How many light years are the twelve constellations from the earth?

Vinis/wine

primary star/component

α——Spica, 1.0, blue or light blue.

The ear of wheat in the virgin's left hand. The distance is about 260 light years. Arabs in the desert occasionally call this star "undefended" or "unarmed", and there is no star nearby as a companion.

β-zavijava, 3.8, grayish yellow

The name originated from the Arabic word "corner". In the early days, this star marked a corner of the kennel, and the dog barked right in front of Leo's heel.

γ——Porrima, 2.8, yellow and white.

The alias of Carmen Tower, the ancient Roman goddess, her predictions can inspire poets. This is a binary star, both of which are of magnitude 3.5 and revolve around each other once every 169 years.

ε——Vindemiatrix, 2.8, yellow

It marks the virgin's right arm holding a palm leaf. The name comes from the Latin word "woman picking grapes", because in ancient times, its rising and rising together marked the arrival of the wine-making season. In astrology, it is considered a bad star. From the earth 100 light-year.

Sagittarius

Sagittarius

primary star/component

α——Rukbat (Tianyuan III), 4. 1, light blue.

The name means "knee". Although it is an alpha star, it is not the brightest star in the constellation.

β 1 and β2- anterior tendon and posterior tendon, 4.3 and 4.5 respectively, light blue and blue.

A pair of stars who look close but unrelated. "Tendon" refers to the achilles tendon from the calf to the heel.

γ——Alnasl (Gisuyi), 3.0, yellow

This star is marked with an arrow.

ε——KausAustralis (Jisu III), 1.9, light blue.

"South Bow" is the brightest star in this constellation and a giant star, 8.8 light years away from the Earth. It forms the archer's bow together with the third-class stars Jisu II (δ star) and Dousu II (λ star).

σ——Nunki, 2.0, light blue

It marks the head of the archer, behind the arrow. In the ancient Assyrian-Babylonian era, it was called the "Star of the Territorial Sea". "Sea" refers to the sky that turns to the east after Sagittarius, including all water-related constellations such as Aquarius, Capricorn, Dolphin, Whale and Pisces.

ζ —— Assella (Doosan VI), 2.6

The name comes from the Latin word "armpit".

Deep space star

Visible to the naked eye is the sewage pool nebula M8, which is equivalent to three full moons. Spherical galaxy M22, five stars, etc. , but it is best to observe with a telescope. ω nebula or horseshoe nebula M 17

Aries constellation

White sheep/ram

primary star/component

α—— Hamar (Lousu Ⅲ), 2.0, yellow

The name comes from the Arabic word "sheep", and the star reached its midnight peak around 65438+1October 22nd.

β-Selatan, 2.6, white

Named after Arabic "sign" or "symbol", this name was also shared by Mesarthim (Aries γ star) for a period of time. It is so called because these stars mark the 0-degree Aries vernal equinox, which fell near this star in 300-400 BC.

Taurus constellation

Taurus (Tauri/ bull)

primary star/component

α—— Aldebaran (Bi Su Wu), 0.85, grayish red.

An irregular variable star 68 light-years away from the earth. Bisuwu means "follower" because it rises and falls with the Pleiades and Bixingsu. Located at 6 degrees of the ecliptic, it was one of the four kings or guardians of ancient Mesopotamia. The other three are Xuanyuan XIV (alpha star of Leo), Beiluoshimen (alpha star of Pisces) and Antares (alpha star of Scorpio).

β-elnath, 1.65, light blue.

The name comes from Arabic "butter head". This star was once the gamma star of Auriga. Astronomers now divide it into Taurus.

M1-Crab Nebula

The deep-space star can be distinguished by telescope, which is located at the northwest of Taurus zeta star in the southern corner 1 degree. It is the remnant of a famous supernova explosion observed at 1054, 6500 light years away from the earth. It is named because its filaments are similar to crab claws.

Cancer constellation

Cancer

primary star/component

α——Acuben, 4.3, white.

The name means "claw"

β and γ —— Lactobacillus borealis (Beiqiao) and Lactobacillus australis (4.7 and 4.2) are grayish yellow.

They support the hive.

M44- Honeycomb Cluster prairie or Ghost Cluster

It is made up of about 50 stars of the sixth magnitude or even darker, 520 light years away from the Earth. They are visible to the naked eye and look like dark spots three times the diameter of the moon.

Capricorn palace. Compare CAPRICORNUS

Capricorn rice/sea sheep

primary star/component

α——A Igedi or Giedi, 3.6, yellow.

Both names mean "goat" or "goat". In fact, Nobukuro is a pair of stars, obviously close but unrelated.

β-dabih (Niusuyi), 3. 1, golden yellow.

The name comes from Arabic, meaning "the butcher's lucky sheep". When the sun first entered Capricorn, Arabs used goats as a memorial tradition.

γ-Nakhira, 3.8

The name comes from Arabic, meaning "one who brings good news".

δ—— Tianjin IV, 2.9

It means "goat's tail", the brightest star in Capricorn. Five degrees east of it, French astronomer Le Verrier calculated the existence of Neptune in 1846-it reflected the mythical connection between Capricorn, Neptune and the ocean.

Le Signe du Lion

Leo (lion)

primary star/component

α—— Xuanyuan XIV (Xuanyuan XIV), 1.4, light blue.

These two names represent "Xiao Wang" and "Lion Heart" respectively. Located on the ecliptic, this star is the leader of the four kings, or the sacred "guardian" of Mesopotamia. The other three stars are Betelgeuse (alpha star of Taurus), Antares (alpha star of Scorpio) and Kitagami (alpha star of Pisces).

β-Debebola (one of the five emperors), 2. 1, white.

This name means "lion's tail".

γ—— algie Ba, 1.9+0.9, orange.

The name means "forehead". It is a binary star composed of two giant stars.

fishes

Fish/fish

primary star/component

α—— Alyssa, 3.79, light blue.

Corresponding to the duality of Pisces symbols, Pisces contains a large number of binary stars of interest to astronomers. Alrischa is a binary star with magnitude of 4.2 and 5.2 respectively, and its orbital period is 900 years. It is about 100 light-year away from the earth. Its name may have originated from the Babylonian word "rope".

β-4.53, light blue

The westernmost main star in the second fish. Due to precession, it will become the symbol star of the vernal equinox and the starting point of the tropical ecliptic in 28 13.

Eta-3.62, yellow

The brightest star in the constellation.

ω——4.0 1, light blue

The iconic star of contemporary Aries vernal equinox; It's just below the equator intersection and 7 degrees north of the ecliptic.

Gemini

Gemini (Gemini/Twin)

primary star/component

α—— Ricinus communis (Beihe No.2), 1.6, light blue.

It is obviously composed of six stars (three pairs of binary stars) (any system with more than six stars will become unstable). The cluster is 47 light years away from the earth. The binary composition of Beihe II symbolizes the eternal duality related to Gemini.

β-Pollux (Beihe III), 1. 1, yellow.

This giant star is the brightest star in the constellation. Ovid (43- 17) called him a boxer among the two brothers. Early Arab astronomers called it "the first twin".

γ—— Al Haina (Su Jing III), 1.9, light blue.

The name may come from the brand of horse or camel in Arabic (γ, μ, ν, η and ξ are regarded as a hump).

M35- This cluster has 200 stars, 2800 light years away from the Earth, visible to the naked eye, with a magnitude of 6, almost as big as the full moon.

Aquarius constellation

Aquarius (Aquarius/Aquarius)

primary star/component

α—— Melic, sardar (Dangerous Building 1), 3.0, yellow.

This star marks the right shoulder of the constellation, K near Aquarius, and its name comes from Arabic "the lucky star of the king".

β-Sadalsuud (virtual cabin 1), 2,9, yellow

The star marks the left shoulder of the constellation, and the name means "the lucky one among the lucky ones".

MGC 7293- spiral nebula

The planetary nebula is 300 light years away from the sun. It covers about half a full moon, so it is best to observe it through a telescope.

Scorpius

Scorpion/Scorpion)

primary star/component

α-Antares, average 1/35, red.

The diameter of the giant star is 400 times that of the sun, and it is 0/70 light-years away from the Earth. Its brightness change period is 4.75 years. At 5 degrees south latitude, it is the sign of the ecliptic, one of the so-called four-star kings (sacred "guardian stars") in Mesopotamia, forming a huge cross near the ecliptic or the ecliptic; The other three stars are Bi Suwu (Alpha Taurus), Xuanyuan XIV (Alpha Leo) and Beichen (Alpha Pisces). The name Antares means "the opponent of Ares" or "the person who rivals Ares"-Ares is the god of war in Greek mythology, and he rules the red planet-Mars. Antares is sometimes called "the heart of a scorpion".

β-Acrab or Grafias (Room 4), 2.6, light blue.

They are "scorpion" and "chelate". Because the latter name is sometimes used illogically to address Scorpio zeta star, it often causes confusion in the catalogue. This star is a binary star, just above the ecliptic.

δ——Dschubba (room 3), 2.3, light blue.

The "front half" or "forehead" of a scorpion.

λ——Shaula (Vespa), 1.6, light blue.

The name comes from the Arabic word "thorn", which is located next to the constellation Ursa 9 (2.7) in Scorpio.

ν —— Salgas, 1.9, yellow

A giant star 0/90 light-years away from the earth/kloc-. The name originated in Mesopotamia.

libra

Freedom/balance

primary star/component

α——ZubenElgenubi (Pleiades increased by seven), 2.8, light blue.

A binary star that can be distinguished by a telescope. α 1(5.2 magnitude) is the white companion of α2(2.8). The name comes from the Arabic "claw of the south", which reminds people that Libra is the claw of Scorpio in ancient Greek legend.

β-zubenechamali (zubenechamali), 2.6, emerald green.

The name means "claw of the North". Its unique green tone is rare among the stars.

Note: Even with the naked eye, the Pleiades cluster is quite easy to be found in general. It is located in the northwest of the bright red giant Aldebaran (star 87, 0.9, etc.). , spectrum K5III), close to 10 degrees. Hyades, another equally famous open cluster, is obviously surrounded by Biru V. Now we know that Biju is not a member of Biju cluster, but a foreground star (68 light-years away from us, while the distance of Biju cluster is 150 light-years). Taurus constellation

Taurus is abbreviated as Tau, with an area of 797 square degrees and a size of 17. The best observation month is from 65438+February to 65438+ 10.

Since ancient times, this constellation has been regarded as a bull's head, which plays an important role in many early myths. In Greek mythology, this constellation is a human tauren monster. According to the late Greek mythology, this constellation is a snow-white bull, which came to the cattle herded by Princess Europa of Phoenicia. In fact, this bull was changed by Zeus, who fell madly in love with Princess Phoenicia. After the bull gained the trust of Princess Phoenicia, he took her to Crete, where he restored the face of God. Taurus is an important constellation in the northern sky, which indicates the arrival of winter. In binoculars, this is a very beautiful sky area. There are also two messier objects m 1 and m45.

observe

(Vision) Alpha Taurus: It is one of the four imperial stars in ancient Persia. In 3000 BC, it was a symbol of the equinox in the sky. This bright star represents the bull's eyes. It draws people's attention to the Pleiades cluster, and their V-shape represents the bull's head. Its order of magnitude is +0.85.

(Visually, binocular) Taurus θ 1 and θ2: These two stars are in the Pythagorean cluster, separated by 3.5 arc minutes, with magnitudes of +3.5 and +4 respectively, which can be seen by naked eyes. θ2 is brighter.

(Visually, binocular) Taurus λ star: This is an eclipsing binary star, and its magnitude changes between +3.4 and +4. 1 during the light change period of 3.95 days.

(Visually, binoculars) Bi cluster: This is one of the closest open clusters to our solar system, which is easy to see with naked eyes. Astronomers use this cluster to calibrate the distance scales of other clusters in the Milky Way. Bi cluster is best observed with binoculars. It has another obvious V-shape. The alpha star of Taurus is located at the top of the left branch of this V, but it has nothing to do with this cluster. There are about 130 stars with magnitude above +9 in this cluster.

(Telescope) m 1 (Crab Nebula): This celestial body is the remnant of a supernova explosion and the only one of its kind in messier catalog. It broke out on July 4th, 1054. People in China observed this phenomenon, and left a record about the "guest star". Through a 3-inch (8 cm) telescope, this nebula looks like irregular milky light. Seeing his slender extension line in the photo can only be seen with a very large non-professional telescope. Its magnitude is +8.4.

In the sky not far from the northwest of Orion, there is a very bright 0.86m star (the first 13 of all the stars), which is the alpha star of Taurus, which was called Bisu V in ancient China.

Taurus is also one of the famous zodiac signs, and Bi Suwu is located near the zodiac. It is about 90 degrees away from the four bright stars near the ecliptic, such as Xuanyuan XIV of Leo, Antares of Scorpio and Beiluoshimen of Nanyu. They are called the "four heavenly kings" of the zodiac.

The most famous celestial body in Taurus is "two clusters plus a nebula".

Connecting Orion γ star and Cebu star, extending about twice the distance to the northwest, there is a famous open cluster-Pleiades cluster. People with good eyesight can see seven bright stars in this cluster, so it was also called "Seven Star Cluster" in ancient China. The Pleiades cluster is 4 17 light-years away and has a diameter of 13 light-years. Observed with a large telescope, it can be found that there are more than 280 stars in the Pleiades cluster.

Another open cluster is called Biju Cluster, which is located near Biju, but Biju is not a member of it. Bi cluster is 0/43 light-years away from us/kloc-and is the closest cluster to us. You can see five or six stars with the naked eye. In fact, it has about 300 members.

Near the star zeta in Taurus, there is a famous big nebula, which was named "Crab Nebula" by a British astronomer according to its shape. Astronomers in this century infer that the Crab Nebula is the product of 1054 supernova explosion. The supernova explosion of 1054 is recorded in detail in ancient astronomical documents in China.