A hundred schools of thought contend. Which one hundred schools are there? tabulation/listing

In the history of China's thoughts, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are undoubtedly a dynamic era. Since then, for more than two thousand years, it has never surpassed the glory of that era, both culturally and ideologically.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the birthplace of feudal culture in China, and the ideology and culture of this period laid the foundation of feudal society for more than 2,000 years. The contention of a hundred schools of thought, especially in the field of ideology and culture, has a far-reaching influence on the splendid culture of the Chinese nation for thousands of years, leaving extremely precious wealth to future generations and making extremely great contributions to human culture.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a period of great social upheaval, great change and changeable situation in ancient China. Great changes have taken place in social economy, politics, ideology and culture in the fierce and complicated class struggle. In the drastic social changes, the class relations of various vassal States have changed constantly, and representatives of different classes and strata have expressed different opinions on social changes, so "a hundred schools of thought contend" came into being.

Just like Hanshu Dangerous Code has ten schools, but only nine are impressive, "Yi Wenzhi said. They all started from the weakness of the kingly way, and the princes were in power together, and when they were the masters of the world, they liked and hated different ways. It is based on the skills of the nine factions, each taking its merits and discussing its affairs to win over the princes. "At that time, the royal family declined and the princes competed for hegemony, so scholars traveled around the world to advise the princes, and in the Warring States period, a situation of" a hundred schools of thought contend "was formed.

"Scholar" refers to thinkers and works that reflect the interests of all walks of life in the ideological field of this period. It is also the general name of various political schools from pre-Qin to Han, and belongs to private schools that emerged after the Spring and Autumn Period. "A hundred schools of thought contend" shows that there were many thinkers at that time, but it was also an exaggeration. The main figures are Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, Xunzi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi, Han Feizi, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Xu Xing, Gao Zi, Yang Zi, Gong Sun, Keiko, Sun Wu, Sun Bin, Zhang Yi, Su Qin, Tian Pian, Shen Zi, Yin Wen, Zou Yan and Lv Buwei.

A hundred schools of thought contend, reflecting the extremely active situation in which different schools of thought argue with each other like bright stars. Its brilliance and color have written a dazzling page in China's academic history, cultural history and ideological history!

Regarding the classification of the hundred schools, Sima Tan listed six schools. "This is the focus of the Six Classics: Yi Da Legend:' The world is consistent without worry, and all roads lead to the same goal. Husband, Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, fame, law and morality are also for the rulers "("Historical Records Danger Code; Taishi Gongxu). Chinese book Danger Code; Liu Xin's "Seven Views" can be divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Fa, Ming, Mo, Zongheng, Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Fiction. In addition to novelists, they are called "nine-legged and full".

In the contention of a hundred schools of thought, Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, stood out from the contention of a hundred schools of thought because he inherited the cultural orthodoxy of three generations in the Central Plains. Thus, Confucianism not only occupies a prominent position in the contention of a hundred schools of thought, but also becomes the mainstream and core content of traditional culture, which has an unparalleled influence on the formation of the Chinese national spirit. In fact, we can say that Confucianism is not an academic or school in the usual sense. Confucianism is the cultural essence of the Chinese nation and the embodiment of China's inherent value system. It has penetrated into every capillary of traditional culture, and greatly influenced all fields of China culture. All doctrines, sects, and even foreign cultures and religions produced from the soil of China can't avoid bringing traces of Confucian culture. Today, not only that. Confucianism has also had a permanent impact on world culture (as we know, Japan and the "Four Little Dragons" praised Confucianism as a prescription to solve the crisis of faith and moral decline brought about by modernization after realizing or basically realizing modernization. The so-called "Southeast Asian cultural circle" is basically a cultural composition model with Confucianism as the main body. It has effectively promoted the social civilization and progress in Southeast Asia. With the development of history, Confucian ethics is entering western countries.

Due to the split situation in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, most of the schools were regional when they were established. For example, Zou Lu (Qufu, Shandong) is the birthplace of Confucianism and Mohism; Sanjin (Yicheng, Shanxi) is a hotbed of legalism; The south is the blue of Taoism; Yan and Qi (northern Hebei and Linzi, Shandong) are the birthplaces of Yin and Yang families.

Philosophers are the general name of political schools because the basic purpose of their schools is to provide political strategies for monarchs. Confucianism advocates reforming the people with morality; Taoism advocates governing by doing nothing; Legalists advocate that credit must be punished; Mohism advocates universal love for Shang Tong; Famous scholars advocate respecting soldiers and restraining generals. After the Han Dynasty, Mohism and famous scholars became juexue, farmers became a technical discipline independently, and Yin and Yang schools evolved into metaphysics. Therefore, only Confucianism, Taoism and law have an influence on the politics of the later unified dynasty.

Many thoughts of a hundred schools of thought have left profound enlightenment to future generations. Such as Confucian "benevolent policy" and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you"; Mencius' ancient democratic thought; Dialectics of Taoism; Mohist scientific thought; Legalist materialism; The military thoughts of military strategists are still shining today. Even the sophistry master initiated the logic field in the history of China's philosophy. We can and should learn from the vigorous and promising spirit of Confucianism, and encourage ourselves to be full of vitality and work hard; Learn the Confucian spirit of loyalty to the country and cultivate their patriotic feelings; Learn from the Confucian spirit of "controlling benefits with righteousness" to enlighten yourself to treat material interests correctly, and learn from the Confucian spirit of benevolence to cultivate their noble sentiment of loving the people; Learn from the Confucian concept of honesty and cultivate their own independent personality with self-respect and self-improvement; We should also learn from Mohism's "universal love", "Shang Xian" and "frugality"; Taoism's "less selfish desires" and "Taoism is natural"; Legalists' thought of "abolishing private interests" and so on.

Tracing back to the source and taking its essence is naturally of great benefit.

Here is the book.

Chinese book Danger Code; Yi DangerCode Zhuzi lve

Eight articles by Yan Zi. A famous baby, Shi, looks very similar. Confucius said that he was good at making friends with people.

Twenty-three articles of zi si. The grandson of the famous Confucius is Master Lu Miao.

Ceng Zi's eighteen articles. Mingshan, a disciple of Confucius.

Thirteen poems by Qi Diao. Qi Diao, a disciple of Confucius.

Sixteen articles on rice seeds. The name is not neat and the word is cheap. He is a disciple of Confucius.

Three articles by Jingzi. He speaks like a disciple.

Chapter 21 of the prince. Ming Shuo, Chen Renye, seventy disciples.

Wei Wenhou, six articles.

Seven articles by Li ke. Xia Zi's disciple is Wei Wenhou.

Article 28 of Confucius. Seventy disciples.

Eleven pieces of Mencius.

Mingke, ancestral home of Zou, disciple of Zisi, has a biography.

Thirty-three articles of sun. Name, Zhao people, for a drink offering, there is a legend. Xiangzi x

Eight articles. Baby, Qi people, children of the seventies. Fifteen articles in the office. I don't know who wrote this book.

Six articles on the history of Zhou Dynasty. Between Hui and Xiang, be a king or ask Confucius.

Six articles of Zhou Zheng. During the week, I taught politics and religion.

Nine articles by Fa Zhou. Law heaven and earth, establish a hundred officials.

Hejian weekly system 18 articles. As described by Wang Xian of Hejian.

Ten articles by Kuang Yan. I don't know the author, Chen.

Four articles by Gong Yi. I don't know the author.

An article called Yue Yue. Zhongmou, Julian Waghann City, Zhou Wei.

An article "Wang Sunzi". One said "Bridgette".

An article by GongSunGu. Chapter 18 The king lost his country and asked because of Chen's success or failure.

Li Chunqiu two chapters.

Four articles on sheep. Hundreds of chapters. So, Dr. Qin.

An article about Dong Zi. Careless names are hard to write.

An article "Gangzi".

Forty-two Xu Zi. Yellow people outside the Song Dynasty.

Fourteen articles by Lu Zhong Lian Zi. There is a biography.

Seven articles by Ping Yuanjun. Zhu Jianyi.

More than fifteen pieces of Spring and Autumn Annals. Yu Yeqing.

Thirteen articles of high ancestral home. Gaozu and his ministers narrated ancient sayings and imperial edicts.

Lujia Article 23.

Three articles by Liu Jing.

Eleven biographies of filial piety. Emperor Wen's so-called imperial edict.

Eight articles by Jia Shan.

Ten short positions in Taichang country. When the father got together, Gaozu was sealed by the hero Zang Sijue.

Article 58 of Jia Yi.

Hejian presented Wang with three pieces of "On the Three Braves Palace".

Dong Zhongshu has 123 articles.

《? "Nine wide.

Ten articles by Gong Sunhong.

Eight final articles.

My autumn harvest king six chapters.

An article about Qiu Yu's theory. Difficult Sun Qing also.

Four articles by Zhu Zhuang.

Four articles by Chen Peng.

Eight articles of "Hook and Shield Redundancy from Minister Li". When the emperor proclaimed himself emperor, he counted his words and deeds.

Eighteen Confucian words. I don't know the author

Huan Kuan's Sixty Papers on Salt and Iron.

Liu xiangxu is sixty-seven

New Preface, Shuo Yuan, Shi Shuo and Biography of Women are also included.

Thirty-eight articles by Yang Xiong. Tai Xuan 19, Fa Yan 13, Yue Si, Zhen Er.

There are 53 right Confucianism schools with 836 articles. Thirty-eight articles of Yang Xiong family.

Confucianism helped people to follow Yang Yang's understanding because of Stuart's official advancement. Wandering around the six meridians, staying

On the occasion of benevolence and righteousness, ancestors, Shun, Charter, martial arts and masters all emphasized his words, which was the highest realm of Tao. hole

Confucius said, "If you have a reputation, you might as well have a try." The inheritance of Tang Dynasty, Yin Dynasty and Yin Dynasty has all tried their effects.

And ... However, those who are confused are lost in subtlety, and the founders are restrained at any time, and they go against the Tao and ask for others. Follow it in the future,

From the analysis of the Five Classics, Confucianism declined, which caused the troubles of Confucianism.

Article 51 of Yi Yin. Soup stage.

There are twenty or thirty articles in Taigong. Zhou's teacher and father, he has a good idea. Or there is a modern art that thinks it is too common.

So is the increase. There are eighty-one articles in Mou, seventy-one in Yan and eighty-five in Bing.

Article 29 of Xinjia. Zhou Chen, seventy-five remonstrated and left, and Zhou sealed it.

Twenty-two articles by Xunzi. The famous bear asked Yan from below, and Zhou was named Chu Zu.

Eighty-six articles of Guanzi. I am a famous barbarian, a Qi Huangong, a vassal of Nine, not a chariot. There is a biography.

Four biographies of Lao Tzu's neighbor. Li, the first name, was handed down by a neighbor.

Thirty-seven chapters of Lao Zi's Fu Jing. On Laozi's learning.

Laozi continued six chapters. Word less season, linhuai people, preach "Lao Zi".

Liu Xiang's Lao Zi's four articles.

Nine articles of People. Laozi's disciple, who is in the same strain as Confucius, is called Zhou Pingwang's question and seems to be a supporter.

D236 has thirteen chapters. Mingyuan, a native of Chu, is a disciple of Lao Zi.

Nine articles of Guanyin Zi. Fame and fortune, in order to close the official, Lao Tzu passed the customs, and I also liked the official and followed the official.

Fifty-two articles of Zhuangzi. Zhou Ming was born in the Song Dynasty.

There are eight examples. Zhuangzi and Zhuangzi first called it "Yaokou".

Chengzi Lao's eighteen articles.

Nine articles of long reed seeds. Chu people.

An article by Wang.

Childe seeks four articles. Son of Wei also. First Zhuangzi, as Zhuangzi called it.

Twenty-five articles by Tian Zi. Ming Pian, a neat man, swam under the millet, named Taguchi Pian.

Lao Laizi has sixteen articles. Chu people, at the same time as Yoko.

Qian Lou Zi, four articles. Qi hermit, keep the road, obey the king.

Two works of GongSunZi.

An article "Pipe". Chu people, living in the mountains, are called storks.

Fourteen articles by Zhou Xun.

Four classics of the yellow emperor.

Yellow six articles.

Ten chapters of the yellow emperor. Starting from the six countries, just like Lao Tzu.

Fifty-eight miscellaneous yellow emperors. What the sages of the six countries did. Article 22 of Li Mu. What did you do during the Six Kingdoms period? Trust.

The power of grazing. Li Mu, the statue of the Yellow Emperor.

Article 16 of Sun Tzu. Six countries time. Two articles by Jie Zi. Qi people, Emperor Wu said.

Two articles by Cao Yu. Liang Wudi, a Truman, said to the King of Qi.

Chapter 12 of Langzhong Qi Ying. When emperor wudi.

Chen Junzi has two chapters. Shu people.

An article called Elder Zheng. Six countries time. Chinese characters come first, and Chinese characters call it.

Three articles by Zi Chu.

Two quotations from Taoism. Recently, I don't know the author

There are 37 houses and 993 houses on the right.

The Taoists, because of historians, remember the ways of success and failure, survival, happiness and misfortune in ancient and modern times, and then know to stick to this book and empty it.

Self-control, inferiority, self-restraint, such a gentleman's skill in the south is also. In the bustling Yao branch, "Yi" is modest.

Four advantages, which are also its strengths. If you let go, you will be heartbroken, learn etiquette and abandon righteousness, saying that clearing up deficiency alone can be treated.

Three articles by Song Siwei. History of Gong Jing.

Fourteen "The Beginning and End of Public Life" and Zou B247' s "Forever".

Article 22 of Gongsun Law. Six countries time.

Forty-nine articles by Zou Zi. Yan, a Qi person, is a teacher, learning from Ji and talking about Tian Yan.

Fifty-six articles by Zou Zichu.

Five articles on Riding on the Hill. Six countries time.

Five articles by Du Wengong. Six countries time.

Twenty pieces of Yellow Emperor Tai Su. Made by the son of Korea during the Six Kingdoms period.

Thirty-one articles of Nan Gong. Six countries time.

Chapter fourteen.

Sixteen, Zhang Cang. Prime minister of Beiping. Zou B247 Chapter 12. Qi people, nicknamed carved dragon B247.

Thirteen pieces of Autumn Qiu Zi. Say your name, Ren Wei, in front of the Nangong.

Feng CuO's thirteen articles. Zheng Ren.

Five articles of General. Six countries time. South men first, south name.

Five products and five Cao official systems. Chinese, like Jia Yi's articles.

Eleven articles of Zhou Bo. Qi people, six countries.

Manage twelve chapters. Recently, I don't know the author

Yu Chang has nine articles of "Loyal Ministers in the World". Pingyin people, modern times. Gong Sun and Xie Hun's Fifteen Articles. Pingqu Hou.

Thirty-eight articles of miscellaneous yin and yang. I don't know the author

Twenty-one pairs of yin and yang, 369 articles.

The flow of yin and yang family is exactly what the official is built for. It is a respect for heaven and earth, and a love for the sun, the moon and the stars. When respecting the people, it is also here.

If the longhouse and the arrested person do it, it will be bound by taboos, and the decimal number will be confusing, so that ghosts and gods will give up personnel.

Thirty-two plums. Famous, Wei Xiang Hou Wen, a rich country in Qiang Bing.

Chapter 29 of Shang Jun. , Ji surname, also, all have biographies.

Six articles by Shen Zi. Not worthy of the name, Beijingers, like Han Zhaohou, never dare to invade North Korea.

Nine articles of the Virgin Mary. Forty-two sons of God. Name, first Shen, then Han, both Shen and Han call it.

Fifty-five articles by Zi Han. North Korea's son killed Qin and Li Si.

An article "You Di Zi".

Thirty-one articles by Chao Cuo.

Ten things about Yan. I don't know the author

Two sentences from legalists. I don't know the author

There are ten correct schools, 2 17 articles.

Legalists flow, cover from the official. Reward must be punished, and courtesy must be supplemented. The Book of Changes says, "The first king used Ming's criminal law",

This is also its strength. And the sculptor has done it, then there is no enlightenment, no love, full-time criminal law and desire for domination, as for mutilation.

Honey, the injury is thin and thick.

Two articles by Deng. Zheng Ren, when she merged with her son.

An article called Yin Wenzi. Qi Xuanwang, for example. Gong Sunlong is the first.

Fourteen articles of Gongsun Zilong. Zhao Ren.

Five articles by Cheng. At the same time as Huang Gong.

An article about Keiko. Shi Ming and Zhuangzi.

Four articles by Huang Gong. Famous defect, for Dr. Qin, composing and writing lyrics, in Qin poetry.

Nine articles by Mao Gong. Zhao Ren and Gong Sunlong went to Zhao Sheng's home in Ping Yuanjun.

There are seven names and thirty-six names.

The flow of famous people was covered by courtesy officials. Ancient people had different names and positions, so did their rituals. Confucius said, "It must make sense!

If the name is not correct, the words are not smooth, and nothing can be achieved if the words are not smooth. "This is its strengths. And those who do, then hook? ? Analysis confusion

That's all.

Two articles by Yi Yin. Zhou Chen, when he is successful and healthy.

Tian Sanpian. First, Hank.

An article about my son.

Six articles on "following the nest" A believer in Mo Zhai.

Three articles by Hu Feizi. A believer in Mo Zhai.

Mozi's seventy-one articles. Zhai, a doctor in Song Dynasty, was born after Confucius.

Six decent, eighty-six articles.

Mohist school was built for the defense of the Qing palace. Cottage rafters are expensive and frugal; Raising three young people is based on fraternity;

It is a saint to choose a scholar and shoot him; Zong Siyan's father is a right ghost; Going with the flow is fatal; Rule the world with filial piety,

Same as above; This is also its strength. And cover it, see the benefits of thrift, because of indecent assault, push the meaning of universal love, but I don't know.

Don't be too intimate.

Thirty-one chapters of perilla frutescens. The famous Qin Dynasty has biographies.

Ten articles by Zhang Zi. The famous tool is biography.

Pang? There are two articles. For Jiang Yan.

An article called sparrow boy. Seventeen articles of Guo Jianzi. A letter from Lingling in Qin Dynasty. Difficult to Qin Xiang Reese.

Five pieces of chopsticks. Tong Ming

Seven articles by Zou Yang.

Zhufuyan Chapter 28.

An article by Xu.

An article by Zhuang An.

Three articles of "Golden Horse Chatting with Cang". Zhao, Emperor Wu.

From right to horizontal, there are twelve schools and seventeen articles.

From the horizontal point of view, it was created by the officials of pedestrians. Confucius said, "If you recite a poem for 300 times, it will reach all directions, and you can't repeat it."

Yes, even if there are many, I think? "He said," yes, yes! "It is appropriate to say that he is in power, and it is an order rather than a resignation.

This is also its strength. And evil people did it. They cheated and abandoned their trust.

Twenty-six Pan Yu by Kong Jia. Neither the Yellow Emperor in history nor Kong Jia in Xia Dynasty seems to be. Dayu 37

Articles. It is said that it was written by Yu, and its text is like the language of later generations.

Wu Zixu's eight chapters. A famous official, he was a general in the Spring and Autumn Period, and he was loyal to his death.

Thirty-five articles of Zi Wan Zi. Qi people like to talk about soldiers, similar to Sima Fa.

Three articles by Yu Yu. Honored person, hired as a doctor.

Article 29 of Liao Wei. Six countries time.

Twenty bodies. The famous teacher Jiao, a native of Lu, a native of China, and a native of China. After Yang's death, Jiao fled to Shu.

Twenty-six articles by Lu Chunqiu. Lv Buwei, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty, has a series of wise works. Chapter 21 of Huainan. Wang An.

Chapter 33 outside Huainan.

Twenty articles by Dong Fangshuo.

An article entitled "Mr Xiang Bo".

Five essays by Jing Ke. Ke stabbed the king of Qin as a swallow and died in vain. Sima Xiangru and others talked about this.

An article by Woods.

An article "GongSunNi".

An article entitled "Doctor, Minister and Saint". In the Han dynasty, it was very difficult for Han Zi and the monk army.

Three articles by Chen Shuo. Emperor Wu wrote a poem.

Thirty-five books to solve children.

87 books about Zaza.

Miscellaneous essays Wang Bo, I don't know the author.

There are 20 right-wing schools and 430 right-wing schools. The art of going to war.

The sage flows, and the cover is from the official. The combination of Confucianism, Mohism, fame and law clearly knows the existence of the state system and meets the king without exception.

Penetration, which is also its strength. If you do, you will envy and get nothing in return.

Twenty pieces of Shennong. During the Six Kingdoms period, the philosopher was sick and lazy in agriculture, farming agriculture, and entrusted it to Shennong.

Seventeen wild old men. During the Six Kingdoms period, between Qi and Chu.

Near-re-embodiment seventeen articles I don't know when.

Sixteen articles by Dong Anguo. I don't know when the emperor was.

Fourteen articles of Yin. I don't know when. Five articles by Zhao. I don't know when.

Eighteen articles of Taishengzhi. When he became emperor, he was a negotiator.

Wang Shi has six chapters. I don't know when.

An article by Cai Gui. When Xuan Di proclaimed himself emperor, he was mean, and he was a satrap for Hongnong.

Jiuquannong, 1 14 articles.

The reason why farmers move is because the government attaches importance to cultivating millet. Sow a hundred seeds, persuade the mulberry to cultivate and have plenty of food and clothing, so the eight governments say grain, two.

Japanese goods. Confucius said that "food is the most important thing for the people" has its own advantages. And those who despise do it, thinking that it has nothing to do with the holy king, and want to be king.

I plow the fields, and the order is up and down.

Yi Yin on Article 27. His language is shallow and seems to depend on it.

Nineteen stories of the scorpion. Added by later generations.

There are seventy-six articles in the weekly exam. Take the exam for a week.

Qingshizi 57 times. Ancient historians also pointed out that.

Shi Kuang, six articles. See "Spring and Autumn Annals", which is shallow, which is the same as this and seems to be the reason.

Wu consists of eleven chapters. Calling Wen Yao is not an old saying.

Eighteen songs by Song Zi. Sun Qing told Song Zi that his words were yellow and outdated.

Three articles by Yi Tian. When the sky is soup, when it is not cloudy, follow it.

Forty theories of the yellow emperor. Depend on it.

Chapter 18 of Guan Chan Lun in Liang Wudi's time.

Chapter 25 "Set aside thoughts for an imperial envoy". When emperor wudi.

An article "I'm waiting for a letter to the minister, a letter from Cheng Wei Yang Shu".

Chen Shou Zhou Ji has seven chapters. Guo Xiang was a man when Emperor Xuan Di announced.

943 pieces in Chu Zhoushuo. People in Henan, Liang Wudi, used the alchemist assistant minister as the messenger of the yellow car.

A hundred schools of thought contend, 139.

There are fifteen right novels and 1,380 right novels.

Novelists are mobile and official. Talk in the street and listen to what the speaker has done. Confucius said, "Small as it is,

Tao, there must be a considerable number of people, far-reaching fear of mud, but also a gentleman. "But also, also. Where little people know each other.

Also, let the composer not forget. If one sentence is acceptable, it is also a discussion of a madman.

Philosopher 189, 4324 articles. From the BECF family, 25 articles.

There are ten philosophers, but only nine are impressive. All this started when the king was weak and the princes were in power and in charge of the world.

The odd side uses the skills of nine factions, each leading one end, worshiping its own interests, talking about it, and winning the princes. Its words

Although different, but still incompatible, but also a natural couple. Benevolence and righteousness, respect and harmony, on the contrary, complement each other. Yi

As the saying goes, "the world is the same, but different, consistent and worried." Today, different scholars have their own strengths, poor knowledge and poor research to understand their meanings.

Although there are shortcomings, it is also a branch of the Six Classics and a successor. Make his people suffer from the Ming king and the Lord and get compromise.

They are all the materials. Zhong Ni has a saying: "The ceremony is lost and the wild is sought." It's been a long time since Fang went to San, but Taoism is lacking in waste, and there is nothing more.

Suo, those with nine clans are not as good as those with wild clans. If you can practice six arts. And the concept of nine characters, give up short and take long, then

You can understand everything.