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This is a famous book about ancient astronomy in China. The full name of this book is Tang Kaiyuan Zhan Jing, and the author is Qu Tan Sida. This book was written between 7 18 and 726. After the Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan Zhan Jing was once lost. Fortunately, it was discovered in the late Ming dynasty and has not been circulated yet. Volume *** 120 of this book preserves a large number of astronomical, calendar data and weft books before the Tang Dynasty, and also introduces the basic data of 16 calendar, such as year and chapter rate. There are many terms about various things and astronomical phenomena in the book. This book is of great research value in the history of astronomy.

Kaiyuan Zhan Jing, Zhan Jing in Tang Dynasty or Zhan Jing in Qing Dynasty, is an astronomical work edited by Qu Tan Sida in Tang Dynasty.

Qutanstar was originally from India, and his predecessor moved to China from India. There are few historical materials about his life. The first volume of Kaiyuan Zhan Jing records the second year of Jing Yun (765,438+065,438+0), and Qu Tansida participated in the restoration of the iron armillary sphere made by Chao Chong in the Northern Wei Dynasty as the host, which was completed in the second year of Xuanzong in the Tang Dynasty (765,438+03). It is also recorded in Old Tang Shu Tian that in the sixth year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (7 18), Qutan Sida was asked to translate the Indian calendar "Nine Calendars". This calendar was later recorded in Kaiyuan Zhan Jing. As for when Kaiyuan Zhan Jing was compiled by Qu Tansida, there is no clear historical record. However, according to the research of Modern Bo, Qu Tansida probably compiled Kaiyuan Zhan Jing after February of the second year of Kaiyuan, and the compilation time will not be earlier than the twelfth year of Kaiyuan.

One or two books of Kaiyuan Zhan Jing? Volume, of which the first two volumes are collections of ancient astronomers in China about the theory of the universe; Volumes 3-9 record the ancient celebrities' discussions on the status, movement and various astronomical phenomena of celestial bodies, as well as the related literature of astrology; 9 1 volume to 1 volume? The second set records the literature about astrology of various meteorology; Volume one? Thirdly, it mainly copied Li's History of Linde in Tang Dynasty. Volume one? This volume records four algorithms and nine calendars; Volume one? The five episodes recorded some of the most basic data from the six calendars in pre-Qin to the twenty-nine calendars in Tang Dynasty. Volume one? Volume six to volume one? It's about the star map. There are no images in the book, but the difference between the star position measured today and the old star map is introduced in words. 1 1 1 roll to 12 1 roll? It collects all kinds of ancient documents about astrology, such as plants, birds and beasts, artifacts of people and ghosts, etc.

So, how much is worth collecting in Kaiyuan Zhan Jing? In a word, there are at least the following aspects: (1) Kaiyuan Zhan Jing holds the oldest observation record of the star position in China. The equatorial coordinate position of 12 1 star is always given in Volumes 60-63 of Constellation 28 and Volumes 65-68 of Official Stars in History (six of which have been lost). Although equatorial coordinates are different from those used in modern astronomy, they are essentially the same. The coordinates of 12 1 star constitute the oldest catalogue in China, which researchers call "stone catalogue".

(2) The earliest naked eye observation record of Jupiter satellite in the world is preserved in Kaiyuan Zhan Jing. In volume 23, there is a passage about the ancient name of Jupiter: "Zen is old, and the old star is in the child." Go out in the morning and enter at night with virtuality and danger. It's big and has lights. If there is a little red star attached to it, it is an alliance. "That is to say, in the year of Khan's birthday, Jupiter moved to this sky area, and * * rose * * in the morning and evening. At this time, Jupiter looks big and bright, and there seems to be a little red star next to it. This phenomenon is called "alliance" Gan's discovery was in 364 BC, nearly two thousand years before Galileo 1609 invented the astronomical telescope.

(3) Kaiyuan retained the original appearance of the three famous men, namely Shi, Gan and Guan. Star officials are a form of naming stars in ancient China. Star officials are a combination of stars, in which the number of stars ranges from one to dozens. A group of stars have names, such as the Big Dipper (Seven Stars), Petunia (Six Stars), Tiangong (One Star), Yulinjun (Forty-five Stars) and so on. There are many schools of ancient astronomers in China, and most of them have their own star official systems, which are slightly different from each other. During the Three Kingdoms period, officials of the State of Wu absorbed the three official systems in ancient times, namely, the official system, the official system and the official system, and formed a complete system with 283 star officials and 144 star officials. This system was accepted by later generations and became the traditional naming system of stars in China. Due to the success of Chen Dan's synthesis, the original three star officials are gradually unknown to the world. Since Zhan Jing in Kaiyuan preserved the composition of the original three schools, future generations can know the original appearance of these three star officials, thus providing important materials for studying the history of China's stars.

(4) Kaiyuan Zhan Jing has a high scientific level discussion on solar eclipse. Volume 9 records the judgment of Liu Xiang, an astronomer in the Western Han Dynasty: "An eclipse will cover the moon." This is the first time in the history of astronomy in China to make a scientific explanation for the cause of the solar eclipse. In the same volume, there is also a description of the ancient solar eclipse observation method by Jing Fang, a contemporary astrologer with Liu Xiang: "The sun will eclipse, ... put it in the basin water courtyard, and look from flat to dusk." This account shows that the method of predicting solar eclipse has been invented at that time, but the time calculation is still relatively rough. Therefore, with the help of a basin of water, patient astronomers changed the observer's focused eyes from looking up at the harsh sunlight itself for a long time to naturally observing the solar image in the less harsh water, thus greatly reducing the observer's pain and fatigue. The invention of this observation method greatly improved the ability and quality of observing solar eclipse. In addition, Kaiyuan Zhan Jing also recorded some related phenomena in the outer layer of the sun, such as prominence and corona, which people saw during the total solar eclipse.

(5) Kaiyuan Zhan Jing records a large number of ancient astronomers' knowledge about the structure and movement of the universe, some of which are unique to this book. For example, at the end of Qin Dynasty, astronomer Jiang Ji v. The Theory of Confusing Heaven, Liang Wudi called his ministers in Changchun Temple to discuss the records of astronomical phenomena, Zuheng's criticism of Jiang Ji, and so on. So far, these statements have not been found outside of Zhan Jing in Kaiyuan. There are some discussions in other ancient books, but the records in Kaiyuan Zhan Jing are more detailed. For example, Zu Heng's Hun Tian Shuo and Lu Ji's Hun Tian Shuo are more detailed than Jin Shu's Tian Wenzhi and Sui Shu's Tian Wenzhi. Therefore, the first and second volumes of Kaiyuan Zhan Jing, which focus on the theory of the universe, are required books for scholars studying the history of ancient cosmology in China.

(6) Kaiyuan Zhan Jing Volume 1? Thirdly, it mainly introduces Linde's life. The calendar of Linde was compiled by Li, an astronomer in the early Tang Dynasty. This calendar inherited the achievements of Liu Zhuo's "Huang Ji Li" in Sui Dynasty, and made a lot of progress in astronomical data and some mathematical calculations. This is an important work in the history of our country. There are records in Old Tang Shu and New Tang Shu, but there are many errors and differences between the two books. Therefore, the History of Linde recorded by Kutanda is of great reference value for the collation and research of Linde calendar. (7) "Kaiyuan Zhan Jing" Volume 1? The fourth middle school recorded the figures of India and put forward "?" A symbol of. This is an important message in the history of mathematical communication between China and India.

(8) "Kaiyuan Zhan Jing" Volume 1? No.4 Middle School also mainly recorded the technique of "Nine Calendars". Nine calendars are an Indian calendar. Jiupeng refers to the seven celestial bodies of the sun, the moon, the five stars and Luo? Two hidden stars, huh? In fact, they are not stars, but two points on the celestial sphere where the orbit of the moon and the orbit of the sun intersect. Indian astronomers regard them as "hidden stars"). It is impossible to test the original appearance of old Zhi Li. The contents contained in Kaiyuan Zhan Jing are mainly about the calculation method of the movement of the sun and the moon and the prediction of solar and lunar eclipses. Indian astronomy was influenced by Greek astronomy, and the calculation of celestial motion by ecliptic coordinate system and geometric method is very different from China's equatorial coordinate system and algebraic method. Some basic astronomical data in Nine Zhi Li are slightly inferior to those in China, but its methods and concepts also have many advantages. For example, in the ancient calendar of China, perigee and winter solstice, apogee and summer solstice were never distinguished, while the nine-year calendar set apogee at ten degrees before summer, which was in line with the astronomical reality at that time. For another example, China's ancient calendar did not consider the change of the linear distance between the sun, the moon and the earth, so there were limitations in calculating solar and lunar eclipses, while Jiu Lizhi had a method to calculate the change of the apparent diameter of the moon, which was an improvement on China's ancient calendar. In addition, the sine function algorithm and sine function table in trigonometry are introduced into Nine Zhi Li, which is also a new thing in ancient Chinese mathematics. In a word, the introduction of "Nine Zhi Li" is an important event in the history of Sino-Indian scientific exchanges, and the value of this event can only be provided by Zhan Jing of Kaiyuan.

(9) The basic data of ancient calendars recorded in Kaiyuan Zhan Jing supplemented the relevant records in Twenty-four History. There are many historical books in the Twenty-four Histories with "Annals" or "Annals" volumes, which record all kinds of information about the calendars used at that time. However, due to various reasons, there are few records left in some calendars. The first volume of Kaiyuan Zhan Jing? There are many records in "Ancient and Modern Calendar Years and Haste" that can be used as a supplement to historical materials. For example, Zhao Fei's Xuanshi Calendar, which was used in Beiliang area of Jin Dynasty, is an important calendar. It first reformed the law of arranging seven leap months in nineteen years in the ancient calendar, and founded six? The new rule of arranging 22 1 leap month in the middle of a year promotes the accuracy of the time length data of new moon and tropic year in ancient calendars. But this kind of calendar is rarely recorded in ancient books. Only when Kaiyuan Zhan Jing records some basic astronomical data of this calendar can we know something about it. For example, before taichu calendar in the Han Dynasty, there were so-called ancient six calendars. Later generations only knew that they were all seasonal calendars, but their calendar years were only available in Kaiyuan Zhan Jing. In addition, there are Liu's Calendar in Sui Dynasty and Zhang Rong's Calendar. , can supplement the information contained in Kaiyuan Zhan Jing Sui Calligraphy Calendar.

(10) Kaiyuan Zhan Jing has preserved a large number of lost ancient documents. According to preliminary statistics, there are about 77 kinds of ancient astronomical astrological works lost in Kaiyuan Zhan Jing, and there are about 82 kinds of weft books. These lost books may be recorded in other ancient books, but they are not as rich as Kaiyuan Zhan Jing. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, scholar Sun Jue compiled a collection of Shu Wei from many ancient books of Tang and Song Dynasties, named Gu Wei Shu. However, since the rediscovery of Kaiyuan, the length of Wei books compiled by Qing people such as Yu Han has exceeded that of Shu several times. As for the works on astronomy and astrology, no one has completely recompiled them. In addition, there are some lost works of Confucian classics, history and military strategists in Kaiyuan Zhan Jing. In a word, Kaiyuan Zhan Jing is a treasure house for preserving ancient documents.

In addition to the above ten items, if you use different scientific disciplines to test, you will certainly find new and amazing scientific content. In a word, the scientific value of Kaiyuan Zhan Jing should not be underestimated.

Kaiyuan Zhan Jing has rarely been handed down from generation to generation since it was published. This is because this book is a book based on astrology, which is regarded as a top secret by feudal rulers who advocate the theory of destiny and believe in superstition, for fear that someone will take words from it and combine it with astronomical phenomena to "confuse people" and endanger their own rule, so this book was rarely circulated in the Tang and Song Dynasties. It was not recorded after the Song Dynasty, but it was lost. Not even the Royal Observatory of the Ming Dynasty has a collection. Until the forty-fourth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (16 16), a scholar named Cheng Mingshan in Shexian County, Anhui Province, found a manuscript in the belly of the ancient Buddha statue because he gave it gold. Today, the carved towel box of Hengdetang was widely circulated in Daoguang period. In recent years, Taipei has published a photocopy of Sikuquanshu. China Bookstore also published a photocopy in 1989.