Brief introduction of planets of the solar system

Mercury, the closest to the sun, is the second asteroid in the solar system. Mercury is smaller in diameter than Ganymede and Titan, but it is heavier. Orbit: 57,965,438+00,000 kilometers (0.38 astronomical unit) from the sun. Planet diameter: 4880 km. Mass: 3.30e23. In ancient Roman mythology, Mercury was the god of commerce, travel and theft, that is, Hermes in ancient Greek mythology, and the god of communication among the gods. Maybe it's named because it moves fast in the air. Mercury was discovered as early as 3000 BC in Sumerian times, and the ancient Greeks gave it two names: Apollo when it first appeared in the morning and Hermes shining in the night sky. However, ancient Greek astronomers knew that these two names actually refer to the same star, and Heraclitus (a Greek philosopher in the 5th century BC) even thought that Mercury and Venus revolved around the sun instead of the earth.

Venus is the second closest planet to the sun and the sixth largest planet in the solar system. Of all the planets, Venus' orbit is the closest to a circle with a deviation of less than 1%. Orbit radius: 108, 200,000 kilometers (0.72 astronomical unit) from the sun. Planet diameter: 12, 103.6 km. Mass: 4.869e24 kg Venus (Babylonian, Greece: Ishtar) is the goddess of beauty and love. Perhaps it was so named because it was the brightest planet in the known world for ancient people. There are also some objections that Venus is named because its surface resembles that of a woman. People have known about Venus since prehistoric times. Besides the sun and the moon, it is the brightest. Like Mercury, it is usually considered to be composed of two independent stars: the morning star is called Eosphorus and the evening star is called Hesperus, which Greek astronomers know better.

The earth is the third and fifth largest planet from the sun: orbital radius:149,600,000 km (from the sun 1.00 astronomical unit); Planet diameter:12756.3km; Mass: 5.9736e24 kg > Earth is the only name that doesn't come from Greece or Rome. The word earth comes from old English and Germanic. Of course, there are many other languages. In Roman mythology, the goddess of the earth is called Tellus-fertile land (Greek: Gaia, mother of the earth).

The moon is the only natural satellite on the earth: its orbital radius is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth; Its planet has a diameter of 3476 kilometers; Its mass is 7.35e22; The ancient Romans called it luna; The ancient Greeks called it Selene or themis (the moon and the goddess of hunting); Besides, it has many names in other myths. Of course, the moon was known as early as prehistoric times. It is the second brightest object in the sky after the sun. Because the moon orbits the earth once a month, the angles between the earth, the moon and the sun are constantly changing; We call it the new moon. It takes 29.5 days (709 hours) for a continuous new moon to appear, which varies with the orbital period of the moon (measured by stars) and the synchronous revolution of the earth around the sun.

Mars is the fourth farthest planet from the sun and the seventh largest planet in the solar system. Orbit: 227,940,000 kilometers (65,438+0.52 astronomical units) from the sun. Planet diameter: 6794 km. Mass: 6.4219e23kg. Mars (Greek: Ares) is called the God of War. This may be due to its bright red color; Mars is sometimes called the "red planet". Interesting note: Before the Greeks, the ancient Romans once offered sacrifices to Martians, who were a god who seldom talked about agriculture. The aggressive Greeks regarded Mars as a symbol of war, and the name of March also came from Mars.

Phobos (pronounced "FOH bus" in English) is the larger of the two satellites of Mars, and it is also the one closer to Mars. The distance between Phobos and Mars is also the shortest among all satellites and their main stars in the solar system, only 6,000 kilometers away from the surface of Mars. It is also one of the smallest satellites in the solar system. Orbit: 9378 km from the center of Mars. Satellite diameter: 22.2km (27x21.6x18.8) Mass: 1.08e 16kg In Greek mythology, Phobos is the son of Ares (Mars) and Aphrodite (Venus). "Phobos" means "fear" in Greek (a word-forming component of "phobia"-fear). Phobos was discovered by Hall in 1877, first photographed by Mariner 9 in 197 1 and observed by Viking 1 and Phobos in 1977.

Jupiter is the fifth and largest planet from the sun, twice the mass of all other planets combined (3 18 times that of the earth).

Orbit: 778,330,000 kilometers (5.20 astronomical units) from the sun. Planet diameter: 142984 km (equator). Mass: 1.900e27 kg Jupiter (also known as Jove) The Greeks called Zeus the king of God, the ruler of Mount Olympus and the protector of Rome. He is the son of Cronus (Saturn). Jupiter is the fourth brightest object in the sky (second only to the sun, the moon and Venus; Sometimes Mars is brighter), Jupiter has been known to mankind as early as prehistoric times. According to Galileo's observation of Jupiter's four moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto (now often called Galileo's moons) in 16 10, it was the first time that they were found not to orbit the earth, and it was also the main basis for agreeing with Copernicus's Heliocentrism about planetary motion. Galileo was arrested by the Inquisition for openly supporting Copernicus, and was forced to give up his faith and spend the rest of his life in prison.

Jupiter's moon

Jupiter has known satellites 16, four satellites discovered by Galileo, and small satellites 12.

Because of the tidal force produced by Galileo satellite, Jupiter's motion is gradually slowing down. Similarly, the same tidal force changed the orbits of satellites, making them gradually move away from Jupiter.

Io, Europa and Ganymede are affected by tidal force, so the dynamic relationship of revolution is fixed at 1:2:4, which changes with each other. Callisto is also a part of it. In the next few hundred million years, Callisto will also be locked, and its operation scale is twice that of Ganymede and eight times that of period of revolution and Io.

Jupiter's moons are named after the people Zeus came into contact with in his life (mostly his lovers).

Satellite distance

Radius (km)

Mass (km)

The date of discovery by the discoverer

io XVI 128000 20 9.56 e 16 synnot 1979

io XV 129000 10 1.9 1e 16 Jewitt 1979。

Ganymede181000 98 7.17e18 Barnard 1892.

io XIV 222000 50 7.77 e 17 synnot 1979

Io42200018158.94e22 Galileo 16 10.

Europa 6710001569 4.80e22 Galileo 16 10.

Ganymede1070000 2631.48e23 Galileo 16 10.

Callisto1883000 24001.08e23 Galileo 16 10.

Ganymede131109400085.68e15kowal1974.

Europa11480000 93 9.56e18 perrin 1904.

Europa1172000018 7.77e16 Nicholson 1938.

Ganymede 1 1737000

Ananke 21200000153.82e16 Nicholson 195 1.

Io Xi 22600000 20 9.56e 16 Nicholson 1938

Europa 235000000 251.91e17 Mellot 1908.

Europa 23700000187.77e16 Nicholson 19 14.

The values of smaller satellites are approximate.

Jupiter's halo

Halo distance

Width (km)

Mass (km)

(kg)

Halo 100000 22800?

Main122800 64001e13

Hairspring 129200 850000?

(Distance refers to the distance from the center of Jupiter to the inner edge of the ring.

Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and the second largest of the nine planets.

Orbit: from the sun 1, 429,400,000 kilometers (9.54 astronomical units).

Satellite diameter: 120536 km (equator)

Quality: 5.68e26

In Roman mythology, Saturn is the name of Saturnalia. Cronus, the god of agriculture in Greek mythology, is the son of Uranus and Kaya and the father of Zeus (Jupiter). Saturn is also the root of Saturday in English. (

Saturn was discovered in prehistoric times. Galileo first observed it through a telescope in 16 10 and recorded its strange trajectory, but he was also puzzled by it. The early observation of Saturn is very complicated, because every few years when Saturn is in its orbit, the earth will pass through the plane where Saturn's rings are located. Low-resolution images of Saturn often change completely. ) It was not until 1659 that Huygens correctly deduced the geometry of halo. Before 1977, Saturn's ring was always considered as the only one in the solar system; But in 1977, a dim halo was found around Uranus, and soon after that, rings were also found around Jupiter and Neptune.

Uranus is the seventh farthest planet from the sun and the third largest planet in the solar system. Uranus is bigger than Neptune, but its mass is smaller.

Orbit: 2870990000 kilometers from the sun (19438+08 astronomical units).

Planet diameter: 5 1, 1 18km (equator).

Quality: 8.683e25

Be careful when reading the English name of Uranus, or you may be in an awkward position. Uranus should be pronounced "YOOR a nus", not "your anus" or "Urenius" (urinating on us).

Uranus is the god of the universe in ancient Greek mythology and the earliest supreme god. He is the son and wife of Kaya and the father of Cronus (Saturn), Cyclops and Titan (the predecessor of Mount Olympus).

Uranus was searched by William Herschel through the telescope system and was discovered on 1 781March 31day. It is the first planet discovered in modern times. In fact, it has been observed many times, but it was mistaken for another star (observed by john flamsteed as early as 1690, but coded as 34 Taurus). Herschel named it "Georgium Sidus" (planet Georgia) to commemorate his benefactor, the infamous king of England: George III; Some people also call Uranus "Herschel". Because the names of other planets are taken from Greek mythology, Baud first proposed to call them "Uranus" for consistency, but it was not widely used until 1850.

The moon of Uranus

Uranus has 15 named satellites and 2 discovered but unnamed satellites.

Unlike other celestial bodies in the solar system, Uranus' moons are not named after characters in ancient myths, but after characters in Shakespeare and Pope's works.

They are naturally divided into two groups: the 10 small satellite near Uranus discovered by Voyager 2 and five large satellites in the outer layer. (right)

They all have a circular orbit around the equator of Uranus (so they are at a large angle relative to the equatorial plane).

Satellite distance

Radius (km)

Mass (km)

The date of discovery by the discoverer

Tianweiliu 50000 13? Voyager 2 1986

Tianweiqi 54000 16? Voyager 2 1986

Tianwei, right? 59000 22? Voyager 2 1986

Tianweijiu 62000 33? Voyager 2 1986

Tianwei 10 63000 29? Voyager 2 1986

Tianwei eleven 64000 42? Voyager 2 1986

Tianwei 12 66000 55? Voyager 2 1986

Tianwei XIII 70000 27? Voyager 2 1986

Tianwei 14 75000 34? Voyager 2 1986

Tianwei 18 75000 20? Karkoschka 1999

Tianwei 15 86000 77? Voyager 2 1985

Tianweiwu 130000 236 6.30 e 19 kuiper 1948

Tianweiyi1910005791.27e21laser1851.

Tianweier 2660005851.27e21lassell1851

Tianweisan 436000 789 3.49e2 1 Herschel 1787

Tianweisi 583000 76 1 3.03e2 1 Herschel 1787

Tianwei XVI 7200000 30? Gradmann 1997

sycorax

12200000 60 ? Gradmann

1997

Uranus' aura

Halo distance

Width (km)

(km)

1986 u2r 38000 2500

6 4 1840 1-3

5 42230 2-3

4 42580 2-3

Alpha 44720 7- 12

Beta 45670 7- 12

ETA 47 190 0-2

Gamma 47630 1-4

Delta 48290 3-9

1986 u 1R 50020 1-2

epsilon 5 1 140 20- 100

(Distance refers to the length from the center of Uranus to the inner edge of the halo.

Neptune is the eighth planet orbiting the sun and the fourth largest celestial body (diameter) in the solar system. Neptune is smaller in diameter than Uranus, but larger in mass than Uranus.

Orbit: 4.504 billion kilometers (30.06 astronomical units) from the sun.

Planet diameter: 49,532km (equator)

Mass: 1.0247e26

In ancient Roman mythology, Neptune (Greek mythology: Poseidon) represents Poseidon, the sea god.

After Uranus was discovered, people noticed that its orbit was inconsistent with that inferred from Newton's theory. So scientists predict the existence of another distant planet, which will affect the orbit of Uranus. Galle and d' Arrest first observed Neptune on1September 23rd, 846, and its position was very close to the position independently predicted by Adams and Levell based on the observed positions of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. An international debate about who first discovered Neptune and who has the right to name it has arisen between Britain and France (however, there is no obvious debate between Adams and Levell); Now Neptune's discovery is attributed to the two of them. Later observations show that the orbit calculated by Adams and Levell is quite different from Neptune's real orbit. If the search for Neptune is carried out a few years earlier or later, people will not be able to find it at or near their predicted location.

Only one spacecraft, Voyager 2, visited Neptune on1August 25th, 989. All the information we know about Neptune comes from this short meeting.

Neptune's Moon

Neptune has eight known satellites: seven small satellites and Triton.

Satellite distance

(km)

radius

(km)

quality

(kg)

Date of discovery by discoverer

Triton 48000 29？ Voyager 2 1989

Triton IV 50000 40？ Voyager 2 1989

Triton 53000 74？ Voyager 2 1989

Triton VI 62000 79？ Voyager 2 1989

Triton 74000 96？ Voyager 2 1989

Triton 8 1 18000 209？ Voyager 2 1989

triton 355000 1350 2. 14e 22 lassell 1846

Triton 5509000 170？ Kuiper 1949

Neptune's aura

Halo distance

Width (km)

(km)

Galle, zip code: 41900151989n3r.

53200 15 1989N2R inside Le Ville

Arago Russell Plateau 53200 5800 1989N4R

Main 62930 & lt501989n1r, ADAMS

(The distance is from the center of Neptune to the inner end of the ring)

It is generally believed that Pluto is the farthest and smallest planet from the sun. There are seven satellites in the solar system larger than Pluto (the moon, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Titan and Triton).

Orbit: The average distance from the sun is 59 13520000 km (39.5 astronomical units).

Planet diameter: 2274 km

Mass: 1.27e22

In Roman mythology, Pluto (Greek called Pluto) was the leader of the underworld. The planet got its name (but didn't take other suggestions) because it is too far away from the sun to be silent in endless darkness, or because the first two letters of Pluto are Percival Lowell, which is an abbreviation.

Pluto was discovered by a lucky coincidence in 1930. A calculation that was later found to be wrong "asserted" that there was a planet after Uranus and Neptune. Clyde W. Tombaugh of Lowell Observatory in Arizona, USA, made a very careful observation of the solar system because he didn't know this calculation error. However, because of this, Pluto was discovered.

Ka Rong is the only known satellite of Pluto;

Orbit: Distance to Pluto 19640 km.

Satellite diameter: 1 172km.

Mass: 1.90e2 1kg

Ka Rong (Ka Rong or Chanon) was named after a mythical figure who transported the dead to the underworld through the Styx.

(Although the academic world named after this mysterious figure, Phobos, the discoverer of Pluto, was also named in memory of his wife Charlene Marilynn Dangelo. As we all know, the first syllable of their English pronunciation is the same, just like "shard" ("shahren"). )