Brief introduction of Yao Nai, a famous essayist in Qing Dynasty. Which school does Yao Nai belong to?

Yao is a descendant of Yao, whose ancestor lived in Maxi (now Yaowangji on the south bank of Qianqiao River in Zongyang), and his fifth ancestor Yao Jingtai moved to Tongcheng during the years. For Yao Nai, his family has lived in Tongcheng County for more than 300 years. Yao Nai 173 1 December 20th (1732 1 October 17) was born in the south gate of Tongcheng. His ancestors were the chief secretary of Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty, and Yao was the magistrate of Jiangzhou, with the title of deputy envoy, both of which were contained in Biography of Officials in the Ming Dynasty. Sun Yao was once famous for "three bachelors in five miles (Sun Yao, Long Yumen, Xu) and two top scholars in one river (Liu Ruozai, Long)". Great-grandfather Yao Shiqi, a former magistrate of Luotian County, Hubei Province, was virtuous and clean, and both died in famous temples. My uncle is a scholar, and later he is the editor of imperial academy. He wrote Poems of Jiquail Hall, and he is well versed in the history of Confucian classics. He has a deep affinity with Liu Da, one of the founders of Tongcheng School, so that Yao Nai can learn Confucian classics from his uncle and study literature with Liu Da. His grandfather Yao Kongying died at the age of 26, and his father Shu was a civilian all his life. Yao Nai's family had declined when he was born, and he loved learning when he was young. His uncle Fan Yao gave him scriptures and learned ancient Chinese from Liu Da. Liu Da paid special attention to Yao Nai, saying that he was "crowned when he was young, and had died in heaven" and "waited for his son later". After fifteen years of Qianlong (1750), he failed to get a place in Sun Shan after five Ministry of War examinations after he was awarded the entrance examination at the age of twenty. It was not until the 28th year of Qianlong (1763) that the 30-year-old Ministry of War took the sixth exam that he was admitted as a scholar and was awarded Jishi Shu. Three years later, he was transferred to the Ministry of War. Director of the etiquette department of the Ministry of Rites. Later, he took the provincial examinations in Shandong and Hunan, served as the deputy examiner, and will try the position of the examiner and the secretary of the Guangdong Provincial Department of Punishment. In the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), the Qing court opened the Siku Quanshu Library, and Yao Nai was recommended to be the editor of the library. This post should have been held by Hanlin, and Du Nai, Xiuning Dai Dongyuan, Da Chun and Shexian Cheng Jinfang were elected without exception. When Sikuquanshu was finished, I knelt down for support and went home. I didn't enter the official career. I was 44 years old. Yu Minzhong and Liang Guozhi, college students, have successively appointed high-ranking officials, but they were both dismissed.

Since the forty-second year of Qianlong (1777), Yao Nai has given lectures and devoted himself to education in Yangzhou Meihua Academy, Anqing Jingfu Academy, Shexian Academy and Nanjing Zhongshan Academy, and his disciples have spread all over southern provinces. Among them, the most famous is the city's Fang, Liu Kai; Shangyuanmei Ceng Liang and Guan Tong; Yixing Wu Dexuan; Yang Zhaoluo; Yao Chun of Louxian County; Xincheng Lu Jiugao and his nephew Chen Yongguang. These students are all scholars who abide by the teacher's theory and Tongcheng family law, which has played a great role in the spread of Tongcheng School. Tongcheng School's ancient prose spread from Bao Fang to Zhenchuan and from the same town to Yao Nai, and achieved great success. Therefore, there is a saying that "Tongcheng family law stands here, the wind is flowing, the Antarctic is Gui Xiang, and the north is Zhao Yan". Zhou Shuchang of Licheng said: "The article in the world is in Tongcheng!"

In the forty-fourth year of Qianlong (1779), Liu Da died at the age of eighty-two. Yao Nai has undoubtedly become the core of Tongcheng School. Finally, the 75 volumes of Gu Ci Fu, which he worked so hard to compile, were completed. According to the purpose of the article, it can be divided into 13 categories, such as argumentation, preface and postscript, recitation, writing, giving and answering preface, imperial edict, biography, epitaph, miscellaneous notes, inscription and postscript, eulogy, ci fu, mourning, etc. The selected works mainly include The Warring States Policy, Han Fu, Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, Gui Youguang, Fang Bao, Liu Da, etc., which embodies the tradition of Tongcheng School in praising ancient prose, establishes the "authentic" position for Tongcheng School in the history of prose, and embodies Yao Nai's literary proposition. This collection is very popular with people and has a great influence so far.

In the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (1784), Yao Nai resigned. He hoped to make time to advocate Tongcheng School and began his teaching career for more than forty years. Yao Nai has successively presided over Zhongshan, Meihua, * * * and Jingfu Academy in Jiangning, Yangzhou, Huizhou and Anqing. "It is a blessing for scholars to get along." Many famous writers who later became Tongcheng School, such as Mei Zengliang, Guan Tong, Fang, Yao Ying and Yao Men, made Tongcheng School stronger. Many writers whose native place is not Tongcheng believe that 85-year-old Yao Nai died in Nanjing Zhongshan Academy on September 13th, the 15th year of Jiaqing (18 15) and was buried in Yangshuwan, Tongcheng. At this time, Tongcheng School's position in ancient Chinese prose has been unshakable. During the reign of Daoguang Xianfeng, Tongcheng School flourished in the hands of Zeng Guofan and Zeng Men's disciples for a while, which continued until the birth of Yan Fu, Lin Shu and new literature.

The main achievement is that Yao Nai, together with the founders Fang Bao and Liu Da, is called "the three ancestors of Tongcheng", and is known as "the first person in China ancient prose" and "the peak of China ancient prose". On the basis of Fang and Liu, he advocated the three uses of the article: righteousness, examination and rhetoric. The so-called "righteousness" is Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism; "Textual research" is the textual research of ancient documents, meanings and characters; "Zhang Ci" means to pay attention to literary talent when writing articles. These propositions enrich the content of prose writing, which is the supplement and development of the theory of "righteousness and law" in the other party's aesthetics. It is proposed that "masculine" and "feminine" should be used to distinguish the style of the article. "Masculinity" means boldness and "femininity" means elegance. The two styles cooperate and adjust with each other, resulting in a variety of styles. At the same time, he developed Liu Da's thought of "learning from the past" and put forward "spirit, reason, qi, taste, form, rhyme, sound and color" as eight points of the article. To learn from the ancients, we must first master shape (shape, rhyme, sound and color), and then attach importance to god (spirit, reason, qi and taste) in order to reach a high level. Tongcheng School's ancient prose arrived in Yao Nai and formed a complete theoretical system. Yao Nai wrote the Complete Works of Xi Baoxuan, and the compilation of ancient characters was popular for a while, which effectively expanded the influence of Tongcheng School. Another important contribution of Nye to traditional literary theory is his original theory of "rigidity and softness of yin and yang", which is a major breakthrough in the aesthetic theory and stylistic features of China's ancient prose. He believes that "the way of heaven and earth is just the rigidity and softness of yin and yang." Writers are elites of heaven and earth, and yin and yang are also soft. " The change of yin and yang is the expression of the author's character, temperament and moral character. On the basis of inheriting the literary thoughts of predecessors, Nai explained the source of article style and the style characteristics of prose with the philosophical concept of rigidity and softness of yin and yang, which contained simple materialism and dialectical thought.

The core of Yao Nai's article lies in the unity of "meaning, examination and diction", which has its own reasons. Yao Nai came to the literary world during the Qianlong period. At this time, the research atmosphere in Qing dynasty began to prevail. People call this kind of textual research kung fu "Sinology", as opposed to the weaker "Song Studies". Academic circles pay more attention to Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties than to Sinology, which often leads to the decrease of ideological content of articles. Yao Nai disapproved of the tendency of rejecting Song studies, and at the same time, in view of the contempt attitude of sinologists and Song scholars towards literature, he put forward the view that righteousness, textual research and articles should not be neglected. This has become the program of Tongcheng School's ancient prose theory.

"Righteousness" refers to the Neo-Confucianism thought at that time, which mainly came from Song studies; "textual research" means that the article should have conclusive evidence to avoid ambiguity, mainly from sinology; "Zhang Ci" means that an article should also have literary beauty in structure, writing and phonology. Yao Nai believes that the unity of the three is the highest and most beautiful realm. "Make good use of it, it is enough; If you don't make good use of it, it may be harmful. " Of course, which of the three is more important, textual research should serve justice. Yao Nai wanted to reconcile the Han and Song Dynasties, and he thought that if a writer could have both, he could become a good writer. This idea actually became the literary program of Tongcheng School. Yao Nai practiced it himself. In the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong (1774), Yao Nai, who worked in the imperial court, came to Shandong and boarded Mount Tai in Dongyue. Later, there was the famous article "Climbing Mount Tai". The whole article is only a few hundred words, but the content is very rich, which is a model of integrating textual research and rhetoric. The article starts with the Wenshui and Jishui in the north and south of Mount Tai, covering many historical sites such as Tianmen and Daici, with beautiful words and rich chapters. For example, after climbing Mount Tai, "Cangshan snows, the southern candle shines, the sunset shines, the water is picturesque, and the fog is in the middle of the mountain."

"Yi Li, Textual Research and Zhang Ci" had a great influence on that time and later generations. On the one hand, Yao Nai actually stood in the position of defending Neo-Confucianism, trying to reconcile the dispute between Han and Song Dynasties, and using the advantages of textual research to enrich the emptiness of Neo-Confucianism, thus improving the value of Tongcheng School's ancient prose. On the one hand, if this idea is extended, it can be regarded as a basic requirement for the article. It is also of great significance today: "righteousness" requires words with substance and thinking with thought; "Textual research" requires solid and convincing arguments; Zhang Ci requires fluency and artistry.

Yao Nai took the study of Confucianism in Song Dynasty as the foundation of his scholarship, so sinologists who criticized textual research abandoned books and pursued the end; However, he did not abandon the expertise of Han Confucianism in Confucian classics. Yao Nai's literary style is simple and profound, especially close to Ouyang Xiu and Ceng Gong. His thesis is rooted in morality, but from Confucian classics. When it is shallow and profound, some ancient people have never mentioned it, while others think that the word is closer to the square and the reason is deeper than Liu "(Biography of Wen Yuan and Yao Nai, Draft of Qing History). His prose "takes qi as rhyme" (Fang Zongcheng's preface to Tongcheng Lu Wen) has formed a pedantic, profound, three-sigh, intriguing and endless style. Zhang Taiyan, a modern scholar, called it "gold" and Liu called it "",all of whom praised his style of writing, saying that it was verve, simple and meaningful. In his early years, Yao Nai imitated the "Seven Scholars" of Ming Dynasty to learn Tang poetry, and in his later years, he also adopted the poet of Song Dynasty, with high style and meaning. At that time, he seemed to be a master, so later generations called it "precious and profound poetry, which is authentic enough" (inscription of Cheng Bingjian's Collection of Celebrities in the National Dynasty). Yao Nai's calligraphy attainments are profound. Bao promoted Deng, Liu Shi 'an and Yao Nai to be the top calligraphers in Qing Dynasty, and listed Yao Nai's cursive script as a wonderful work. Therefore, Yao Nai's literary beauty is not unique, and his calligraphy is also very important to the world. Nai is the author of Nine Classics (19), Supplementary Notes to Three Biographies (3), Laozi (1), Zhuangzi (10), Collected Works of Xi Baoxuan (16) and Hou Wenji. Climbing Mount Tai is Yao Nai's masterpiece, which mainly depicts the magnificent scenery of the first snow in Mount Tai. Writing characteristics: First of all, in chronological order, taking the trail as a clue, the author described the process of visiting Mount Tai and the scenery he saw in turn, with appropriate tailoring and clear details. Tongcheng school advocates "elegance" and opposes "redundancy", which can be seen from this.

Anecdotal allusion Qianlong twenty-eight years (1763), was selected as a scholar, and Jishi Shu was appointed as the director of the Ritual Department and an official of the Guangdong Provincial Department of Punishment. He worked as an examiner after taking the rural examinations in Shandong and Hunan, and as an editor after the opening of the library. He wrote 9 1 books and records in Daoguang for twelve years (1832). There is 1 volume "Xi Bao Xuan Si Ku Lu Textbook Title". The history of academies in Jiangning and Yangzhou is 40 years. Scholarship is mainly based on Confucian classics, as well as children's history and poetry. He was educated in Liu Da, and critics say that his ci is close to Fang Bao, and his theory is more profound than Liu Da's. All three of them are Tongcheng School, known as Tongcheng School in the world. There is a library named "Xi Baoxuan" at home, which contains many ancient China characters, classics, history, calligraphy and painting, and the books are printed with "Nai", "Da Ji Shi" and "Xi Baoxuan Book Seal". He is the author of "Bao Xuan Zhen Ben Ji". Selected works include "Collection of Ancient and Modern Parts of Speech" and "Copy of Poems of May 7th Ci in Modern Style".

The masterpiece "Climbing Mount Tai" is the sun of Mount Tai, and the water flows west; Its yin helps water flow eastward. All the sunny valleys are in Brunei, and all the shady valleys are in economy. When divided into north and south, the ancient Great Wall is also. The highest peak, south of the Great Wall 15 miles.

In December of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, I took a snowstorm from Beijing, crossed Qihe River and Changqing, crossed the northwest valley of Mount Tai and crossed the Great Wall. As for Taian. It was the last day of a month, and Ying, the son of the county magistrate Zhu, boarded the ship from the south foot. Forty-five miles, the road is all paved with stones, more than 7 thousand. There are three valleys to the south of Mount Tai. Li Daoyuan is surrounded by water in the valley below Tai 'an City. I started walking along the road, and the road was less than half gone. I crossed the ridge in the middle and followed the valley in the west, and then I reached the top of it. In ancient times, climbing a mountain and following the East Valley was Tianmen. The East Valley was called Tianmenxi in ancient times, so I can't get there. Today's crossing of the cliff is also called Tianmen Cloud. The road is foggy, slippery and difficult to climb. Harmony, Cangshan negative snow, bright candle south. Looking at Sunshine Castle in the evening, the water is picturesque and the mountains are foggy.

Wu Shenhui, Wu Gu and Zi Ying are sitting in the pavilion waiting for the sunrise. Strong winds and snow hit the face. The pavilion is self-sufficient in the east and full of clouds. A little white clouds, dozens of people standing, mountains also. The sky is full of different colors, and it becomes five colors in an instant. The sun is as red as Dan, and the red light is swaying. In other words, so is the East China Sea. Looking back at the Japanese view, Xifeng, whether it is a day or not, is crimson and refutes the color, without exception.

There are Dai Temple and Yuan Jun Temple in the west of Tingxi. The emperor's palace is in the east of Yuan Jun Temple in Bi Xia. It is the day when Taoist stone carvings have been lost since Tang Xianqing. Those who get in the way are not as good as the past.

These mountains are rocky, but there is almost no soil. The stone is black, square and round. There are few miscellaneous trees, many pine trees and many original stones, all of which are flat-topped. Ice and snow, no waterfall water. There is no sound of birds or animals. There are no trees in the days, but the snow is knee-high.

Tongcheng Yao Nai.

DD is selected from Four Series and Selected Works of Xi Baoxuan.

South of Mount Tai, Wenshui flows west, north of Mount Tai, and Jishui flows east. All the water in Shannan valley flows into Wenshui, and all the water in Shanbei valley flows into Jishui. At the junction of sunny valley and shady valley is the ancient Great Wall. The highest sun peak is located 15 miles south of the ancient Great Wall.

In December of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, I started from Beijing in the heavy snow, passed Qihe County and Changqing County, crossed the valley in the northwest of Mount Tai, crossed the border of the ancient Great Wall and arrived at Tai 'an Prefecture. On the th of this month, I went up the mountain from the south foot with the county magistrate Zhu (Ziying). Forty-five Li Mountain Road, all paved with stone slabs, has more than 7,000 steps. There are three valleys in the south of Mount Tai, and the water in the middle valley bypasses the gate of Tai 'an, which is what Li Daoyuan said. We started to go in along the middle valley, walked for a short time, crossed the middle ridge, and then walked along the west valley to the top of the mountain. In ancient times, climb Mount Tai and go in along the valley in the east. There is Tianmen on the road. The valley in the east was called Tianmenxi in ancient times, but we didn't arrive. This time, after crossing Zhong Ling to the top of the mountain, there are also cliffs like portals standing on the road. Most people call them Tianmen. It was foggy all the way and the ice was slippery, making it almost impossible to climb the stone steps. When I reached the top of the mountain, I saw the dark blue mountain with white snow shining in the southern sky. Looking at Tai 'an City in the sunset, Wenshui and Culai Mountain are picturesque, while the clouds staying halfway up the mountain are like a belt.

It was the end of May 2008, and at the fifth watch, Ziying and I sat on the gazebo together, waiting for the sunrise. The wind rolled up the snow and hit the face. The east of the pavilion is covered with misty clouds from the foot. I vaguely see dozens of things like white dice standing in the clouds, which are some peaks. At the end of the day, there is a strange color in the clouds. After a while, it turned into colorful rosy clouds. When the sun rises, the color is pure red like P sand, and there is shaking red light below. Some people say this is the East China Sea. Looking back at the peaks west of Riguan Peak, some are illuminated by the sun, some are not illuminated, some are red, some are white, and the colors are mixed. They all look like bending over.

To the west of the pavilion are Dai Temple and Temple. The emperor's palace is in the east of Yuan Jun Temple in Bi Xia. On this day, I watched all kinds of stone carvings along the way, which were all works after the reign of Emperor Xianqing of Tang Gaozong. Those older stone carvings have no defects. Remote, off-road stone carvings, too late to see.

There are many stones on Mount Tai, but little soil. Stone is blue-black, mostly square and angular, and rarely round. There are few miscellaneous trees and many pine trees, which grow in crevices and have a flat top. There is snow and ice everywhere, no waterfalls, no sounds and traces of birds and animals. There are no trees for a few miles to Riguan Peak, but the snow is not knee deep.

Yao Nai is from Tongcheng.