What rifles did China and Russia use in World War II?

M1891Mosin-Nagant rifle (мосиннаган in Russian).

Known as "Vintovka Mosina" in Russia, it developed from/kloc-0 in the late 1980s to/kloc-0 in the early 1980s under the entrustment of the Russian government, and was officially adopted by the Russian army in 189 1, with three-line caliber189/kloc.

[Edit this paragraph] Development history

M 189 1 rifle was controversial in the bidding process, and two designs were able to enter the final stage of official evaluation. One is the prototype of Russian army captain sergei ivanovich mosin, and the other is designed by Belgian brothers Emil Nagant and Li Ang Nagan.

Mohsin was born in1May 5, 849. 12 years old, entered a military school and joined the army there. 1867 entered Moscow Alexander Rovskoye Military High School. 1870 When he left the military high school, he transferred to mikhailov Skoye Artillery Academy in order to be transferred to the artillery department. 1875 After graduation, he was transferred to Tula Arsenal. Mohin's first job as a weapon designer was to improve the Bodan II rifle, and Mohinnagan rifle was his second design, although his design was not completely adopted in the final finished Mohinnagan rifle. Mosin started the design of repeating rifles at 1883. In 1884 and 1885, he provided several rifle designs with built-in magazines for the bidding committee. The original design is 10.6mm caliber. However, Mohsin's achievements have not been taken seriously by the Russian army.

1886, Lebel rifle (the first military weapon with smokeless powder and small-caliber bullets) was adopted in France, which caused the small-caliber ammunition revolution of light weapons all over the world. From 1887 to 1889, the armies of most European countries have adopted similar weapons, and the Russian government has also decided to replace the existing Bodan rifle with a similar new type of repeating rifle (similar to the British Martini-Henry rifle, with black powder bullets after single shot). To this end, the Russian government organized a committee to choose from the existing designs of Mao Se, Lebel, Lee Metford, Manlixia, Schmidt Rubin and Cragg jorgenson. Mosin was also commissioned to design a 7.62mm caliber rifle with five single-row magazines for bidding. According to the old Russian weights and measures, it is called three-line caliber. Note: liniya, English for LINE, old Russian weights and measures, line 1 equals 0. 1 inch or 2.54mm, so line 3 equals 7.62mm or 0.30 inch. Li Ang Nagan, a Belgian weapons designer, submitted a 3.5-caliber (8.89 mm) rifle and 500 bullets to the Russian army for testing.

All the weapons participating in the bidding were tested by the Russian army from 1890 to 189 1, and the Russian army preferred Nagan's design. Originally, it was beneficial to Nagan's design, but for the sake of Russian national dignity, the government was very interested in Mosin's rifle. Due to the disagreement between the government and the army, the Committee finally adopted a compromise: the two designs were merged into one rifle, and as a result, the ammunition supply system designed by the Nagan brothers was installed on the rifle designed by Mosin, so this rifle system was called Mosin-Nagan rifle. Both sides who participated in the competition were paid: the Nagan brothers were paid (later, the M 1895 pistol designed by the Nagan brothers was also adopted by the Russian army), and Mosin was promoted to colonel and appointed as the director of the Shestretsk Arsenal to continue to improve and produce this rifle. Colonel Mosin died on February 8, 1902, and was buried in Tula. 1960, the Soviet Union established the S.I. Mosin Special Award to reward experts in various defense enterprise systems.

When Mosinnagan rifles were used, Russian light weapons enterprises were not ready for production, so the first batch of M 189 1 Mosinnagan rifles were produced by Chattero Light Weapons Factory in France. Mosinnagan rifle was the main equipment of Russian army in World War I, and foreign contractors were used to produce this kind of rifle again during World War I. At that time, Russia was very short of rifles, so it signed production contracts with two American companies, but these rifles were not handed over to the later Soviet regime because of the October Revolution, and were used for training and private sales in the United States.

M 189 1 There were three kinds of rifles at first: infantry rifle, dragoon rifle and Cossack rifle. Infantry rifles are standard long rifles, and the latter two are mounted guns (carbines) distributed to cavalry units.

[Edit this paragraph] Improve the model

The Mosinnagan rifle was greatly improved during the Soviet period. 1924, M 189 1 rifle was improved on the basis of dragon knight rifle. 1930, the Mosinnagan rifle was the most improved, named as M 189 1 30 rifle, produced by Tula and Izhevsk, M189130 rifle and M189/30 rifle. There are not many improvements on the M189130 rifle. The main improvement project is to install a new sight. The original M 189 1 30 rifle still uses the box of M1891rifle, and its cross section is hexagonal. This is because of the original M65438. In other respects, the M/KOOC-0/89/KOOC-0/30 rifle is basically the same as the M/KOOC-0/89/KOOC-0/rifle. Hexagonal casing is generally called 1 type, and circular casing is generally called type 2. M 189 1/30 Mosinnagan model 189 1/30) officially equipped the Soviet red army in 1930, and 1938 improved the type 38 riding and shooting rifle for cavalry. The M 1938 carbine is a shortened version of the M 189 1/30 rifle. 194 1 and 1943 were further improved into 4 1/43 riding and shooting guns. By 1943, the main weapon of the Soviet infantry was the M189130 Mosinnagan rifle. The effective combat distance was 400 meters when using the mechanical sight and 800 meters when using the sight.

[Edit this paragraph] Retirement

During World War II, with the continuous development of infantry weapons, Mosinnagan rifles began to look outdated, and the Soviet Union finally decided to replace Mosinnagan rifles with SKS semi-automatic rifles with medium-power bullets. 1948 or so, the Mosinnagan rifle was discontinued in the former Soviet Union, and later the machinery and equipment were sold to Poland.

As a standard weapon of Russian army and Soviet Red Army, various types of Mosinnagan rifles have been in service for 60 years and have been used by China, Finland, Hungary, Poland, North Korea and other countries. This kind of gun can be seen in almost every war in the 20th century: World War I, Soviet Civil War, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, Afghanistan, Grenada. By the end of World War II, the number of "Mosinnagan" rifles had exceeded 654.38+07 million.

The Soviet government successively assisted China Mosinnagan rifles. For example, during his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression 1939, China ordered 50,000 rifles to equip the Kuomintang army. 1949 After the founding of New China and the outbreak of the Korean War, it signed an agreement with the Soviet Union to purchase light weapons from 36 infantry divisions, including a large number of M189130 rifles. Domestic arsenals also began to imitate Soviet firearms. At this time, the Soviet army was withdrawing the Mosinnagan rifle, so it sold the production equipment and technical data of Mosinnagan M 1944 carbine to China, and finally it was finalized as 1953 rifle in China.

Although this outdated rifle has been gradually replaced by AK rifles from other countries, until today, Mosinnagan rifles can still be seen in the field of folk collection or hunting. Because this kind of gun is relatively cheap, and the bullets used are also cheap and easy to get, in contrast, the ammunition used in other contemporary weapons is not standard ammunition (such as .30-06 or 7.92mm Mao Se), so the output is low and the price is expensive.

[Edit this paragraph] Structural features

Mosin-Nagan is one of the earliest smokeless propellant military rifles. Compared with other similar military rifles of the same generation, such as Mao Se rifle series and Linfield rifle series, the design of Mosinnagan rifle series is more complicated, the design is rough and outdated, and the overall operation feels clumsy than these rifles. However, the advantages of Mosinnagan rifle are easy to produce and simple and reliable to use, which is extremely important compared with the Soviet army with low industrial base and low education level of soldiers. Especially in the harsh period of war, it is necessary to increase weapons production to meet the needs of the front line, and a large number of supplementary fighters often lack training time.

Mosinnagan rifle is a kind of manual rifle with a revolver and a magazine for ammunition supply. It is the first smokeless propellant rifle adopted by the Russian army. It adopts an integral magazine, and single shot or magazine filling is carried out through the shell throwing opening at the top of the magazine. The magazine is located in front of the trigger holder under the stock. The magazine has a capacity of 5 rounds and has a hinged bottom cover, which can be opened to empty the magazine or for cleaning and maintenance. Because it is a single-row design, there is no magazine opening, so there is a partition board device at the magazine opening to separate the second round of ammunition when loading, so as to avoid the failure of two rounds of loading. In the early gun type, this device also had the function of shell-throwing tappet, but starting from M 189 1/30, an independent shell-throwing tappet was added in the later gun type. There are four right-handed rifles in the chamber. When the bolt is locked, the two locking lugs in front of the rotary bolt are horizontal. The rifle is a needle firing, and the needle firing enters a ready state in the process of opening the bolt. The manual safety device is a "small cap" extending from the tail of the bolt. Pulling back will lock the needle, pushing forward will release the safe state, and the operation is inconvenient and laborious. The lever arm of horizontal extension wire drawing machine is short, so it takes a lot of effort to operate, and it is not convenient to carry compared with downward bending wire drawing machine, which is only available in sniper type. No special tools are needed to remove the bolt from the rifle. Just pull the bolt and then pull the trigger to take it out. Several other major components can be further decomposed without using tools. The early prismatic bayonet was rectangular in cross section, and later it was changed into a screwdriver shape, which was used as a disassembly tool when disassembling rifles. In the early days, the bayonet was a detachable four-sided bayonet, which was sleeved on the muzzle with a tubular socket. In the later period, it was a non-detachable folding bayonet, and the bayonet seat was also used as a quasi-constellation. Buttons are usually made of birch.

[Edit this paragraph] Ammunition

Together with the M 189 1 rifle, a new small caliber bullet was adopted (it was indeed a small caliber bullet in that era). Until today, the 7.62×54mm R bullet has been in service in the Russian army for more than a century. The bullet adopts a conical shell with a protruding bottom edge. The design of the protruding bottom edge shell has been out of date since the end of19th century, but it is suitable for the Russian light weapons industry with a low foundation, because the requirements of the protruding bottom edge shell on the bore size are relatively loose, allowing a large production tolerance during processing, which saves both working hours and money. The bullet of M 189 1 is a blunt round bullet, 2 10 grain, copper-nickel alloy armor and lead core. After Germany adopted the pointed projectile, Russia also began to develop the pointed projectile. After a lot of tests, 1908 adopted 148 grain copper-nickel armored bullets. After the end of World War II, Soviet standard rifles successively used medium-power bullets and 5.45mm small-caliber rifle bullets, but until now M 1908 bullet series is still used as ammunition for machine guns and sniper rifles.

[Edit this paragraph] The main models of Mosinnagan rifles.

M 189 1 infantry rifle: year of production 189 1- 1928, total length 1306mm, total length 1738mm with bayonet, and the empty gun weighs 4.

M 189 1 cossack rifle: production year 1893- 19 17, full length 1234mm, bayonet length 1666mm, and empty gun weight 3.

M 189 1 dragon knight rifle: production year191932, full gun length 1234mm, empty gun weight 3.9kg, barrel length 730mm, muzzle velocity 6.

M 1907 carbine: production year1910-17, full gun length10/508mm, empty gun weight 3.3kg, barrel length 53 kg.

M189130 rifle type I: production year 1927- 1932, total gun length 1234mm, bayonet length 1666mm, and empty gun weight of 3.8kg.

M189130 rifle type II: production year 1933- 1944, total gun length 1234mm, bayonet length 1666mm, and empty gun weight of 3.8kg.

M 1938 carbine: production year 1938- 1944, full gun length 1020mm, empty gun weight 3.45kg, barrel length 5 10mm and muzzle velocity 820m/s.

M 1944 carbine: production year 1943- 1948, gun length 1020mm, bayonet length 1327mm, empty gun weight 3.9kg, barrel length 51.

M9 1/59 carbine: production year 1959, full gun length10/0mm, empty gun weight 3.8kg, barrel length 5 17mm and muzzle velocity 820m/s.

"Mosinnagan" sniper rifle: On the basis of the M189130 Mosinnagan rifle put into production on 1930, the handle is lengthened, and the shape is changed from straight to downward bending, and the sight base is installed on the left side of the rifle. In the mid-1930s, the shell was changed to a circular shape, which made the mounted sight base more solid. The magnification of the sight is 4 times, and the diameter of the objective lens is 30 mm. The "Mosinnagan" sniper rifle with PE sight weighs 4.6 kg, while the whole gun with PU sight weighs 4.27 kg, which is simple in structure, small in size and light in weight. In the movie "Enemy at the Gates", the protagonist Vasily used the M 189 1/30 sniper rifle.