What else do you know about Madame Curie?

Marie Curie (1867- 1934) is called "Madame Curie", and her full name is Marie Sklodowska Curie. A famous Polish scientist, physicist and chemist in France. 1867165438+1was born in Warsaw on October 7th.

1903, Curie and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in physics [1] and 19 1 1 for their research on radioactivity, and won the Nobel Prize in chemistry again for their discovery of the elements polonium and radium [2], becoming the first people in history to win the Nobel Prize twice. Madame Curie's achievements include initiating the theory of radioactivity, inventing the technology of separating radioactive isotopes, and discovering two new elements: polonium and radium. Under her guidance, people used radioisotopes to treat cancer for the first time. Due to long-term exposure to radioactive substances, Madame Curie died of malignant leukemia on July 3, 1934.

School education stage

1867165438+1October 7th was born in a middle school teacher's family in Shashi, Wang Guohua.

189 1 went to study in Paris in September, and 10 165438 entered the Faculty of Science of Sorbonne University (Paris University).

Physics department.

1894 In April, Joseph kowalski, a Polish scholar and professor of physics at Welfare University, introduced him to pierre curie in order to make use of the well-equipped laboratory led by Curie.

1895 In April, Mary Skoro Dovska's paper "Radioactivity of Uranium and Thorium Compounds" was read by Lippmann in the Academy of Sciences.

1895 On July 26th, Mary married pierre curie in Suozhen, a suburb of Paris. Marie Curie is a teacher in a girls' middle school.

Research stage

1896 In August, Mary passed the examination for the title of teacher for college graduates. With the support of Schuzenberg (1827—1897), Dean of the School of Physics and Chemistry, Mary got a job in the school physics laboratory, working with Buel (the director of the room).

1in July, 898, the curies proposed "a new radioactive substance in pitchblende" to the Academy of Sciences.

It shows that a new radioactive element 84 has been found, which is 400 times stronger than uranium and almost the same as bismuth. Madame Curie suggested naming this new element polonium after her native Poland. Since then, the Curies have worked closely together to establish the earliest radiochemistry working method.

189865438+In February, the Curies and their colleague Belmont proposed to the Academy of Sciences "A new substance containing strong radioactivity in pitchblende uranium", indicating that a new element, element 88, was discovered, and its radioactivity was one million times higher than that of uranium, and it was named radium. Marie Curie's report on the discovery of the new element polonium was published in the Polish monthly Svay Artero in Warsaw.

1900 In March, Mary taught physics at Seville Girls' Normal School in southwest Paris. Mary's paper on atomic weight of radioactive barium compounds. The curies read a paper on "new radioactive substances and their emission lines" at the International Physics Society in Paris.

1900 10 Two German scholars Valkoff and Gizer claimed that radium had a strange effect on biological tissues. Later, it was confirmed by the Curies that laser rays would burn the skin.

1902, after three years and nine months of refining, the curies separated a trace (one gram) of radium chloride RaCl2 from several tons of residue, and the atomic weight of radium was 225. The exact number was 226.

1903, Curie and becquerel both won the Nobel Prize in physics.

1908 preface to pierre curie's Collected Works, tracing the author's achievements. This book was commissioned by the French Physical Society to be edited by Langevin and published in Paris. Be promoted to professor.

19 1 1 won the nobel prize in chemistry for separating pure metal radium.

19 15, moved from the physics laboratory of Sorbonne University to the radiation laboratory of Radium Institute. Traveling all over the world, guiding 18 field medical service teams.

19 16 held a crash course in radiology for health workers at the institute of radium, teaching doctors how to find the position of foreign bodies (such as shrapnel) in the human body, which was well received by the allied forces.

According to wartime notes, 192 1 year, Radiology and War was written and published in Paris.

192 1 On March 8th, I met with Cai Yuanpei, the headmaster of Peking University, China. Cai arrived in Paris on her way to study abroad and invited Madame Curie to give a lecture in Peking University. Answer: "I can't do this, but I will do it in the summer vacation." It didn't succeed.

192 1 In May, the mother and daughter traveled across the ocean to the United States to receive one gram of radium presented by Marie Curie Committee of Marie Curie Radium Fund. The award ceremony was held at the White House in Washington on the 20th, and was presided over by the President of the United States. To Philadelphia, accept new thorium five centigrams; She gave her first piezoelectric timepiece to the American Philosophical Association. On Isotopes and Isotopic Elements was published in Paris.

1922 was elected as an academician of the Paris Academy of Medical Sciences in February.

1922 In May, at the invitation of Sir Eric drummond, Secretary General of the League of Nations established after World War I, he participated in the International Cultural Cooperation Committee established last year. The first member was later elected as the vice chairman. To this end, I often go to Geneva to attend meetings.

1930, the French government applied for special research funds and got 500,000 francs.

1934, 1935 compiled and published a book "radioactivity" every year (two volumes). Iorio Curie and his wife discovered artificial radioactivity under the guidance of Madame Curie.

/kloc-in June, 1934, I was admitted to the Sanceromo sanatorium in Haute Savoie province. On July 4th, he died of pernicious anemia (caused by radium) in a nursing home. On July 6th, he was buried in Curie's tomb in Paris. Her brother (Joseph Scollo Dovski) and sister (Bronis Lava de Luska) spilled dirt from Poland on the grave.

research field

1. radioactive elements polonium and radium were discovered.

2. Propose that-rays (now known to be composed of electrons) are negatively charged particles. [ 1]

Scientific achievements

In the experimental research, Madame Curie designed a measuring instrument, which can not only measure whether a substance has radiation, but also measure the intensity of radiation. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium rays is directly proportional to the uranium content in the material, but has nothing to do with the existing state of uranium and external conditions.

Madame Curie made a comprehensive examination of known chemical elements and all compounds, and obtained important results.

Marie Curie

It is found that an element called thorium can automatically emit invisible rays, which shows that the phenomenon that an element can emit rays is not only the characteristics of uranium, but the same characteristics of some elements. She called this phenomenon radioactivity, and called elements with this property radioactive elements. The radiation they emit is called "radiation".

At the end of 1902, Madame Curie extracted one tenth of extremely pure radium chloride and accurately determined its atomic weight. Since then, the existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a natural radioactive substance, which is extremely difficult to obtain. Its shape is shiny white crystal like fine salt. Radium has a slight blue fluorescence, and it is this beautiful light blue fluorescence that blends into a woman's beautiful life and unyielding faith. In spectral analysis, it is different from the spectral line of any known element. Radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by human beings, but it is the most radioactive element. Using its powerful radioactivity, we can further discover many new properties of radiation. Therefore, many elements can be further applied to practice. Medical research has found that laser rays have different effects on different cells and tissues, and those rapidly multiplying cells are quickly destroyed once they are irradiated by radium. This discovery makes radium a powerful means to treat cancer. Cancer is made up of cells that reproduce very quickly, and the damage caused by laser rays is far greater than that caused by surrounding healthy tissues. This new treatment method was quickly developed all over the world. In France and France, radium therapy is called Curie therapy. The discovery of radium has fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, which is of great significance for promoting the development of scientific theory and its application in practice.