Lockheed constellation _ Lockheed constellation passenger plane

The historical development of aviation

The earliest commercial flight route in the United States was established on 19 14 1.

The earliest airlines are Braniff International Airlines, Pan Am, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines (formerly a subsidiary of Boeing), Trans World Airlines, Northwest Airlines and Eastern Airlines.

In the early1965-1920s, there was almost no passenger service, and most airlines transported parcels.

1925, Ford motor company acquired an aircraft manufacturing company and began to manufacture all-metal Ford three-engine aircraft, which was the first successful aircraft in the United States.

It can carry 12 passengers, thus making the passenger service more profitable.

Air flight has gradually become a supplement to railway transportation in American transportation network.

At the same time, Juan Tripp began to build an aviation network connecting the United States and the rest of the world.

He founded Pan American Airlines and used seaplanes to set up routes from Los Angeles to Shanghai and Boston to London.

Pan Am and Northwest Airlines (flying from 1920s to Canada) are the only two airlines in the United States with international routes.

1The appearance of Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-3 in the 1930s made American airlines generally profitable, and even the Great Depression failed to weaken this trend.

This trend continued until the Second World War.

Development after 1945

After the war, countries began to set standards and scope for the emerging civil aviation industry, and the United States supported giving airlines the greatest freedom of operation.

One of the reasons is that American airlines did not suffer huge losses in the war like airlines in Europe and Asia.

So far, the United States still supports this "open space" policy to some extent.

World War II, like World War I, greatly promoted the development of the aircraft industry.

Many airlines have made a lot of money by signing lease contracts with the military, and predicted the huge demand for civil aviation to transport goods and passengers in the future.

They are willing to invest in new aircraft, such as Boeing 377, Lockheed Constellation and Douglas DC-6.

Most of these new planes were developed on the basis of American bombers such as the B-29 Super Fort Bomber.

The development of these bombers has led to the development of new technologies (such as supercharging).

These new technologies have improved the efficiency of these aircraft, so that their speed and load have been improved.

Comet haviland, Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 became the first flagships of western jets in 1950' s.

Boeing 747, Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L- 10 1 1 appeared in the 1970s, which once again brought great impetus to the aviation industry.

Today, these aircraft are still the main force in the international aviation industry.

Tu-144 and Concorde made supersonic flight a reality.

Airbus, founded in 1972, is by far the most successful commercial aircraft manufacturer in Europe.

Most of these planes have not improved much in speed, but they have greatly improved in passenger capacity, load capacity and flight distance.

1978, the United States relaxed its control over the aviation industry and lowered the requirements for the establishment of new airlines.

The economy was depressed at that time.

New airlines enter the market.

They buy planes, rent hangars and maintain services, train new employees and hire people who have been fired by other airlines.

In the 1980 s, half of the world's aviation flights were in the United States.

There are tens of thousands of flights every day in America today.

At the end of the 20th century, a new type of low-cost airline offered low-cost flights without extra services.

Low-cost airlines, such as Southwest Airlines, JetBlue, and Transair, pose severe challenges to major airlines, and Europe, Canada, and Asia also have corresponding trends.

Their commercial potential poses a serious competitive threat to traditional airlines.

But Trans-Air went out of business again.

In the past 50 years, the American aviation industry has developed from profit to extreme loss.

1978 as the first big market to be deregulated, the aviation industry in the United States has been hit harder than any other country or region.

Today, except American Airlines, all major airlines are under the bankruptcy protection of Chapter 1 1 of the United States Bankruptcy Law, or have withdrawn from the market.

European companies The earliest countries in Europe engaged in air transport were Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

KLM is the oldest airline in the world today and still operates under its original name. Established in 19 19.

Its first flight was at 1920, carrying two Englishmen from Amsterdam to London Heathrow Airport.

Like other major European airlines at that time, KLM's initial development was mainly through services connecting distant colonies.

However, after the Dutch Empire lost its colony, KLM was in a bad situation, because the Netherlands is a small country with few possible customers, so it mainly relies on transit passengers to maintain its business.

KLM is the first airline to use hub system to realize simple turnover.

19 19, France and Morocco started air mail service. 1927, this service was privatized, and the company was named Aéropostale, which gained a lot of capital and became an important international airline.

1933, the company went bankrupt, was nationalized, and merged with several other airlines to form Air France.

1923 September 12 was founded in Helsinki charter company Aero O/Y. It is the predecessor of Finnair and one of the oldest airlines still operating in the world.

The earliest aircraft used by this company was a Ke Rong F 13, which was delivered on March 1924. The earliest flight was from Helsinki to Tallinn, Estonia on March 20th, 1924.

Lufthansa was founded in 1926. Unlike most other airlines at that time, Lufthansa became a big investor outside Europe, investing in Embraer and Columbia Airlines.

The Junk, Dornier and Fokker planes used by German Airlines were the most advanced in the world at that time.

The peak of German air transport was in the middle of1930s, when the Nazi propaganda minister approved Led Zeppelin's commercial services.

These huge airships became symbols of industrial capacity.

However, their use of flammable hydrogen caused safety problems, which eventually led to the air crash of the 1937 Hindenburg spacecraft.

1965438+On August 25th, 2009, British company started the service between London and Paris, which was the first international flight in the world.

The most important airline in Britain at this time is Imperial Airlines, which was renamed British Overseas Airlines on 1939.

Imperial Airlines uses huge Handley-Petit biplane to fly between London, the Middle East and India: Imperial Airlines' plane was repaired by Bedouins in the Rubhari Desert, which is one of the most famous planes left by the British Empire.

abnormal

The deregulation of the aviation industry by the European Union in the early 1990s had a great impact on the aviation industry.

With the shortened flight distance, Yi Jie and Ryanair have created great competition for traditional national airlines.

These state-owned airlines themselves are being privatized, such as Aer Lingus and British Airways.

Some airlines, such as Alitalia, were hit by rising oil prices in early 2008.

According to the statistics of the International Airport Association, in 20 10, the global airport passenger throughput was 3.336 billion passengers, up 6.2% year-on-year.

Among them, the Asia-Pacific region has the fastest growth, with a year-on-year increase of 12.3%.

In the context of a good recovery of the global civil aviation industry, the China market has also performed well. In 20 10, there were 175 transportation airports in China, covering 9 1% of the national economic aggregate, 76% of the population and 70% of county-level administrative units. The passenger volume of civil aviation increased from1600,000 in 2006.

From the perspective of domestic air ticket agents, there are many domestic air passenger transport sales agents, but the concentration is low.

1998, there were only about 500 air ticket agents and direct call centers in China. However, after more than ten years of development, by 20 10, there were about 8,000 first-and second-tier distributors with agency qualifications in China, and the number of air ticket agents sold through the external website system may exceed/kloc-0.000 million, but the average annual sales of air tickets for each agent enterprise is less than 30,000.

From the perspective of sub-sales channels.

Online ticket sales in OTA mode by companies such as Ctrip, E Long and Tenbon, ticket vertical search engine mode by websites such as Kuxun and Qunar, and ticket bidding platforms such as Voucher Alliance and 5 1BOOK are the main camps of domestic ticket distribution channels.

In the past two years, hundreds of domestic third-party platforms have risen rapidly and gained market recognition. The amount of air tickets traded through the platform every day reaches 200 million yuan, accounting for 40%-50% of the total air ticket transactions in the country. The third-party platform meets the needs of multi-level consumers in the market with a new e-commerce model.

From the perspective of foreign air ticket agents, in the United States, the proportion of air ticket direct sales has reached 665,438+0%, and agents only account for 39% of the market share; In Europe, the direct sales share of British Airways, Lufthansa and Air France also reached 50%.

Even if zero air ticket agency fee is implemented, the agents have not completely disappeared, but the direct sales and agents are basically equally divided, and the market share of air ticket agents is highly concentrated.

Although the commission ratio has a long-term downward trend, direct selling and distribution, as two channels of air ticket sales, will still coexist for a long time.

Airline direct selling and agent distribution have their own advantages, facing different market segments and complementing each other. Although the increase in the proportion of direct air ticket sales is the general trend, its short-term impact on the agency industry is limited.

For airlines, agency sales is their main sales channel, and airlines can realize the promotion of their sales scale through large-scale agency enterprises.

If airlines implement the vertical integration strategy to enter the field of ticket sales, they need to expand the investment of capital and manpower, which will increase the complexity of management; Seeking cooperation with matching enterprises can reduce management expenses and marginal costs and maximize benefits.

From the consumer's point of view, a large agency that can provide guaranteed services and diversified choices at the same time is a better choice.

Due to the low flight density of a single airline, passengers have limited choices, especially business travelers who are not sensitive to price. Travel time is their primary consideration. Large agency enterprises can better meet this demand by integrating the ticket supply of several airlines.

In addition, large-scale agency enterprises can also provide "one-stop" services for hotel reservation, car rental, tourist routes and other products, saving a lot of time and preparation for passengers, thus being favored by consumers.

Therefore, the agency will still exist for a long time and occupy an important position in the air ticket sales channel.

Although China's civil aviation industry has developed rapidly, its service capacity is still insufficient, and the problems of imbalance, uncoordinated and unsustainable development still exist.

During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, China's civil aviation will show a trend of popularization and diversification, and rapid growth will remain the basic feature of this stage.

According to the Twelfth Five-Year Plan of China Civil Aviation Development, by 20 15, the number of transport airports in China will reach more than 230, and an airport system with reasonable layout, perfect functions, distinct levels, safety and efficiency will be initially established; Passenger traffic will reach 450 million passengers, with a compound annual growth rate of 1 1%.

Assuming that the proportion of direct sales of TravelSky will increase to 30% by then, the market size of air passenger transport sales agency will reach 20-24 billion yuan according to the average air ticket price 1 100 yuan and the comprehensive commission rate of 6-7%, and there is huge room for future development.

With the intensification of competition in the air passenger transport sales agency industry, domestic excellent air passenger transport sales agency enterprises pay more and more attention to the research on the industry market.

Because of this, a large number of excellent domestic air passenger transport sales agency enterprises have risen rapidly and gradually become the leader in the air passenger transport sales agency industry!

The five oldest airlines in the world are Aeromexico of Mexico and Czech Airlines of the Czech Republic, Columbia Airlines of Colombia, Qantas of Australia and KLM of the Netherlands.

Chile's national airline is located in Santiago, Chile. The first companies in Latin America with air flights are Chile's national airline, Colombian Airlines, Aeromexico, Embraer and Central American countries (Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Nicaragua).

These airlines all started to operate before World War II.

Aeromexico was founded in 1934, formerly known as Aeromexico.

Airlines in other regions, such as Argentine Airlines, are similar.

All these airlines are still operating.

The air transport market in Latin America is developing rapidly.

These airlines serve their domestic flights, but also connect Latin American countries and fly to North America, Europe, Australia, Africa and Asia.

Only Chilean National Airlines has overseas branches in Peru, Ecuador, Argentina and Dominica.

Latin American air transport hubs include Sao Paulo, Brazil, Bogota, Colombia, Lima, Peru, Mexico City, Mexico, Buenos Aires, Argentina and Santiago, Chile.

The Philippines is one of the earliest Asian countries with air transport enterprises.

194 1 Philippine Airlines was established on February 26th. It is the oldest airline in Asia and still operates under its original name.

The airline was organized by a group of business people in the Philippines at that time, and its maiden voyage started from Manila to Baguio on March 15 of that year.

Later, it began to use larger aircraft, such as Douglas DC-3.

JAL's first plane (DC-3) was rented from Philippine Airlines.

On July 3 1946, a Douglas DC-4 chartered by Philippine Airlines took 40 Americans from Manila Nelson Airport and flew to Oakland, California, USA via Guam, wake island, Johnston Atoll and Honolulu Lu Lu, becoming the first Asian airline to cross the Pacific Ocean.

In the same year, the airline started flights between Manila and San Francisco in 65438+February, and became the national airline of the Philippines on 1946.

Another airline that started earlier is air india, and 1932 was established in the name of "Tata Airlines". It was a branch of the enterprise of Indian industrialist Jamseki Tata (today's Tata Group).

1932 65438+1October 15 Tata himself flew a small single-engine plane to transport mail from Karachi to Mumbai for Imperial Airlines.

Since then, a Royal Air Force has continued to fly planes to Chennai.

After the outbreak of World War II, many newly established national airlines converted their planes to military use, so civil aviation in Asia basically stopped.

After World War II, India resumed civil aviation. On July 29th, 1946, Tata Airlines became part of the state-owned enterprise and changed its name to Air India.

After India's independence, * * * held a 49% stake in Air China.

The airline has the right to fly international flights from India and is the national airline of India.

India's neighbors soon began to engage in civil aviation. Pakistan International Airlines (formerly Eastern Airlines) and Cathay Pacific Airlines were established in 1946, Singapore Airlines and Malaysia Airlines in 1947, Garuda Indonesia in 195 1, Japan Airlines in 1 and China Airlines in/.