The origin of hundred surnames

Surname, which marks the family system, is a prerequisite for people to engage in social interaction, involving thousands of households and every member of society. However, the surname we are talking about now is not the same as the original surname, but includes the ancient surname and surname. The surname of the Chinese nation originated in the early days of matriarchal clan commune in primitive society. People think that every clan is related to some kind of animal, plant or inanimate object, which is often used as the name of the clan, that is, the nickname of the clan. This is a totem. "Totem" is an Indian language, meaning "his kin"; Marx clearly pointed out in Morgan's Abstract: "Totem is the symbol of clan". Some totems were later transformed into people's surnames. Because children at that time knew their mothers but not their fathers, surnames were the titles of clans with the same blood relationship, that is, all members under a clan name came from a matriarchal ancestor. The word "surname" belongs to knowledge, and the ancient style consists of "person" and "fate", which means that a person was born and was surnamed because of fate. The combination of "female" and "sheng" is a surname word, which was first seen in the stone carving of "Curse Chu Wen" in Qin State, meaning that women are born with surnames and born with surnames. Therefore, many surnames in early China, such as Ji, Si, Jiang and Ying, all had the word "female". History is a branch derived from surname, which appeared late and originated from patriarchal society. It is the title of the ancient nobility symbolizing the clan system. The word-making method of "Shi" is pictographic, which existed as early as in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and was interpreted as woody, that is, the root of plants; Later, it was renamed surname, which means the source of water and the root of wood. "Zuo Zhuan's Eight-year Hidden Gong" records: "The son of heaven, Jiande, was born in the surname and was born in the ground." In other words, the emperor made a virtuous man a vassal, gave him his surname according to his origin, enfeoffed his land, and gave him his surname according to the fief. It can be seen that surnames and surnames in the pre-Qin period have a very close relationship and are two different concepts. From the social function point of view, the difference between the two is that the surname is the basis for deciding whether to get married, while the surname is used to distinguish between noble and noble. Just as Zheng Qiao, a historian in the Southern Song Dynasty, said in "A Brief History of Tongzhi Clan": "There are differences in surnames, while the noble has surnames and the humble has no surnames ... Surnames are different from marriage, so there are also differences in the same surnames, different surnames and common surnames. If the surnames are different, the marriage can be passed; It is impossible for people with different surnames to get married. "

In the Warring States period when the patriarchal system of slavery collapsed, there was no difference between surnames and surnames. Surnames have become a symbol of individuals and their families, which is what Zheng Qiao said: "After three generations (namely, Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties), surnames became one, so they all bid farewell to their marriage and looked at the nobility. Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty officially mixed his surname in written records. He wrote in the history books that Qin Shihuang said "Liu". From then on, either the surname or both surnames have the same meaning, that is, they actually refer to surnames. Nevertheless, people living in feudal society still have the distinction of nobility and inferiority, and the basis of the distinction is to see whether there is a "view of the land", that is, "seeing the land to see the nobility and inferiority." "Wang Di is a county name commonly used in ancient books, which refers to aristocratic families in counties from Wei, Jin to Sui and Tang Dynasties, meaning to live in a county and look up to it locally. With the appearance of surnames, surnames are gradually emerging. There are 15 copies of Shi Ben compiled by Hanshu Yiwenzhi, which is said to have been written by historians in the Warring States period. It is the earliest ancient book in China that systematically records the origin of surnames. Since then, works named after me have emerged one after another, such as You Shi's Urgent Chapter in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were Wang Fu's On Shi Zhi's Family, and Ying Shao's Custom Yi Tong's Family. In the Southern Song Dynasty, He Chengtian's Garden, Wang Jian's Genealogy, Wang Sangru's Hundred Genealogy and Xu Mian's Hundred Genealogy. In the Northern Qi Dynasty, there was Wei Shou's "Shu Wei Guan Shi Zhi"; In the Tang Dynasty, there were clan records, Liu Chong's Tang surname records, Shu Wei's Kai Yuan Pu, Liu Fang's Qin Yong Pu, Zhang Jiuling's Yuan Yun Pu and Lin Bao's Yuan He Shi Compilation. In the Song Dynasty, there were 100 Family Names, Shao Si's Explanation of Surnames, Deng's Urgent Surnames, Dialectics of Surnames in Ancient and Modern Times and Surnames Records. In the Ming Dynasty, there were Wu Shen's Thousand Surnames and Ling Dizhi's Genealogy of Ancient and Modern Surnames. In the Qing Dynasty, there were notes on Xiong Junyun's Newly Compiled Genealogy, TaipingTuHua's Ren surname and Zhang Shu's surname tracing. Although these surname books have some limitations due to the constraints of the times, they can still provide many useful materials for today's surname research. So, how many surnames have China people had since ancient times? According to the report of the semi-monthly talk, "the surnames of the Chinese nation are as many as 1 1939". These surnames have a long history, rich and colorful, and almost all of them have history. They all contain a vivid and interesting story. To sum up, it can be divided into the following dozens of sources: first, take the country name as the surname. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, especially the Zhou Dynasty, vassal states, large and small, spread all over China, and the royal families of many countries took the country name as their surname. Second, take city, pavilion and township as surnames. City refers to fief, also called food city, which is a kind of land acquisition or fief. During the slave society, it was sealed by the governors as the land of the Qing Dynasty and the doctor, including slaves who worked on it. Villages and pavilions are ancient administrative divisions. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were generally ten miles and one pavilion. There are about 12500 households in each township, and ten pavilions are one township. Third, take the place of residence as the surname. Generally speaking, people who have no land use this method, among which there are many compound surnames, most of which indicate their places of residence in different environments. Fourth, take the ancestors' names or words as surnames. 5. Take Zu posthumous title as the surname. After the death of ancient emperors, governors and doctors, the titles of good and evil were added according to their life behavior, which was called overflow. Sixth, take the title as the surname. A title is a rank granted to a nobleman by a monarch. Seven, take the ranking of relatives as the surname. Eight, take the official position as the surname. Nine, take technology as the surname. 10. Take Germany or Hearing as the surname. 1 1. The given surname is the surname given by the son of heaven and the emperor to his subjects. Taboo is that you can't directly say or write the names of emperors or relatives. 12. changed his surname because of avoiding enemies and disasters. Thirteen, minority surnames and their changes. The original surnames of Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qiang, Shi, Jie and other ethnic minorities in the north, west and northwest of ancient times have become single surnames after many ethnic integrations, and some of them have been merged with the surnames of Han nationality. Fourteen Others.

Hundred surname songs

Qian Sun Zhao Li Wu Zhou Zheng Wang Chen Feng Zhu Wei Jiang Shen Han Yang Zhu Qin Xu You He Lv Shizhang

Kong Caoyan Huajin Tao Wei Jiang Qi Xie Zou Baiyushui Zhang Dou Su Yun Pange Xi Fan Lang Peng

Lu Weichang Ma Hua Ren Yuan Doctor Tang Fei Liancenhe

Teng Bi 'an Chang Fu Pi Cha Yuan Bugu Meng Pinghuang

Talking about Song Maopang with Mu, Yao Shaokan, Wang Qimaoyu, Bei Ming and Fu Chengdai

Xiong Jishu Qu Xiang wished Du Min Lu Jiangtong an eye.

Mei Diao Qiu Luo Gao Xia Caitian Fan Huo can blame Lumo.

Fang Jing Qiu Miao Gan Jie Yingzong Ding Xuanben Deng Yu Dan Hanghong Zhu Bao Zuo Cui Shi Ji Niu Gong

Xing Lu Rong Weng Xun Jia Wei Feng Jin Chu Ji Tai Mi Song

In the well section, the rich woman is grazing in the valley, and the car of the whole class is waiting to go to Zhong Yi Palace in Yang Qiu.

Ning Qiuluan Li Luo Wu Rongzu Liu Fu Shu Xing Si Shao Ji Bo

Su Bai was born in Waiputai, Ethiopia, Lai Zhuo, Lin Tumeng, charming, gloomy, intelligent and pale.

Wen Xin should be lent to Tan Gong, and Ji Shen should help to block Ran Yong, while Sang Guipu was the same as Niu Shou.

Bian Hu Yan Ji Yong Pu Shang Nong Wen Bie Zhuang Yan Chai Yan Insect Mu Lian Ru Huanrong

Gu Xiang Yi Shen Geliao Ridge and Juheng Budu Ridge are full of floods, and Wenkouguang Road is short of east.

I defeated Gong Jie Nie Chaogou Aorong, the Kwai Stone of Wali Yuewei Long. He was cold and sincere, and that Jane was a spare.

Zeng Wusha raised Ju Xufeng's nest. After investigation, Jinghong You Zhu's rights were sheltered by Huan Gong.

Sima Shangguan Ouyang Xiahou Zhuge blasted into the East Helian Huangfu Weichi Ram.

A surname Ye Gong Zong Zheng Puyang Chunyu Khan Shu Tai Shen Tu Gongsun Zhong Sun Xuanyuan Hu Ling

Li Zhong, the grandson of Yuwen Murong Xian, filed a lawsuit with Stuart Sikong in Qiu Yan and took charge of the car.

Zhuan Sun Duanmu Wuma Gong Xi Qi Diao Lezheng Loam Gong Liang Tuoba Jia Gu Zaifu Gu Liang

Yan fa ru Yan tu Qin Duan gan Li Bai dong Guo south gate Hu Yan GUI hai sheep tongue slightly born

After Yue Shuai was prosperous, there was a piano. Zuo Qiu, Liang Qiu, East Gate, West Gate, Shang Bo Nangong.

"Love for Toarey Yang in the Last Year" The fifth word of Toarey Yang's love for Yang is that every family has its own problems.

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Other answers *** 1

According to the textual research of scholars with written records in Ming and Qing Dynasties, hundreds of surnames existed as early as before the Song Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, it was edited and bound by an unknown Confucian scholar in wuyue (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang).

Lu You (A.D. 1 12 10), a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, mentioned hundreds of surnames for the first time in his poem Autumn Rain. The poet pointed out in his notes that his inspiration came from two books, one is Zhazi and the other is Hundred Family Names. It can be seen that hundreds of surnames began to spread as early as before the Song Dynasty.

In the Song Dynasty, the royal family surnamed Zhao, and in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, wang xing Qian was the State of Wu Yue. A scholar in Song Dynasty believed that Sun was the surname of wives and concubines in Song Dynasty and Li was the surname of rulers in Southern Tang Dynasty. This is the prelude of hundreds of surnames-the origin of the order of "a thousand grandchildren and Zhao Li".

At present, the earliest printed "Hundred Family Names" was published in the Yuan Dynasty (A.D.14th century), based on the correspondence between Chinese characters and Mongolian characters in pronunciation and strokes. However, the Yuan version was not complete, and the long-standing hundred surnames were not completely included until the Ming Dynasty. A total of 438 surnames were recorded, including 408 single surnames, 102 line, 38 compound surnames, and 15 line. The last line is the end of the hundred surnames, that is, the end of the hundred surnames. It consists of lines 1 18, and * * * has 472 words.

By the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was another book about hundred surnames-Augmented Hundred Surnames, in which 444 single surnames and 60 compound surnames were recorded, and the conclusion was Preface to Hundred Surnames.

The existing version of the Qing dynasty has words and pictures, and the names of historical celebrities and their families, as well as his images, are recorded at the top of each page; The lower part of each page is a short sentence consisting of four words or surnames, which reads like four ancient poems.

Hundreds of surnames have been revised several times in the past, such as Huangzhou surname revised in the late Ming Dynasty, Yu Baijia surname revised by Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, and Baijia surname III revised by Ding Yan in the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty (A.D.1851-kloc-0/861). These hundreds of revised surnames have spent a lot of effort on the presentation format, and each one has its own characteristics. Nevertheless, they can't replace manuscripts, which reflects the profound influence of manuscripts on later creation.

"Hundred Family Surnames" is not only widely circulated among Han people, but also among ethnic minorities who have friendly contacts with Han people, such as Mongolian surnames and Jurchen surnames. This shows the far-reaching influence of hundreds of surnames.