On the History of Poetry &: On the History of Ancient Poetry

The achievements of prose creation in Han Dynasty are very high. In the early Han Dynasty, Jia Yi and Chao Cuo's political comments were sharp-minded, outspoken and literary. Prose from the late period to the Eastern Han Dynasty tends to be parallel prose, but it can preserve the writing style of paying attention to reality and criticizing the disadvantages in the early Han Dynasty. The highest achievement of prose in Han Dynasty is Sima Qian's Historical Records. Historical Records created a biographical style with people as the center. It dares to criticize and praise beauty, and its spirit of recording without hiding evil is praised by people. From the literary point of view, Sima Qian created a large number of characters with different backgrounds and personalities with full emotions and rich historical knowledge, making it a model of biographical literature in China. Such as Xiang Yu in Biography of Xiang Yu, Li Guang, a flying general in Biography of General Li, and Lin Xiangru in Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru. The superb characterization skills, changeable layout and extraordinary language expression of Historical Records have all set an example for later narrative prose. Lu Xun enthusiastically evaluated the outstanding historical and literary achievements of Historical Records with the words "Historian's swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme". What can be compared with historical records is Ban Gu's Hanshu. Hanshu has detailed records, wonderful words and unique features. However, Ban Gu's adherence to Confucian principles in writing history is rigid and conservative, and his achievements are slightly inferior to Historical Records.

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A Brief History of the Development of China Literature History

China literature has a long history. As early as ancient times, myths, legends, folk songs and other oral literature have been circulated among the people, although no words have yet been produced. Documents preserved in ancient books and records show that fairy tales like Kuafu Daily, Goddess of Mending Heaven and Dayu Governing Water shine with the brilliance of Chinese civilization and wisdom. "Playing Songs": "Broken bamboo, continued bamboo, flying soil, eating meat." Singing about the bravery of primitive hunting; Song of Tu Shan's barren woman: "Waiting for someone." Recorded the first love song of China's original singing style.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery enables the source of China's classical prose to be traced back to Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Shangshu in Yin and Shang Dynasties was quite mature in structure and expression, and naturally became the ancestor of China's classical prose.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the appearance of China's first poetry collection, The Book of Songs, was the first major event in the history of ancient literature. The Book of Songs collected 305 poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period about 500 years ago. According to the music standard, it is divided into three parts: wind, elegance and praise. "Wind" is a local music song outside Kyoto in the Zhou Dynasty, "Ya" is a music song in the area directly ruled by the Zhou Dynasty, and "Ode" is a dance music at the ancestral temple. The ideological content of The Book of Songs reflects a wide range of social life. Some poems, such as Storytelling and Vatan, expose the corruption of rulers and shout out voices against exploitation and oppression. Some poems express their abhorrence of the corvee military service, such as "Bo Xi" and "Serviceman". Some poems eulogize the sincere love between men and women and their yearning for a better marriage life, such as "Quiet Girl" and "Jia Jian". Others show the misfortune of women's marriage, such as self-protection. In short, all aspects of social life at that time, as well as the thoughts and feelings of working people, were truly reflected in the Book of Songs. It has a distinct sense of the times and people's nature. In art, The Book of Songs is fluent in tone and simple in language, which is often expressed by Fu, Bi and Xing. Fu's technique is telling the truth, that is, metaphor. Xing is to feel things, first recite other things to arouse feelings. Later generations regard The Book of Songs as the highest model of learning.

At the end of the Warring States period, in the southern state of Chu, Chu poets represented by Qu Yuan, on the basis of studying Chu Ci, created a new style poem-Chu Ci, which has a unique Chu cultural brilliance. The poetic style of Chu Ci is mainly composed of six words and seven words, with different lengths and fleXibility, and the modal particle "xi" is commonly used. Poetry is full of magical and magnificent imagination and unique Chu culture romance. Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet, used this form of poetry to create the first lyric poem Li Sao, eleven beautiful and moving poems, nine lyrical poems, Tian Wen, and 25 works of Chu Ci in the history of ancient literature. Qu Yuan's successors include Song Yu, Le Tang and Jing Ke. Li Sao, as the peak and representative of the art of Chu Ci, is also called "Sao" with the Book of Songs in the history of literature, setting an example for future generations.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were disputes among countries and lobbyists mushroomed. In the political and cultural environment where a hundred schools of thought contend, a group of politicians and thinkers have written a large number of essays, also known as philosopher essays, which are characterized by thorough reasoning, strict logic, sharp words and good use of metaphors. Hundred schools of thought's essays have their own characteristics: The Analects of Confucius is graceful and full of philosophy, Mencius is vigorous and sharp and inspiring, Mozi is simple and rigorous and full of logic, Xunzi is frank and full of knowledge, Everything is done wrong is steep and incisive, political is strong, Laozi is mysterious and alert, and Zhuangzi is romantic in the ocean. Zhuangzi, Mencius, Xunzi and Han Feizi are the most literary talents in hundred schools of thought. What shines together with hundred schools of thought's essays for a while is the historical prose mainly based on notes and notes. Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu and Warring States Policy are mostly written by historians of various countries, either in chronological order or in different countries. Many excellent chapters, with tortuous plots, vivid characters and appropriate tailoring, have high artistry, such as the pommel horse battle in Zuo Zhuan, Duan Yu by Zheng Boke, or describing the fierce war process or expressing the struggle within the ruling group, with excellent narrative writing. The characters in Warring States Policy have more personality and better description skills, which is the most valuable historical prose.

The Qin dynasty practiced the policy of cultural autocracy, burned books and buried Confucianism, and died the next year, with almost no literature at all. Li Si's "Persuade to Expel Guests" is a rare and excellent prose chapter in this period, except for a few stone carvings praising the merits of Qin Huang.

Chongwen in the Han dynasty, the heyday of the unified empire, required literature to sing and dance. As a result, a literary style that mainly describes emperors and urban life-Ci Fu came into being. Fu is the most popular style in Han Dynasty, and it is the symbol of a generation of literature. Its style originated from Xunzi's prose and absorbed some formal elements of Chu Ci. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, Jia Yi's and Huainan Xiaoshan's Fu were not divorced from Chu Ci, which was called Sao Style Fu. Mei Cheng's "Seven Hair" laid the formal pattern of great fu in Han Dynasty. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the atmosphere of chanting Fu flourished, resulting in a large number of Fu writers. Sima Xiangru's Zixu Fu and Shanglin Fu described the prosperity of the imperial garden and the joy of hunting, and later Yang Xiong had Ganquan Hunting Feather Fu. These poems are written in a comprehensive way: mostly for the purpose of singing praises. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Gu's Dong Fu, Xi Fu, Zhang Heng's Tokyo Fu and Xijing Fu were still magnificent works in prose poetry. With the intensification of social contradictions, the imperial power is no longer strong, and some people of insight began to express their feelings with ci fu, stabbing the times. Zhang Heng's Return to Tianfu, Zhao Yi's Ci on Epidemic Diseases and Cai Yong's Fu on Shuxing are all famous works in this field. Their creation broke through the original system of great fu, which had a positive impact on Fu Xiao, a lyrical poet in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and prose fu in Tang and Song Dynasties.

The most valuable literature in Han Dynasty is folk songs in Yuefu poems. Yuefu is a national music management institution, which has the functions of editing and editing folk songs and singing along with music. Later generations called the songs sung by Yuefu organizations Han Yuefu poems. Han Yuefu folk songs and The Book of Songs are in the same strain, and The Book of Songs is "Hungry people sing about their food, and laborers sing about their affairs". Han Yuefu profoundly reflected all aspects of social life in the Han Dynasty and expressed the wishes and demands of the working people at that time with the realistic spirit of "feeling sad and happy, all because of things". Some accused the rulers of their militaristic policies, such as the Battle of the South of the City and the Fifteenth Conscription, some exposed the evils of feudal ethics and patriarchal clan system, expressed their yearning for sincere love, such as Peacock Flying Southeast, Evil and Thinking, and some expressed deep sympathy for the misfortune of the lower classes, such as Travel Notes to the East Gate, and The Book of Songs was mainly lyrical. Peacock Flying Southeast is the first narrative poem of Han nationality in ancient China.

Literati' poetry in Han Dynasty never achieved anything. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, under the influence of Yuefu folk songs, scholars tried to write five-character poems. Ban Gu's Poem of Ode to the Historic Poem is the earliest extant five-character poem of literati. Nineteen Ancient Poems, which came into being at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, became a symbol of the maturity of literati's five-character poems. Nineteen Ancient Poems is a group of lyric short poems written by anonymous literati in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. It did not take away a person's moment, but expressed the sadness of the lower-class literati in the turbulent years, which has certain social significance. Different from the folk songs of Han Yuefu, the main artistic feature of Nineteen Ancient Poems is that it is longer than lyric. It is tactful, natural and simple, showing the artistic characteristics of refinement, and its predecessors have won the praise of "the crown of five words"

The achievements of prose creation in Han Dynasty are very high. In the early Han Dynasty, Jia Yi and Chao Cuo's political comments were sharp-minded, outspoken and literary. Prose from the late period to the Eastern Han Dynasty tends to be parallel prose, but it can preserve the writing style of paying attention to reality and criticizing the disadvantages in the early Han Dynasty. The highest achievement of prose in Han Dynasty is Sima Qian's Historical Records. Historical Records created a biographical style with people as the center. It dares to criticize and praise beauty, and its spirit of recording without hiding evil is praised by people. From the literary point of view, Sima Qian created a large number of characters with different backgrounds and personalities with full emotions and rich historical knowledge, making it a model of biographical literature in China. Such as Xiang Yu in Biography of Xiang Yu, Li Guang, a flying general in Biography of General Li, and Lin Xiangru in Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru. The superb characterization skills, changeable layout and extraordinary language expression of Historical Records have all set an example for later narrative prose. Lu Xun enthusiastically evaluated the outstanding historical and literary achievements of Historical Records with the words "Historian's swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme". What can be compared with historical records is Ban Gu's Hanshu. Hanshu has detailed records, wonderful words and unique features. However, Ban Gu's adherence to Confucian principles in writing history is rigid and conservative, and his achievements are slightly inferior to Historical Records.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, literature gradually got rid of the influence of Confucian classics, gained independent development, and began to enter the conscious era of literature. Poetry, prose, ci fu, parallel prose, novels and other styles have made remarkable achievements.

The position of poetry is still the most important. At the end of the Han Dynasty, under the social background of Wei Chu's "chaos in the world, surging clouds and rising public grievances", literati's poetry creation entered a period of great development of "five words soaring". During this period, with Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi as the core, Ye Ren Xia Group was formed with Kong Rong, RoyceWong, Serina Liu, Chen Lin and other so-called "seven sons of Jian 'an", which created the glory of Jian 'an literature. The works of Jian 'an literati have the same style of the times as "generosity". Among them, Cao Cao's poems, such as Hao, Short, Walking Out of Xiamen, which reflect the turbulent social reality and express the poet's ambition to make contributions and unify the world, are all relatively successful chapters. Cao Zhi's literary achievements are the highest, and he is called "the outstanding man in Jian 'an". His poem is "high-spirited, and his words are taken from Hua Mao". "White Horse" and "White Horse Wang Biao" are his representative works in his early and later periods. His prose and ci fu also show high ideological and artistic quality, and the famous "Luo Shen Fu" is beautiful. RoyceWong is the most accomplished writer among the "Seven Scholars", and his Seven Wounded Poems and Loutai Fu are masterpieces with realistic spirit in Jian 'an literature.

At the turn of Wei and Jin Dynasties, with the change of social customs, poetry creation showed a different style from that of Jian 'an era. Ruan Ji and Ji Kang's works are either gloomy and difficult, or sharp-edged. They inherited the excellent tradition of Jian 'an literature and further promoted the development of five-character poems. Poetry flourished in the Taikang period of the Western Jin Dynasty, and the poet was known as "three land, two left". But most of the works are in China, and only Zuo Si's poems are vigorous and powerful, inheriting the spirit of Jian 'an literature. His poem "Ode to History" opens up a new way to combine history with nostalgia. Under the influence of metaphysics in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, metaphysical poems with "tasteless rhetoric" once flooded, and Tao Yuanming was the greatest poet who could transcend the secular world. In Tao Yuanming's era, "Zhen Feng died, and the Great Pseudo prospered". He walked out of poverty and witnessed the darkness of officialdom, unwilling to go with the flow. He is determined to resign and retire, keeping his personal spirit. His pastoral poems depict the beauty of natural scenery, praise the tranquility of rural life, and show the joy and hardship of personally participating in agricultural production and labor. It has created an artistic realm that combines emotion, scenery and reason, and is plain and mellow. Drinking in the Garden is his masterpiece of pastoral poetry. The style of Tao's poetry naturally faded into the mainstream, but reading Shan Hai Jing (Jing Wei Fill Micro Wood) and Jing Ke Fu also showed the poet's "King Kong glaring" side. It can be seen that the poet's heart is not peaceful, and he has not forgotten the world. Tao Yuanming's poems have a great influence on later generations, especially the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty. Tao Yuanming's literary achievements are manifold. Although his prose and words are few in number, they are all excellent. His representative works include Peach Blossom Garden, Gui Qu Ci, and Qing Shi Fu.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, many literati devoted themselves to literary creation, and the main literary styles used were poetry and parallel prose. The landscape poems of the Southern Dynasties shone brilliantly in the hands of Xie Lingyun, and then Xie Tiao's landscape poems were fresh and mellow, known as "big and small thanks". The poet Bao Zhao was born in poverty, but he was good at expressing his cynical feelings with seven-character ancient poems. His rhyming seven-character songs have contributed to the development of seven-character poems. Wen Yuan in the north is a little lonely, but there are also many famous essays, such as Notes on Water Classics by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Notes on Galand in Luoyang by Yang Xuanzhi, Family Instructions for Yan Family by Yan Zhitui in the Northern Qi Dynasty, etc. The most successful writer is Yu Xin from south to north. His Poem Fu is a masterpiece of North and South literature, which combines the exquisite and mature artistic skills of the South with the vigorous and hearty spirit of the North and becomes the forerunner of the poetic style in the Tang Dynasty. Parallel prose dominated the whole literary world in this period. Bao Zhao's Climbing the Thunder Shore and Sisters' Book, Yu Xin's Wucheng Fu and Jiangnan Fu are all excellent works. Generally speaking, the pursuit of formal temperament by literati in the Southern Dynasties made full preparations for the finalization and maturity of Tang Dynasty literature, especially modern poetry.

In addition, Yuefu folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties can also reflect Yuefu poems in the Han Dynasty. Wu Ge and operas in the Southern Dynasties are lively and graceful, while minority songs in the Northern Dynasties are vigorous and powerful, with different styles, but they are sincere.

Judging from the formation and development of China's ancient novel genre, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was an important stage, during which strange novels and anecdote novels appeared. Among them, Gan Bao's Searching for the Gods in Jin Dynasty and Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu in Southern Dynasties deserve the most attention. Shi Shuo Xin Yu recorded the anecdotes of many upper-class gentry figures from Han Dynasty to Jin Dynasty, with vivid charm and simple and delicate words, which really set a precedent for later note novels.

Due to the gradual consciousness of literary consciousness, Cao Pi's Classic Papers, Lu Ji's Wen Fu, Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long, Zhong Pei's Shi Pin and other literary works appeared in this period. The latter two are epoch-making masterpieces in the history of China's literary theory.

The national strength of the Tang Dynasty was unprecedentedly strong, the country returned to unity from long-term division, and the feudal economy and culture obtained good conditions for full development. In addition, the imperial court adopted a relatively open policy in all aspects, and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries were frequent. In particular, the imperial examination system was established, which broke the monopoly of official career since Wei and Jin Dynasties, made a large number of talented people from poor backgrounds stand out, and finally created unprecedented prosperity of Tang literature. The number of works, achievements and influence of writers in the Tang Dynasty are unprecedented.

Poetry in the Tang Dynasty is the symbol of a generation of literature, and the peak of China's classical poetry is the golden age in the history of poetry. In the early, prosperous, middle and late stages, famous artists came forth in large numbers, and everyone was colorful. Poetry creation covers almost all walks of life, men, women and children. There are more than 2,000 poets and nearly 50,000 poems in the whole Tang poetry, but the reality is far more than that.

In the early Tang Dynasty, the palace poems inherited the legacy of Qi Liang and Yu Feng, and the elegant and gentle "Shangguan Feng" poems became popular. Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo, and later, following the trend of Han and Wei, they tried their best to sweep away the decadent style of the court poems of Qi and Liang, so that the Tang poetry began to move from the court to the society, from eroticism to reality, and from decadent voice to fresh and healthy singing. At the same time, Song and Shen Quanqi also made bold explorations in the form of poetry. Together, they paved the way for the development of Tang poetry.

During the Kaiyuan and Tianbao years of Xuanzong in the Tang Dynasty, it was known as the prosperous Tang Dynasty. During this period, there appeared two major schools of poetry and the "Gemini" in the history of China's poetry. The school of pastoral poetry represented by Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Chu Guangxi and others inherited the thoughts of Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun. Wang Wei's poem is "there is a picture in the poem and a poem in the picture". Chai Lu, Wu Xinyi and other five-character quatrains collected in "Selected Works of Wangchuan" are good at combining scenery painting with Buddhist interest, with beautiful artistic conception and exquisite art. The frontier poets are represented by Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling, and their poetic style is vigorous. The charm is deep and long, singing a strong voice in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Gao Shi's seven-character poems, such as "Travel" and "Bai Xuege Farewell to the Field-Document Wu Return to the Hometown", describe the magnificent frontier fortress scenery and hard military life, either tragic or extraordinary, and are all excellent frontier fortress poems in the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai and Du Fu are "Gemini" in ancient and modern poetry circles. Li Bai's poems are bold and elegant, and are known as "poetic immortals" in history. Such as Into the Wine, it is hard to go, Difficult Road to Shu, etc., all show the poet's unique emotional tone and artistic personality. Du Fu's poems are known as "the history of poetry" and have a gloomy style. He expressed his concern for the country and the people through his poetry creation. Poems such as Three Officials and Three Farewells record a series of important events in the rise and fall of the Tang Dynasty, and are the most famous. Those beautiful poems describing the scenery do not forget to care about the country and the people, such as Ascending the Mountain is a masterpiece in this respect.

After the Anshi Rebellion, he entered the middle Tang Dynasty. After a short decline, poetry creation has formed a new climax. The landscape poems of Liu Changqing and Wei are the continuation of those of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. The frontier poems of Lu Lun and Li Yi are the last works of Gao Shi and Cen Can. Realistic poets headed by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen launched a new Yuefu movement. He put forward the creative ideas that "articles should be written in time, songs and poems should be written for things" and "only songs can make people sick, and I hope the emperor can know", and he devoted himself to the creative practice of new Yuefu poems with great enthusiasm. Their new Yuefu poems often choose typical social phenomena, concentrate on summarizing and satirizing a series of wrong policies of the imperial court and the social abuses caused by them. The theme is clear, the theme is concentrated, and there are distinct images and strong militancy, such as chapters such as "Selling Charcoal Weng" and "Du Lingcuo", which have been recited for thousands of years. Bai Juyi's poetic achievements are manifold. Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Travel are also representative works of ancient narrative poems. During this period, the Han (Yue)-Meng (Jiao) Poetic School was as famous as the Poetic School, and its poetic style was very interesting. Based on talent, Han Meng's poetry school is good at discussing, trying to avoid vulgarity and trying to survive, which opened the atmosphere of later Song poetry. In addition, famous poets with their own artistic personality include Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, Jia Dao and Li He. Li He is unique with his rich and romantic poetic style, and inspired Li Shangyin in the late Tang Dynasty.

In the late Tang Dynasty, with the decline of the Li and Tang Dynasties, the poetic style was heavily influenced by decline and sadness. The most accomplished poets are Du Mu and Li Shangyin. The world is called "Little Du Li". Du Mu is good at writing the Four Wonders, and can compete with Wang Changling, the "Master of the Four Wonders" in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. His style of praising history and cherishing ancient poems is handsome and cool. The scenery is also natural and beautiful, such as "hiking", which makes people never tire of seeing it. Li Shangyin's seven laws are profound and beautiful, and he is good at winning with love poems. His untitled poems are full of allusions, which are often profound and thought-provoking, while some of his works are obscure.

Prose is another great achievement of Wen Yuan in Tang Dynasty. There are more than 3,000 authors and more than 18,400 works (including parallel prose), which can reflect the grand occasion of creation at that time. The abnormal prosperity of parallel prose in the Six Dynasties became a serious obstacle to the development of prose. Criticizing the formalistic style of writing in the Six Dynasties and restoring the excellent tradition of prose in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties are the requirements of the times and the needs of the development of literature itself. In the early Tang Dynasty, Xiao, Du and others came out earlier to advocate the simplicity and practicality of prose, but their achievements were not great. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan led an ancient prose movement with literary innovation as its essence under the banner of reviving Confucianism. Under the guidance of the creative thought of "taking words as the basis", they demanded that the writing of articles should be clear and fluent, with rich ideological content, and strive to reflect social reality, express sincere feelings and express grievances. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, among many prose writers, are like two peaks. They are not only the leaders of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, but also the two best essayists after Sima Qian. Han Yu's reasoning prose "Mourning", "Shi Shuo" and "Answering Li Yishu" are thorough, magnificent and logical. Narrative articles, such as Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng, portray characters imitating Sima Qian's Historical Records, and pour full love and hate into the end, showing superb artistic attainments in drawing materials and describing details. Liu Zongyuan's personal narrative embodies the writer's progressive political proposition. Such as "Snake Catcher" and "Tree Camel Biography". And his landscape travel notes are the most beautiful in later generations. Eight notes of Yongzhou written after relegation to Yongzhou, such as Travel Notes at the Beginning of a Banquet in the Western Hills and Notes of Little Stone Pond, adopted the method of writing scenery and expressing emotion, which permeated the beauty of the author's personality and became a model of travel notes literature in later generations. The ancient prose in the late Tang Dynasty tends to learn from the dangerous and difficult aspects of Han Yu's prose, and its achievements are not high. It is worth mentioning that Lu Xun once praised Luo Yin, Pi Rixiu, Lu Guimeng and other essays that criticized reality as "brilliance and sharpness in a pool of muddy water".

The legend of Tang Dynasty is a mature work of China's classical novels. For example, Biography of Yingying and Biography of Li Wa are all written with vivid characters, tortuous stories and rich and vivid languages.

Ci-poetry is a new poetic style that emerged with Yan music in the Tang Dynasty. It originated from the folk, and Dunhuang Quzi Ci is the earliest existing folk word. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, it became common for literati to write lyrics by sound. Both "Bodhisattva Man" and "Qin Yi E" were written in the name of Li Bai, lacking conclusive evidence. Wen and Wei Zhuang were both outstanding poets of Qu Zi in the late Tang Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties, Xishu and Nantang became the creative centers of ci, and Huajianji, the first collection of China's literati ci, came out in Xishu. Among the poets, Li Yu, queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, achieved the highest achievement. In his early works, he mainly wrote about enjoying court life. After the country was captured, he expressed his hatred of national life in words, with deep feelings and vivid images. His language is simple, natural and mellow. Yu Meiren (When is the Spring Flowers and the Autumn Moon) and Langtaosha (The Rain outside the Curtain) are both wonderful works in poetry.

Ci developed into the Song Dynasty and entered its heyday, becoming the main symbol of a generation of literature. According to the records of Song Ci, there are more than 20,000 works and more than 1,400 poets. Poetry of Tang and Song Dynasties can be regarded as a double gem of China literature. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the imperial court advocated pleasure, and Yan An, the monarch and minister, inherited the graceful style of Huajian School and regarded it as authentic. Yan Shu's ci style is graceful and elegant, with rich colors. Yan Shu's son Yan, due to personal misfortune, his ci style is different from that of Yan Shu, with more sentimental colors. Fan Zhongyan guarded the frontier fortress and had different life experiences. His ci began to appear in an open realm and desolate style, which injected freshness into the ci circle in the early Song Dynasty.

Words to Liu Yong's hand, with the first innovation. Liu Yong draws creative materials from the lives of the middle and lower classes in the city, and is good at writing about the worries of men and women leaving lovesickness and personal wandering in the rivers and lakes. He created a large number of slow words with long length, complex structure and more complex tone. His ci poems are often described in simple terms, with distinct levels and popular language, which are full of civilian colors from content to form and are deeply loved by the citizens at that time. Words such as "Klang Ganzhou" ("Rain on the River at Dusk") and "Yulin Ling" ("Crying in Cold") are his exquisite works, which are popular but elegant, especially spread to later generations. As an innovator of Ci, Su Shi was not satisfied with Liu Yong's poetry being lost in romance, breaking the boundaries of poetry, extending the artistic brushwork to the vast real life and the extremely rich inner world of the individual, expanding the theme of Ci, improving the artistic conception of Ci, enriching the expressive techniques of Ci, and making Ci an independent lyric poem. This is the so-called "taking poetry as a word". Su Shi's ci has reached the realm of "no intention to enter, nothing to say". He writes landscapes, expresses emotions, recalls the past, cherishes the past, and even argues the diversity of Zen style. "Jiangchengzi" and "Shui Long Yin" are exquisite in brushwork and varied in amorous feelings, while "Nian Nujiao" and "Water Turning around" all have high artistic achievements. It brought a new atmosphere to Song Ci, and inspired the birth of the Southern Song Dynasty's bold school. At this time, Qin Guan, Zhao Lingzhi, He Zhu, Huang Tingjian and others also made their own achievements, and they created a prosperous situation in which various styles of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty competed with each other.

Zhou Bangyan was a master of graceful words in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zhou Bangyan basically inherited the sentimental style of Liu Yong's ci, and still expressed the traditional contents of love, bondage and slavery between men and women. However, due to his skillful understanding of melody and high artistic accomplishment, he made great contributions to the refinement of ci. Reading his words, we can feel the diversity of his structural changes, the richness of his expressive skills and the harmony and accuracy of his musical language. Poets of southern song dynasty were influenced by him in art.

At the turn of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, Li Qingzhao, the most outstanding poetess in ancient China, also appeared. Her poems have profound artistic conception, melodious feelings and fresh words, especially her works after crossing the south, such as "Sound Slow", which combines the grief and indignation of national subjugation and extinction with the pain of wandering life. It is touching and depressing, and its aesthetic value greatly exceeds that of early articles focusing on expressing boudoir feelings.

Song Ci entered a new development period after Songshi crossed to the south. Worrying about the country and the people has become a major theme of ci. Most of the poets in the early Southern Song Dynasty experienced the change of Jingkang, and their ci creation broke through the mediocrity in the late Northern Song Dynasty, showing distinct characteristics of the times. Famous writers include Zhang, Chen, Xiang Zi Jin and so on. They inherited Su Shi's line of ci poetry and created a new style of ci poetry, which is an important turning point between them. Xin Qiji was the greatest patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. Xin Qiji was born in the decline of the Southern Song Dynasty. He was brilliant and full of ambition to resist gold and serve the country. However, bound by the policy of compromise and seeking security by the imperial court, his ambition was hard to be rewarded, and he was deeply depressed and resentful, so he had to send patriotic feelings to Ci poetry, which made the ideological realm and spiritual outlook of Song poetry reach a glorious height. He inherited and developed the bold style of Dongpo's ci, especially his mastery of language was profound, and he was able to integrate a subset of classic and historical words into his ci for himself. The former people called it "writing as a word", and Xin Ci was deeper than sustenance, integrating traditional grace and boldness, calling it "laughing like a flower, burning like fire". Raise the art of ci to a new level. Famous works such as Breaking the Array and Watching the Sword in Drunk Break the traditional composition structure; "Eternal Joy" (Eternal Jiangshan) is fierce and heroic; And "fishing" ("it can eliminate more storms") has "the sound of tears" in the lingering; Qingping music (low eaves) is fresh and lively, with its own characteristics. At the same time, Chen Jia, Liu Guo and others. A little nervous about style. Liu Kezhuang and the later Xin School poets.

Jiang Kui, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, inherited Zhou Bangyan and embarked on the creative road of respecting elegance and rhyme. His poems are mainly about traveling, chanting things and cherishing people, with ethereal artistic conception, elegant style and rigorous temperament. They are the best in art, and Shi Dazu and higher people are his wings. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the style of Wu Wenying's ci tended to be sparse and elegant, and he was called "Qibaolou", which was outstanding. From the Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, there were also important poets such as Zhang Yan, Wang and Wang. With the downfall of the Southern Song Dynasty, their sad words became the last rhyme of Song Ci.

The overall achievement of Song poetry is not as good as that of Tang poetry, but it also has its own characteristics in ideological content and artistic expression. Poets in the early Song Dynasty, such as Yang Yi and Qian, learned from Li Shangyin in the late Tang Dynasty, but paid more attention to melody rhetoric, paid attention to both refined and popular tastes, and lacked social content, so they were named Ti. Wang Yucheng began to contend with it, and his works faced reality and took a simple and smooth road. Subsequently, Mei He made innovations in view of the disadvantages of style. Ouyang Xiu, as a leading figure in the Song Dynasty's poetry innovation movement, has different opinions. He advocates a simple and fluent poetic style, pays attention to integrity and is good at thinking, and has formed his own characteristics. The two most influential poets in the Northern Song Dynasty were Su Shi and Huang Tingjian. Su Shi's poems are lyrical and free-spirited, which further developed the argumentative and prosaic cultural tendency in the Song Dynasty. Because of his rich life experience and profound artistic accomplishment, he can avoid the shortcomings of being shallow and tasteless or blunt and obscure made by many poets. His works represent the highest achievement of the poetic innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. The poems of Huang Tingjian and his Jiangxi poetry school have the most characteristics of the Song Dynasty. His poems are based on Du Fu, self-improvement, thin and hard innovation. Jiangxi poetry school poets include Chen, Chen, Han Ju and so on. Lu You, Yang Wanli and Fan Chengda all came from Jiangxi Poetry School, and finally they all had their own schools. Lu You was the greatest patriotic poet in the Song Dynasty. He left over 9300 poems. The most touching thing about his poems is his patriotism in resisting the enemy and rejuvenating the country. In the poem Guan Shanyue, we can deeply feel the poet's anxiety. Yang Wanli's poems are fresh and lively, while Fan Chengda's poems are good at writing pastoral scenery, which is quite interesting in life. They all made their own efforts to create unique poetic styles. "Yongjia Siling" and Jianghu Poetry School also appeared in the late Southern Song Dynasty, but their works were not realistic and their poetic style was weak. By the end of Song Dynasty, the patriotic poems of Wen Tianxiang, Wang Yuanliang and others were magnificent, which added the last glory to the poems of this period.