this piano has been restored by later generations, its shape is complete and it is "round". The contemporary pianist tried to play the piano, saying that the sound of the piano is deep and clear, and it has the beauty of "looseness" and "transparency" in Tangqin. This piano was collected by famous artists such as He Guanwu, Wang and Zhang Daqian during the Republic of China.

6. Don/Xiao Jiu

The piano is Fuxi style, cut from Chinese fir, and the wood is yellow. With a clam logo. Made of white jade, the piano body and goose feet are beautifully carved. Yueshan Jiaowei, etc. They are all made of red sandalwood, and the technology is formal. The body of the piano is painted with vermilion, the antlers are grey, the ink is black, and the vermilion has been repaired for generations. The whole body of Qin was mainly broken by the stomach of a small snake, and occasionally the hair of a heifer was broken. The broken lines at the bottom of the piano are hidden like crickets, and all of them have swords, which highlights the ugliness of the piano surface. The reason is that the bullet on the piano surface can still be played, and if the broken blade gets in the way, it is easy to make noise. In order to smooth its broken blade, the pianist will make minor repairs every three years. The face and bottom of the neck and waist are thin in Tang Qin. Longchi is round, phoenix powder is slender and oval, and paint is used as compensation grid. The face of the piano is slightly raised to form a sound. In Longchi, there is a kind of official script, which reads "wisdom and morality" in the format of Tang Qin Gong. Zhide Shen Bing was the first year of Tang Suzong (AD 756), which was the beginning of the Middle Tang Dynasty. On the pond on the back of the piano, the seal script "Nine Rings" is engraved, which is the name of the piano; The seal of "Qinghe" is in Longchi, and the two seals were originally engraved in the Tang Dynasty, with traces of original gold paint. Compared with Qin Tang, a public and private collector at home and abroad, the legacy of the Great Sage in the old collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing and the legacy of the Great Sage in the old collection of Xi Chen Bao of the Qin family in Beijing all have the mode of "respecting God"; Nine Xiao Pei Huan by the Liaoning Provincial Museum, The Heritage of Taikoo by the Central Conservatory of Music and Dead Long Yin by the Flier Art Collection all bear the seal of Qinghe. In addition, the collection of Fenyang Descendants Guo Jingjia and Su Dongpo's History of Shang Zhen both have seal cutting, and the seal cutting time is slightly later than the Tang Dynasty. This chord length is 1 12.5cm, and the sound quality is ancient, which is the best in Tang Qin. This piano was originally collected by Mr. Shen Maishi, a librarian of Shanghai Literature and History Museum, and later transferred to Mr. Wu Jinxiang for collection. It was lost overseas in its early years.

7. Legacy of Tang/Dasheng

This musical instrument of the Great Sage of the Tang Dynasty is Shennong-style, with a chestnut shell of paulownia and black lacquer and vermilion lacquer. Pure antlers are gray, and the cow hair is broken between the belly of the snake. Total length 120cm, shoulder width 20.5cm, tail width 13.4cm, thickness 5cm and bottom thickness 1cm. The back of the piano is a round Longtan with a diameter of 7.6 cm. The flat Phoenix Marsh is 12 cm long and 1.2 m wide. The dragon pool is engraved with the word "Great Sage" and the bottom of the pool is engraved with the word "containing" with a two-inch seal. On both sides of the pond, there are four official script inscriptions: "The giant valley welcomes autumn, and the cold river prints the moon. The sixteen words "One long morning, a lonely tung tree rustled" were all carved with gold lacquer. There is a slight bulge in the abdomen, and the words "Zhide Shen Bing" are written on both sides. The sound of the piano is bright, loose, full of ancient charm, rich and beautiful in shape, bright and antique in paint, with hidden lines, vivid in carving and processing, and magnificent, which is beyond the reach of ordinary pianos.

8. Don/Du You

Du Youqin in Hunan Provincial Museum is120.5cm long, 20cm wide at the shoulder and14cm wide at the tail. The face of the piano is painted black and red, and the broken lines of plum blossom and snake belly are intertwined, and the broken lines of cow hair on the back are broken. There is a "solitude" carved on the Dragon Pool, and the word "Taihe Ding Wei" is in the pool (that is, in the first year of Tang Wenzong, in 827 AD). There is an inscription by Jing Li at the end of the piano. This piano was used by Wang Chuanshan in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and was collected by the late Hunan pianist Li Jing during the Republic of China.

9. Tang/Taikoo Heritage

The ancient music piano in the late Tang Dynasty is 122cm long, 22cm wide in forehead and 14cm wide in tail, which is the style of the Central Conservatory of Music. Original black paint, broken water. On the back, the regular script "Archaic Legacy" is engraved above Longchi, the seal script "Qinghe" is engraved below Longchi, and "Wu Jinglue rebuilds Jiazi Mid-Autumn Festival" is engraved on the left. Guqin music is mainly influenced by the Confucian thought of harmony, gentleness and sincerity, and the Taoist thought of conforming to nature, being loud and happy, and being indifferent to inaction. It was once treasured by the late Shandong pianist Zhan.

10. Ming/Ben Lei

The body length 127.6cm, shoulder width 19cm and tail width 15.6cm of this Leiqin. Zhong Ni style of the Palace Museum. Black paint, small snake belly broken lines. On the top of Longchi on the back, the seal script "Ben Lei" is engraved, and the inscription in Tibetan is engraved on both sides: "There are several lines in the north and south, east and west, and you can't ask for a famous piano. Ben Lei has no intention of meeting each other happily and has been trying to get paid for many years. " "Battle-hardened, a credit rush XingLei newspaper. I have been a partner for 30 years and I am inseparable from him. " It was once treasured by Tianjin pianist Song Zhaofu. Now it's in the Palace Museum.

1 1. Others

1 & gt； The broken lines of the ancient famous snake belly piano are very similar to the patterns under the snake belly. Yuan Songhe's Chronicle of Chun Zhu: "In recent times, all kinds of musical instruments are new, but Qin instruments are slightly unadorned, and the oldest snake belly is amazing." 2> Broken-grain ancient piano. Guqin is the best, and the crack of the piano body into lines proves that it is very old, hence the name broken lines. Song Zhaohu's Collection of Dong Qing Records: "The broken strings of the guqin are evidence, and it takes less than 500 years to cover the piano. The longer it lasts, the more broken it becomes ... where the lacquer ware is not broken, the piano is unique, covered with cloth paint, and the piano is not; Other instruments are comfortable, and the piano is excited by the strings day and night. " 3> Yiyang ancient Qin was named after paulownia wood (Chaoyang, Shan Zhinan) on the south slope of Yishan (southeast of Zoucheng City, Shandong Province). "Gegu Yaolun": "Guqin has yin and yang materials. Cover paulownia wood, yang is yang, yang is yin ... the yang material is turbid and the rain material is clear; The yin material Qin Dan is clear and turbid, and it is clear and rainy, which can be tested. " Yu Gong's Book of History: Yi Shan Gu Tong, Kong Anguo biography: "Lonely, special also. On the day of Lushan Mountain, a piano was specially born. " Later, "Songyang" was another name of Qin. 4> An ancient famous piano with ice silk as the string. Wang Jia's Notes, Volume 10, Member Bashan, says: "Member Bashan, surrounded by Qiushan ... there are trees called mulberry. Fry it. It's honey. There are ice silkworm, seven inches long, black, with horns and scales, covered with frost and snow, and then made into cocoons, one foot long and colorful, woven into brocade, which does not enter the water and does not burn. " Song Yueshi's Biography of Yang Taizhen was uploaded, and Bai Zen Master returned the pipa to Shu. "That string is a tribute of the first year of Yongtai, the last Miro country. It is frozen with silk and bright as pearls." Speaking of ice strings, Xiang Ming Bianyuan's "Nine Records of Banana Window: String": "Today, only white silk is the top, followed by autumn silkworms. Those who take ice from the rope have a natural quality. If Zhu Zhixian is slightly dull and slightly turbid, it will lose its truth. "

Famous Chinese Guqin Songs

At present, people are familiar with orchids, flowing water, Chang, Yangguan Triassic, Plum Blossom Sannong, Guangling San, drunken fish singing in the evening, falling geese in Pingsha, answering questions from fishermen and firewood, singing in spring, drunkenness, phoenix begging for phoenix, Ai Nai, Bi Jian Liu Quan, the ghost of a beautiful girl, flying in ambush and so on.

Famous pianist

The famous musicians in Chinese history are: Confucius, Shi Kuang, a famous court musician of Jin State in the late Spring and Autumn Period, Boya and A Qin, a pianist in the pre-Qin period, Yongmen Prefecture, Huan Tan, Cai Yong and Cai Yan, one of the seven famous bamboo sages in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Ruan Xian, one of the seven bamboo sages in Jin and Sui Dynasties. , famous violinist Xu Shangying in late Ming Dynasty, famous violinist Wang in late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, famous violinist Zhenfeng in Qing Dynasty, famous violinist Zhang in Qingchengshan in late Qing Dynasty, famous violinist Peng in late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, violinist Zhu in Qing Dynasty, violinist Zhang Kongshan in Qing Dynasty and modern violinist Yang Zongji.

Guqin is the earliest stringed instrument of Han nationality and a treasure of China culture. She is cherished by the world for her long history, rich literature, rich connotation and far-reaching influence. The physical objects unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Hubei Province date back more than 2,400 years. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, guqin products have been handed down from generation to generation. From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 100 kinds of music and 3000 musical instruments. There are also a large number of documents about pianists, piano theory, piano system and piano art, and the rich remains are outstanding among Chinese musical instruments. In ancient times, Qin, chess, books and paintings were combined to summarize the traditional culture of the Chinese nation. Many famous performers have emerged throughout the ages. They are historical and cultural celebrities, handed down from generation to generation. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, guqin was also introduced to East Asian countries, and was absorbed and passed down by the traditional cultures of these countries. In modern times, with the footprints of China people all over the world, it became a symbol of oriental culture in the eyes of westerners.

The record of guqin was first found in the Book of Songs, Shangshu and other documents. "Shangshu" contains: "Shun plays banjo, sings poems in the south, and governs the world." It can be seen that the piano was originally five-stringed, and by the Zhou Dynasty it had seven strings. Ying Shao's "Customs Pass" in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Seven-stringed people, seven-stringed people, big strings are kings, small strings are ministers, and Wen Wang and Wu Wang add two strings to combine the grace of the monarch and ministers." During the Three Kingdoms period, the pattern of seven strings and thirteen emblems of guqin was basically stable and has been passed down to this day.

The playing forms of guqin are mainly piano music and solo. According to literature records, in the pre-Qin period, guqin was mainly popular among the gentry and above, and became folk music after Qin Dynasty except for sacrificial ceremonies, court meetings and suburban temple ceremonies. As for the piano as a form of vocal accompaniment, there was a record of "playing the piano and singing with the instrument" as early as in Shangshu. The Zhou Dynasty often sang with the accompaniment of Qin and Qin, which is called "string songs", that is, the so-called Qin songs since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Cao Qin, written by Cai Yong in Han Dynasty, has five songs and poems, which are Zhou Zhi's string songs, among which Twelve Caos, Nine Quotations and Hejian Miscellaneous Songs are all sung with the help of Qin.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Guqin solo music had certain artistic expression ability, such as the legend that Boya was good at playing the piano in his childhood. At that time, famous violinists included Shi Juan of Wei, Shi Kuang of Jin, Shi Wen of Zheng and Shi Bao of Lu. Famous Qin music such as Mountain, Running Water, Luo Chaofei, Yangchun and Snow White have been recorded in the history books.

Hanfu Qin figurines

Han string song figurines

During the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, the art of guqin developed greatly. In addition to being used as an accompaniment instrument in harmony songs and music of monks and youths, it also appears in the form of "Qu Dan". Such as instrumental music Guangling San, Hu Da Jiaming, Xiao Hu Jiaming, etc. , reflecting the Guqin as an important development stage of instrumental music performance. Cai Yong's father and daughter at the end of Han Dynasty and Ji Kang in Wei and Jin Dynasties were both famous guqin players and composers at that time. For example, Ji Kang is good at playing the famous guqin Guangling San, which has been passed down to this day as a historical story. Famous music includes Four Alleys in Changqing, Short Qing, Long Side and Short Side. Cai's five squares: spring outing, green water, seclusion, sitting and worrying; Legend has it that Ruan Ji, one of the seven sages of bamboo forest, wrote the piano music Drunk and Wang Yiqing's Night Cry in the Six Dynasties and the Song Dynasty.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, western music prevailed, pipa rose, and the development of guqin music was restrained to some extent. However, due to the emergence of Guqin music, it not only promoted the spread of Guqin music at that time, but also had far-reaching historical significance for the inheritance and development of Guqin music in later generations, which made the history of ancient music in China enter a period with sound to follow. At the end of Sui Dynasty and the beginning of Tang Dynasty, Zhao sorted out the popular fingering techniques at that time, and compiled works explaining the playing methods such as Right-handed Piano Playing Method and Piano Playing Gesture Map. The famous piano music "Jieshi Diaoyou Orchid" is a biography of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and now it is a manuscript of the Tang Dynasty that has spread to Japan. This is the earliest and only ancient piano music known in China.

In the Tang Dynasty, Li Qiao, Li Qi, Li Bai, Han Yu, Bai Juyi, Zhang Hu, Yuan Zhen and others all wrote immortal poems for Guqin. Bai Juyi likes guqin, and in "Night Qin", there are: "Qin Shu is solid in wood, and Chu Si is clear in rhyme." His piano skills are so high that he can play and sing by himself. Even on the sailing ship, he still regards guqin as his friend. He wrote in "The Boat Helps the Piano at Night": Birds move the moon, and the moonlight shines on the river. There is nothing outside except the piano on the boat. The lyre is a good friend, and both ears are bosom friends. When calm, the voice is light and the smell is unknown. "Listening to Mr. Xu from Yuezhou playing the piano" also includes: "Jade method is the guqin, and the philosopher sees the sage's heart. In the end, the south wind seems to be a relic, and nine suspected apes and birds are full of mountains. " Describe the rich expressive force of guqin. The famous Qin musicians in the Tang Dynasty were Zhao Yili, Dong, Xue, Chen Kangshi and Chen Zhuo. Zhao Yili summed up the Qin school at that time and said: "Wu Sheng is quiet and graceful. If the Yangtze River is wide and slow, there will be a national wind, and the voice of Shu will be impatient. The waves are thunderous and handsome for a while. "Up to now, it still conforms to the characteristics of the Wu and Shu schools. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Dong's works were handed down from generation to generation, including Da Hujia and Xiao Hujia. In Ji Qin, Xue summed up the function of guqin music: "You can observe the wind and teach, capture the soul, distinguish feelings, enjoy yourself, be calm, be courageous, be secular and respect ghosts and gods." It is also pointed out that the performer must be "calm and devoted", which is valued by later pianists, which has led to many piano playing norms.

In the late Tang Dynasty, Cao Rou created Zipu because it was "extremely complicated" and inconvenient to use. That is to say, on the basis of Chinese character spectrum, the Chinese character spectrum is reduced, which is similar to playing with symbols and is an early form of Chinese character spectrum. Dong (Kaiyuan and Tianbao years), a famous pianist in the Tang Dynasty, inherited the most famous timbres of Shen and Zhu by Chen Huaigu, a teacher at that time, and was good at playing piano music "Dahujia" and "Xiaohujia". Xue, a Tianbao-born Chinese violinist, can play 40 works and 300 mixed voices, and has seven theoretical works, including Three Gorges Flowing Spring, Hu Jia, Wu Ye Tune, Farewell to Crane and Snow White. In the late Tang Dynasty, Qin Kangshi composed piano music based on Qu Yuan's Lisao.

On the one hand, the Guqin in Song Dynasty showed a tendency of nostalgia and retro; On the other hand, the long-term practice of Guqin in the performance of "harmony" and "respecting music" has a far-reaching connection with folk music. The historical tradition of "the old sound of Chu and Han" makes Guqin music develop ups and downs instead of being lost in the tendency of retro. Guo mian (no. Wang Chu, born in 1 190, died in 1260) and his disciples Liu Zhifang, Mao Minzhong and others made certain contributions to the development of guqin music in the arrangement and creation of guqin heritage. Such as Guo Mian's piano music Xiaoxiang Water Cloud, Pan Canglang and Qiu Hong; Liu Zhifang's Forgetting the Machine and Wu Jiangyin; Mao Minzhong's fisherman's song, woodcutter's song, Perrin's song and Mountain Dwelling's song have been handed down in Qin Le. At that time, Qin Le was also famous for his Songs of Chu, Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia, Zepan Fu and so on. Qin Song is Gu Yuan written by Jiang Kui (A.D.1155-1221). Cui Xian, a Taoist priest in Lushan Mountain, wrote "Drunken Weng Yin" and so on. The History of Qin written by Zhu in Song Dynasty truly recorded the historical materials of Sui, Tang and Dai Qin.

Xia Mei Qin Heng Tu in Ming Dynasty (partial)

Due to the development of printing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of piano scores were printed and circulated, with more than 40 piano scores recorded/kloc-0. It can be seen that there were more than 300 piano songs written in the Ming Dynasty alone. In the early Ming Dynasty, Qin Qin's Sixteen Methods of Piano Sound is a theory about the aesthetic thought, playing skills and artistic expression of guqin. Zhu Quan, the seventeenth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, was a musician in the Ming Dynasty, who made outstanding contributions to the development of guqin art. He collected 64 pieces of art treasures before the Tang and Song Dynasties, presided over the compilation of Magic Secret Music for 12 years, and published it in 1425, which is the earliest piano music in China. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Xu Shangying further put forward the "24 Qin conditions". Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the famous Qin music has included Qiu Hong, Ping Sha Yan, Yu Qiao Q&A, Introduction to a Beautiful Night, Narcissus Exercise, Gull Forgetting Machine, Long Xiang Cao, Autumn Wind in Wu Ye and so on.

During this period, due to the influence of folk music (especially opera music), guqin techniques have made outstanding development, especially the innovation of left-handed techniques, such as piano music such as Xiaoxiang Yunshui and Husai Eighteen Beats in Wuzhizhai Piano Music. The left-handed technique is extremely delicate and unprecedented. Many music scores in the future have reached a new stage in sorting out, processing and spreading traditional guqin music. Some famous musicians appeared in Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Yan Cheng, Xu Xian, Jiang Xingcai, Xu Changyu, Jiang Wenxun and Zhang Kongshan. Some famous musicians appeared in modern times, such as Huang Mianzhi, Yang Zongji and Wang Yanqing.

During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, due to the war and social changes, especially the limitations of Guqin itself, Guqin music was on the verge of extinction. At that time, some piano clubs appeared all over the country, such as Yue Yun Ji Qin in Beijing, Deyin Qinshe in Jinan, Yujin Qinshe in Shanghai, Qin Cheng Qinshe in Changsha, Vowel Qinshe in Taiyuan, Guangling Qinshe in Yangzhou and Huoqing Qinshe in Nanjing. Among them, Shanghai's "Qin Yu Society Today" has the longest duration and the greatest influence on the piano industry.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Guqin music received the government's attention and rescue, and all kinds of folk music lost were investigated, collected and sorted out, and a number of stereos were recorded. Excavate a number of lost Qin Le, such as Guangling San and Youlan. A number of Guqin musicians have been trained, which has opened up new prospects for the arrangement, research and development of Guqin music in the future. Famous musicians include Guan Pinghu, Long, Cha Fuxi, Zhang Ziqian and Xia Yifeng.