Common sense of China literature

Yang Jiong, Lu,, and other early Tang writers. "Biography of Yang Jiong in Old Tang Dynasty" said: "In literature and poetry, Yang Jiong is as famous as Lu, Lu and Luo, and he is also known as the' four outstanding men'.

The four outstanding poets are equally famous, which originally refers to their poems, mainly referring to parallel prose and fu. In Biography of Yang Jiong in Old Tang Dynasty, Zhang and Cui Rong commented that Yang Jiong felt ashamed in front of Lu. In Biography of Pei Xingjian in Old Tang Dynasty, they said that they were "knowing people by their articles". After Wang Luo was recorded six times in the Records of the Official Records of Chidai, Yang Jiong and his Essays were regarded as "ghost books" and "calculating doctors", and the cited examples were an essay and a poem, so the four outstanding figures were called poems. Later, it was mainly used to evaluate his poems. There is a phrase "Wang Yang and his contemporaries" in Du Fu's Six Plays, which is generally considered to refer to their poems; However, some people think that referring to the text, such as Zong Tingfu's "On the quatrains of ancient and modern poetry" in the Qing Dynasty, is called "This first theory is 46"; Or think that it also refers to poetry, such as Liu Kezhuang's "Continued Poems in Houcun". When discussing this poem, take Fu, couplet and poem as examples.

The rankings of the four outstanding figures are also different. Song's Essay on Sacrificing Du said that after the founding of the Tang Dynasty, "Wang Luo" returned and listed all the people in this order, which is the earliest known material. Zhang said that "Zhi Bei Tai Wei Pei Gong" said: "When choosing Cao, see Luo,,, and Yang Jiong", headed by Luo. Du Fu's poem "Wang Luzuo at that time", one is "Wang Yang Luo Lu"; The Biography of Pei Xingjian in the Old Tang Dynasty was also prefaced by Wang Yang Luo Lu.

Although the poems of the four masters have not lost their beauty since Qi Liang, they have initially reversed the literary atmosphere. At that time, it was clearly opposed to "official style" and "thinking about its disadvantages", which was supported by Lu and others (Preface to Yang Jiong). Yang Jiong, Lu,, and other early Tang writers. The four outstanding poets are equally famous, which originally refers to their poems, mainly referring to parallel prose and fu. Although the poems of the four masters have not lost their beauty since Qi Liang, they have initially reversed the literary atmosphere. Their poems, from court to life, have a wide range of themes and delicate styles. Lu and Luo's seven-character songs tend to be ci-fu, with a slightly stronger momentum; Wang and Yang's five-character rhythm began to be standardized, and the tone was sonorous. Parallel prose is also full of flexibility and vividness in ci. Lu Shiyong's "A General Theory of Poetry Mirrors" said, "Wang Bo Gao Hua and Yang Jiongfu are the best, according to Neizao, Tan Yi and Zi An? When I transferred to the early Tang Dynasty, I brought the Six Dynasties. " Four outstanding figures are the figures in the early Tang literary world in the transitional period between the old and the new.

Essence introduction

"Wang Luo", namely, Yang Jiong, Lu, were four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty.

Wang Bo (650-676 AD), with the word Zi 'an, was the first of the "Four Outstanding Men in Early Tang Dynasty". His poetry style is fresh, and his fu made him a famous writer in the early Tang Dynasty. He, Lu and others tried to change the poetic style of "striving for fiber and carving" at that time. At the age of 27, he wrote the Preface to the Poems of Tengwangge, which is a famous ci-fu, while the Poems of Tengwangge attached at the end of the preface is a masterpiece of Tang poetry, and the techniques in the poem have a great influence on later poets. His "Farewell to Governor Shu" is recognized as a masterpiece in Tang poetry, among which "However, China has our friendship, and heaven is still our neighbor" is the most incisive and inspiring sentence in Tang poetry.

Yang Jiong (650 ~ 693? ), a poet in the Tang Dynasty. Hongyi Huayin (now Shaanxi) was born. Yang Jiong is famous for his frontier poems. His works, such as Joining the Army, Leaving the Frontier, Battle of the South of the City, and Zi Mazi, show the fighting spirit of making contributions to the country with great momentum and bold style. Other poems that sing in harmony and set foot on the journey have little characteristics and have not completely escaped the colorful wind.

Lu (about 637 ~ 689) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. From this, the word "You Zi" comes into being. Yang (now Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province) was born.

Luo (about 6 19 ~ 687) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. Word sightseeing, Wuzhou Yiwu people (now Yiwu, China, Zhejiang) people. The poet in the early Tang Dynasty and Fu Jiamo were both called "Luo Fu". Among the four outstanding poets, he wrote the most poems. He is especially good at seven-character poems, and his masterpiece "Landscape" is a rare novel in the early Tang Dynasty, which was considered as a swan song at that time. Luo also guarded the border town for a long time and wrote many frontier poems, "The phoenix is fascinated by the new moon at night, and the new melon shines in autumn." The stove fire goes through the army wall, and the smoke is upstairs. "Have lofty aspirations, kind knowledge and experience. After Tang Zhongzong was reset, he asked Tam for a letter and got hundreds of articles. There are many collections of Luo poetry collected by later generations, among which Chen Xijin's Notes on Luo Linhai is the most complete.

The four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty are the figures in the period of the alternation between the old and the new in the early Tang literary world.

[Edit this paragraph] Representative works

"Preface to Pavilion" is the author of the collection, including "Farewell to Du Shu (Five Methods)".

Yang Jiong's Join the Army.

Lu's "Ancient Meaning Chang 'an" is a subset of Lu Sheng and Worry.

Luo's Political Prisoner Listening to Cicada also has a famous collection of works, Seaside Collection.

Edit this paragraph style

They were all talented poets and poets in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. The four talented poets became famous early and gained the reputation of "four outstanding poets" in their youth.

They are famous poets with small official positions, young talents and high talents. They played a connecting role in the early Tang Dynasty, connecting Chen Liang and Shen Song. Among them, Lu and Luo Shange, Wang and Yang Shan have five laws. Later generations said that Tang poetry with both temperament and character was shaped from them.

They began to move poetry from the palace to the market, from Taige to Jiangshan and Saimo, with expanded themes and serious thoughts, and the form of five-character and eight-sentence rhythm poetry began to take shape. With the conscious change of writing style, they have a very clear aesthetic pursuit: opposing delicacy and advocating vitality. Although their poems failed to shake off the ethos of the Southern Dynasties, the change of their poetic style and the expansion of their themes predicted the future development direction of Tang poetry and played a positive and progressive role. They are the real pioneers of Tang poetry.

In the history of Tang poetry, they are pioneers who dare to reform the poetic style of Qi and Liang Dynasties. Tang Taizong likes palace poems, and most of his poems are romantic, with obvious traces of Qi Liang palace poems. Shangguan Yi, the minister, also inherited Sui Chen's legacy, and his works were all the rage, and scholars rushed to follow suit, which was called "Shangguan Style".

When Qi Liang's formalistic poetic style was still dominant in the poetic world, the "Four Masters" stepped forward. Wang Bo first stood up against this unhealthy trend in the early Tang Dynasty, and then the other three also stood up in response and joined in the creative activities against "Shangguan Style".

They tried to break through the cage of the legacy of Qi and Liang Dynasties and the "official style", and moved poetry from a narrow court to a vast market, from a narrow pavilion to a vast border of mountains and rivers, which opened up the theme of poetry, enriched the content of poetry, endowed poetry with new vitality, improved the ideological significance of poetry at that time, showed a new poetic style, and promoted the development of poetry in the early Tang Dynasty towards a healthy road. Generally speaking, the contribution of the four outstanding poets to the development of Tang poetry is mainly manifested in the following two aspects:

First of all, in the theme and content of the works, there are poems describing history and things, as well as landscape poems, such as Wang Bo's Tengwangge; Or express the feelings of parting, such as "Farewell to Du DuDu's appointment in Shu", which is a famous article that has been told through the ages; And Luo's "Yu Yishui gives away". Some people praise recruiting people to be stationed in remote areas, some describe recruiting husbands and thinking about women, and some express sympathy for unfortunate women. All four people are talented and have low status, which makes them closer to social reality, so poetry is often used to expose some social phenomena.

Four outstanding poets changed the bad poetic style left by Qi Liang with their own creative practice and achieved certain results.

Secondly, the four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty laid the foundation for the five-character poem and made it mature. The Five-character Law appeared before the "Four Masters", and Wang Ji, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty (Wang Bo is Wang Ji's nephew), also made efforts, but his works were few. It was not until the "four great masters" that the five laws were fully developed and gradually fixed in their works. The "Four Masters" created a large number of high-quality poems, which laid a good foundation for Shen Quanqi and the later metrical poems in Song Dynasty.

Five-character ancient poems flourished after the Three Kingdoms period, while seven-character ancient poems did not prosper until the Tang Dynasty. The four masters (Yang Jiong without seven-character poems) pushed the seven-character ancient poems to a mature stage with a large number of excellent works. Therefore, the achievements of the four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty in the development of poetic forms are worthy of full recognition. Among them, Wang and Yang are good at five laws, while Lu and Luo are good at seven ancient (seven words). They played an important role in the history of literature. Du Fu, a great realistic poet, praised the "Four Masters".

[Edit this paragraph] Wang Bo

Zi 'an was born in Longmen, Yizhou (now Hejin, Shanxi). Zhou Guo once joined the army. Preface to Wang Tengting is a parallel prose written by him when he was young, and it is a famous piece in China classical literature, which has been circulated for a long time. It is said that before writing an article, he prepared a pen, ink, paper and inkstone, fell asleep after drinking it, woke up with a wave of his hand, and did not change a word, making people become a "draft by heart." His poems are fresh and natural, and there are often epigrams in one of them, like exotic flowers and herbs mixed in the valley, which makes people never tire of reading them. "Sunset and Qi Fei, solitary heron, sky and autumn water are the same" is a famous sentence in his article. Among Wang Bo's works, The Collection of Wang Zian was compiled in Ming Dynasty.

Wang Bo's grandfather, Wang Tong, was a famous scholar in the late Sui Dynasty. His father, Wang Fu, worked as a doctor and secretary in Yongzhou. Wang Bo's talent was revealed very early. When he was a teenager, he was praised as a child prodigy by Liu Xiangdao, the governor of the imperial court. He recommended it to the imperial court and took countermeasures to seal him as a court official. At the beginning of 666, Gan, a native, took part in reading in the palace. Two years later, he was expelled from the palace for his role in The King's Chicken. Then go to Bashu. In the third year of Xian Heng (672), he made up for Zhou Guo to join the army. He was dismissed because he was good at killing officials and slaves. His father was also involved and was demoted to toe order. In the second year (675) or the third year (676) of the Shang Dynasty, Wang Bo went south to see his father, crossed the sea and drowned.

Poems by Wang Bo, Wang Teng and Ge.

Wang Teng Linjiang Pearl, Ming Luan continues to sing and dance.

The painted building faces Nanpu Cloud, and the bead curtain rolls up the rain in the western hills at dusk.

The shadow of the idle cloud pool is long, and things change for a few years.

Where is the emperor in the cabinet today? Outside the threshold, the Yangtze River flows by itself.

There is still controversy about Wang Bo's date of birth and death. Yang Jiong's Preface to Wang Bo said that he died in Tang Gaozong in the third year of Shang Yuan (676) at the age of 28. Accordingly, Wang Boying was born in the 23rd year of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong (649). Wang Bo's Ode to Spring Thoughts reads: "The second year of Xianheng (67 1) was in the spring and autumn years." According to this calculation, he was born in the first year of Emperor Gaozong Yonghui (65O). This is Wang Bo's self-report, which should be believed. Therefore, most scholars now believe that Wang Bo was born in the first year of Yonghui (650), died in the third year of Shangyuan (676), and was born at the age of 27. Wang Bo was a very talented poet in the early Tang Dynasty. It's really a pity that he only lived for 27 years.

[Edit this paragraph] Yang Jiong

(650~693? ), a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was born in Huayin, Hongyi (now Shaanxi). In the fourth year of Xianqing (659), he was a prodigy. Shang Yuan three years (676), it should be mentioned. Editing and proofreading bookkeeper, moved to Zhan. In 685, the first year of Wuhou's hanging arch, he gave way to Xu Jingye from his ancestor Yang Shen and joined the army as a righteous man in Zizhou. In the first year of Tianshou (690), he taught at Luoyang Palace Art Museum. In the first year of Ruyi (692), he moved to Yingchuan after the autumn, and the official management was famous for its harshness, and he died in the official. Known as Yang Yingchuan.

Yang Jiong is famous for his frontier poems. His works, such as Joining the Army, Leaving the Frontier, Battle of the South of the City, and Zi Mazi, show the fighting spirit of making contributions to the country with great momentum and bold style. Other poems that sing in harmony and set foot on the journey have little characteristics and have not completely escaped the colorful wind. There are 50 poems, including preface, table, monument, inscription, ambition and shape. Zhang Yue said, "Literary thoughts are inexhaustible, and they are superior to Lu without losing the king." . The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty praised the poem as "elegant in blue pen", while the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu thought it was "rich and elegant, not just this one" and said that "its poems are magnificent because they run through ancient books and are not just related to glitz". The Preface to Wang Bo spoke highly of Wang Bo's creative practice of lascivious writing style at that time, and reflected the requirements of the "Four Masters" to consciously reform the writing style at that time. As for China's so-called "Wang, Yang, Lu and Luo", Yang Jiong claimed to be "ashamed of the former Lu and ashamed of the queen", which was also agreed by the negotiators at that time. There are 33 poems today, most of which are five laws. Hu Yinglin in Ming Dynasty said, "Yingchuan is close to the body. Although the gods lost their monarch, they purged Hunxiong. Investigating its genre is really the beginning "("Poetry? Internal "volume 4). Wang Bo's literature advocates practicality. At that time, the poetic style, represented by Shangguan Yi, prevailed in the literary world, with "trying to slim the structure and carve it", "doing one's best to keep one's backbone, but not listening to it", and Wang Bo "thinking about its disadvantages and pursuing its career lightly" (Preface to Yang Jiong and Wang Bo). His poems are "strong but not empty, firm and moist, engraved without breaking, strengthened by pressing", which has played a great role in changing the atmosphere. There are more than 80 existing poems in Wang Bo, including preface, table, tablet and fu, and more than 90 existing poems. Earlier, 20 volumes, 30 volumes and 27 volumes of Selected Works of Wang Bo were not circulated.

The existing Wang Zian Collection 16 compiled by Zhang Xie during the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty; Notes on Wang Zian was written by JOE and Jiang Qingyi, tongzhi people in Qing Dynasty, and it is divided into twenty volumes. In addition, Yang Shoujing's "Visit to Japan" recorded ancient paper's "Prince An Wen" 1 volume, and copied 13 volume (actually, it was 12 volume, of which 6 volumes were incomplete). Luo Zhenyu's essay continuation of Yongfeng Farmer 1 volume ***24 articles, adding 12 articles that Yang did not have, and supplementing the 6 incomplete articles recorded by Yang. Roche's preface also mentioned that "Tomioka Jun (Cang Qian) kept The Wang Zian Collection (Volumes 29 and 30) in Kyoto". According to the manuscript of Imperial University in Kyoto, Japan (volume 1), there are two volumes of Wang Canjuan, which says "twenty-nine to thirty" and was immediately collected by Tomoka. In the third year of Qing Dynasty (19 1 1), Yao's Collection of Relieving Daowei Zhai has a chronology.

There is still controversy about Wang Bo's date of birth and death. Yang Jiong's Preface to Wang Bo said that he died in Tang Gaozong in the third year of Shang Yuan (676) at the age of 28. Accordingly, Wang Boying was born in the 23rd year of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong (649). Wang Bo's Ode to Spring Thoughts reads: "The second year of Xianheng (67 1) was in the spring and autumn years." According to this calculation, he was born in the first year of Emperor Gaozong Yonghui (65O). This is Wang Bo's self-report, which should be believed. Therefore, most scholars now believe that Wang Bo was born in the first year of Yonghui (650), died in the third year of Shangyuan (676), and was born at the age of 27. Wang Bo was a very talented poet in the early Tang Dynasty. It's really a pity that he only lived for 27 years.

[Edit this paragraph] Lu

(about 637 ~ 689), a poet in the Tang Dynasty. From this, the word "You Zi" comes into being. Yang (now Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province) was born. When I was young, I received primary school education and classic works from Wang. I have knowledge and culture. In the fifth year of Emperor Gaozong Yonghui (654), it was signed by Deng Wang (Li Yuanyu). He was highly valued by King Deng and was called Sima Xiangru. At the beginning of the third year of Emperor Gaozong's official seal (668), he served as a captain in Xindu, Yizhou (now near Chengdu, Sichuan). Rank full, roaming in Shu. He lived in Luoyang after he left Shu. He was once imprisoned in an accident, and he was exempted from the responsibility of saving his friends. He caught wind disease and lived in Taibai Mountain near Chang 'an. He was poisoned by taking Dan medicine and his hands and feet were disabled. I moved to the foot of Juzi Mountain in Yangzhai, bought dozens of acres of gardens, dug water, surrounded the house, built a grave in advance and lay in it. He "thinks he is the fashion officer of Emperor Gaozong and a Confucian; Wuhou worships the law and is alone in Huang Lao; After the closure of Songshan Mountain, many wise men were hired, which has been abolished. The book Five Sorrows speaks for itself (Biography of the New Tang Dynasty). Due to political setbacks and long-term illness, he finally drowned himself. The date of birth and death of Lu is unknown in history. When Wu Zetian was awarded the title of Dengfeng, Lu said that "Songshan was later awarded" and his preface to "Fu on Sick Pear Trees" written in the fourth year of Emperor Taizong Xianheng (673) inferred that he was nearly 40 years old at that time. The difference between the fourth year of Xianheng and the first year of Dengfeng was 22 years, so he was born in the tenth year of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong (636) and died at the age of 60. It is said that there are 20 volumes of Lu Wen's anthology in Old Tang Book and Ruling Book. Book records of Song Dynasty such as Chongwen Mu Zong 10. Today, there are seven volumes of Lu Sheng Ji and You You Zi Ji. The Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty contains two volumes of his poems. Xu Mingxia collated the seven volumes of Lu Ji and made an addendum. Fu Xuancong is the author of Lu and Yang Jiong.

[Edit this paragraph] Luo

(about 640 ~ 684) a poet in the Tang Dynasty. Word sightseeing, Wuzhou Yiwu (now Yiwu, China, Zhejiang) people. The poet in the early Tang Dynasty was also called "Luo Fu" with Fu Jiamo.

His father, the magistrate of Bochang County in Qingzhou, died anywhere. He can write poetry at the age of seven and is known as a "child prodigy". It is said that the poem of chanting geese was written at this time: "Wild goose, wild goose, wild goose, Xiang Tiange's crooked neck, white hair floating green water, red palm clearing waves." After his father died, he lived in Boshan, then moved to Xianqiu County, Yanzhou, and spent his early years in poverty. Yonghui (650 ~ 655) is a man of Tao Wang Li, who told him to display his talents. He was ashamed to show off and resigned. After worshipping Li Lang, he was a meticulous Dongtai bachelor. He was demoted for something, joined the army in the western regions and defended the border for a long time. After entering Shu, he lived under the door of Li Yijun, the general manager of Yaozhou Road, and put down the barbarian rebellion. I paid tribute to Lu when I was in Shu. In the third year of Yifeng (678), he was transferred to the martial arts master book and Chang 'an master book, and then Chang 'an master book entered the court as a counselor. When Wu Zetian was in power, Luo wrote many articles satirizing, offending and being jailed. Aro political prisoner listened to cicada, and there was a cloud: "His flight went through the fog heavily, and his pure voice was drowned in the windy world. Who knows if he is still singing? Who is the heart of the watch? " Express grief and indignation. The next year, I was released because I was forgiven. In the second year of Diao Lu (680), he became a county magistrate in Linhai, who was known as Luo Linhai. Abandoning the official and traveling to Guangling, he wrote a poem: "The sword thinks of Chu, and the golden vertebra promises to report to Korea." In the year of Hei Shengyuan (684), Wu Zetian abandoned Zhongzong to stand on her own feet. In September this year, (Li) opposed it in Yangzhou. As a member of the Xu family, he was appointed as a literary and art official in charge of confidential documents. He drafted the famous "Begging for the Wu Family" (that is, "Li Shichuan"): "The class moves the crowd, the north wind rises, the shock wave rushes south and draws a level, the mountains collapse silently, and the wind and cloud become angry and arrogant. You use this to defeat the enemy, why can't the enemy be destroyed, why can't you use this to make contributions? ..... Please see who owns the world today! " Passionate, swallowing mountains and rivers. When Wu Zetian read, "How can a six-foot orphan be entrusted with a handful of dirt?" The emperor asked, "Who will do it?" Or with the guest king, Wu Zetian sighed, "Did the Prime Minister get this person or lose this person?" In June 65438, Xu Jingye was defeated and killed, and the whereabouts of King Robin were unknown. Zi Jian said that he and Li were killed at the same time, and he threw himself into the river. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty says that he "put all his eggs in one basket and doesn't know what to do", while Meng Gui's Poem of Skill says: "If he loses his job, he will flee with the guest and the king, but he can't catch it. Worried that something would happen to the general who lost the grand prize. Tens of thousands of people died at that time. For those who want to kill two people, please submit this letter first. Although I knew I wouldn't die, I didn't dare to catch it. So he is a dedicated monk in Hengshan, and he is still a pawn in his nineties. The guest king also lost his hair and traveled all over the famous mountains. To Lingyin, he died at the age of one. "