The Yellow River once had fertile land. Why did this happen?

The first is the earliest Neolithic civilization in the Yellow River valley of China, such as Lantian civilization, Banpo civilization of Weihe River, a tributary of the Yellow River, Longshan civilization in Shandong Peninsula and so on. The reason why there are so many civilizations in the Yellow River Basin is that the geographical environment of the Yellow River Basin is superior after crossing the Yangtze River. Animals such as rhinoceros, elephants and tropical plants such as bamboo near the Yellow River mean that the climate in the Yellow River basin is warm, and the southern region is not only specific when it is hot, but the climate and geographical environment in the south are not like the Yellow River basin. He doesn't have a large area? Plains, mostly hills, are not conducive to the survival of ancient humans.

Secondly, the Yellow Emperor was the first unified tribal leader in the Yellow River Basin and the first slave after the establishment of the Yellow River Basin.

Third, the country that Emperor China chose later attached importance to rich and fertile land. Is it because they often build dikes for defense in the Yellow River valley? The historical process of the political center, economic center and cultural center of the Yellow River Basin in China. There are many economic inventions and systematic ideas in the Yellow River Basin. The Yellow River gave birth to great poets and romantic poems, such as Li Bai and Du Fu. Influenced by China people from generation to generation, China countries, such as the Middle East, went to the Yellow River, and there were heroic peasant uprisings again and again; Like the selfless dedication of the Yellow River, countless good soldiers are like Lei Feng; The Yellow River downstream is gentle as water, and the world respects Confucianism for it.

With the development of economy, the Yellow River was diverted for the first time in the late Warring States, and the southern economies of countries south of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty gradually caught up, and reached the Northern Song Dynasty, but this time the Yellow River established its status as the mother river. The ruler stipulated that the center of gravity was in the north. This makes the China Ethnic River and the Yellow River closely dependent on each other in the history of China.

The Yellow River flows through the Loess Plateau, surging. The Yellow River Basin is a region where yellow species are flourishing, and it is also the living camp of the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow River has nurtured the Chinese nation. China received this gift, and candied fruits shone on endless mountains, lasting as long as the sun and the moon.

The Yellow River basin, whether fertile or not, has a splendid culture.

It has been a provincial capital city since ancient times, including the Yellow River Basin. The legend of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors is that it is not far from this field, during which the Shang and Zhou Dynasties moved around. From Qin and Han Dynasties to Tang and Song Dynasties, Xianyang, Chang 'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng and Dies were all places of Beijing. The human and cultural resources of the capital are enduring.

The galloping Yellow River inspires the world to produce Qilu Fangshi. It is expected that people from Sanshan Qin Huang Hanwu will be in the East China Sea. Although I can't put it down, I actually seek overseas expansion plans. Only when Zhang Qian traveled in Gan Ying did he know about vast expanse's western regions. The Three Mountains in the Sea became a slim and difficult protracted war, and Japan's Jiaozhi County was the messenger of Hanting. So far away, the country no longer deals with it. In this regard, it has reached the southern coast of India. This yearning and pioneering spirit, which crossed the Sui and Tang Dynasties and reached modern times, was not obliterated at first.

Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor are the Yellow River Basin, and we also call them descendants:

Huangdi and Yandi are not emperors, but they are recorded in the ancient books of two tribal leaders in the ancient Yellow River valley. Huangdi and Yan Di were born in the Yellow River and Weihe River, and then they were tributaries of the patriarchal clan commune era. According to legend, "there is a descendant of Dian Gong Guo" and married a healthy Huang (yellow race) emperor Yan Di. The Yellow Emperor became a water city in Hebei, and Yan Di became a river city; Unlike Germany, the Yellow Emperor is the Emperor Jiheyan. Does the "primitive man" here mean that the birth of Huangdi and Yan Di is atypical, but they are not typical descendants. The Yellow Emperor Ji Shuicheng, "is ancient lacquer water, which grows on the shore of Ji Shuicheng and takes Ji Shuicheng as its name." It originated in Turin, north of linyou county, Shaanxi Province, and entered the Weihe River in the west. Wei River, a tributary of Jiang 'an River, is in the lower reaches of Qingjiang River, near the surname. The Weihe River imported by modern times is located in Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, which means that the initial activities of the two tribes of Yanhuang were in Weihe River, a tributary of the upper reaches of the Yellow River.

The legendary Huang Di's original surname was Gong Sun's Ji Jishui, because it was longer than before; Xuanyuanshan, not Xuanyuan Huangdi's; Because the male Jun Guo took refuge, it was also called the bear's residence. He was "born with God, weak and eloquent, young and loyal (smart), and grew up smart". Later, he was elected as a tribal leader and led his troops to settle in northern Shaanxi. With the development of agricultural production, in order to find a unit, today, the land is fertile, and it goes south along the Beiluo River to Dali and Chaoyi in Shaanxi. The yellow land has given them convenient conditions for developing agriculture, but the drought from time to time has troubled them and forced them to continue to look for their ideals. The Yellow Emperor led his troops to cross the Yellow River from Dali and Chaoyi to the Fenhe River basin, and further migrated to the northeast mountainous area and the foot of Taihang Mountain. To reach this Zhuolu, there are valleys suitable for breeding near Sanggan River and Yanghe River, and there are forest hunting nearby. They thought the environment was favorable and settled down.

When the Yellow Emperor led his tribe eastward, Emperor Yan led his people on a long journey. Yan Di, also known as Chi Di, was born in Lili Town, Suizhou, Hubei Province, and Yang (now Yangshan), the head of Shennong Township, Baoji, Shaanxi Province. "yujiang county Jiang Shui, Fire King, is also known as Lehir's." In order to find the ideal settlers, he also led his people to move eastward, but took a different route. During the Yellow Emperor's reign, they first arrived in southwest Henan along the east bank of Weihe River, and then arrived in east Henan along the east bank of Yellow River, where they settled down.

At that time, private property and clan system collapsed, and tribal leaders gradually mastered certain privileges. Tribes often have wars in order to compete for living space and become competitors. Some tribal leaders, in order to satisfy their own desires, experts and knives and saws, external armor and weapons and equipment, launched a war to plunder wealth and enslave clans and tribes. This war has intensified social differentiation and posed a great threat to normal agricultural production. However, the patriarchal clan system in customary law has lost its role in regulating social contradictions. This kind of helplessness, in the face of increasing wars, tribes with close blood ties unite with each other and form alliances, thus forming a larger consortium. Yan, Huang, two tribes, then you can conquer the quartet by force and expand your power, thus triggering a large-scale conflict. Under the command of Han Quan (now Huailai, Hebei Province), the three world bears and tribes, brown bear, brave and brave, and Hu, were defeated and had to surrender after World War II. The blood relationship between the two tribes is that the Yellow Emperor Yan Di slaughtered the tribe, but they formed a tribal alliance, and the Yellow Emperor became the leader of the Yanhuang tribal alliance. After a long period of development, the Yanhuang Tribal Alliance has formed the embryonic form of China in the future.

Later, the leader of the Nine Rulers in Shandong settled in Qufu, expanding his sphere of influence, but it also triggered a war with the Yan Di tribe. According to the legend of Jiujiuyi, Yi people belong to 9 tribes, 8 1 clan. There are many animal body languages, fresh sand and even demons, which may be the descendants of other tribal leaders who deliberately vilify them. "Red Guards" made great contributions in the State of Jin, making soldiers' sticks, knives, halberds and crossbows, making them brave and good at fighting, and making them famous all over the world. He led the alliance of nine tribes to the west of eastern Henan and attacked the Yan Di tribe. The latter is unable to resist, losing ground, endless, losing ground. Ran Zhi followed him and asked the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di for help. The Yellow Emperor led the troops to wage a fierce battle with the Red Zhuolu. This war is very tragic. It means that the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou are invincible for nine days, and Chiyou releases fog for three days and three nights. The direction of Huangdi tribe was inspired by the discovery of Sagittarius after the wind, and they were able to get out of the fog. Please ask Xuan Nv to help the Yellow Emperor get 80 East China Sea animals, that is, Kuipimont Drum and Lei Shou's bones, and make a 500-mile expedition. The battle lasted for a long time, and the last battle was in Jizhou. The Yellow Emperor sent a long attack to Zhiying, Longshui and Shuifang. The pool invited the main rain master to follow the wind, and sometimes the strong wind and heavy rain washed away the water array, and the Yellow Emperor was in trouble. The Yellow Emperor invited the goddess to stop the wind and rain, and the weather suddenly cleared up. You know what to do. Men live in fear. The Yellow Emperor commanded the army to attack suddenly in the past and won the final victory. Gao Zhi invited Master Feng and Master Yu to surrender to the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor will enter Dongyi area. He is "like a car driving six dragons, the whole word (mega firebird) and the jurisdiction, Bo Chi sweeping the wind, splashing oil and rain", with tigers, spirits, snakes and voldemorts in front. Later, he was killed, and some long-time people joined the Yanhuang Tribe Alliance and went to China, parts of the south, and Miao Man in the south.

Yellow originated in Bayan Kara, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In ancient times, Lebaxin was 4500 meters above sea level. Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan and Shandong, which flow through the thoroughfares of nine provinces, join the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Shandong Province. The total length of the river differs by 5464 km and 2280 km. The Yellow River Basin is located at 96119 east longitude, 32-42 north latitude,1900 km100 km north-south width, and the basin area is about? 795,000 kilometers (including internal circulation area? 42,000 square kilometers), plus the downstream flood, the affected area is about 910.5 million square kilometers.

Terrain The Yellow River Basin starts from Bayan Kara in the west, reaches Bohai Sea in the east, reaches Yin in the north and Qinling Mountains in the south. These four geomorphic units span the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau and North China Plain. The topography of the basin is high in the west and low in the east, which can be roughly divided into three steps. The first floor is the watershed, which is located in the west of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the famous roof of the world, with an altitude of 3,000-5,000 meters, and a series of northwest-southeast mountains. The top of the mountain is covered with snow and glaciers all year round. Rolling along Bayan Kara, the southern Qinghai Plateau, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River Basin. Qilian Mountain is located in the northern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, forming the dividing line between Qinghai Plateau and Inner Mongolia Plateau. The headwaters of the Yellow River and its tributaries, Heihe and Baihe basins, are flat, mostly grasslands, lakes and swamps.

The steps are roughly in Taihang Mountain area, which is the boundary between east and west, with an altitude of 1000 to 2000m. The area north of Baizai Mountain is a part of Inner Mongolia Plateau, Yellow River Plain and southern mountainous area of Ordos Plateau, Loess Plateau, Baidawan, Qinling Mountains and Taihang Mountains.

Hetao Plain is 900 kilometers away from Ningxia, east to Tuoketuo, Inner Mongolia, and west to below the riverside, with a width of 30 to 50 kilometers and an altitude of 1.2009 million meters. With flat and fertile land and developed irrigation, it is an important agricultural production base in Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The yinshan mountains in the north of Hetao Plain and Helan Langshan in the west are like a barrier, which blocks the Yellow River basin in the hinterland of Tengger, Wulanbuhe and Badain Jaran Desert in Alashan Plateau.

The Yellow River Hetao, located in the south of Ordos Plateau, is surrounded by the south boundary of the Yellow River and the Great Wall on three sides, with an area of about130,000 square kilometers and an altitude of 1.000 to 1.400 meters. It is the square appearance of Motoki Takahara etching. The plateau is well-developed in wind and sand landforms. The northern edge of Kubuqi Desert and the southern part are Mu Us Desert, with few rivers and large salt lakes. Plateau edge is the main source of coarse sediment in the Yellow River.

The western hills of the Loess Plateau, starting from Taihang Mountain in the east, reaching Qinling Mountain in the south and Ordos Plateau in the north, are the largest loess distribution area in the world with an altitude of 1000-2,000m. Geomorphological types: Loess Plateau, beams, headlands and gullies. Surface fluctuation, relative height change, thick loess layer, loose organization, broken terrain, sparse vegetation, serious soil erosion, main source area? Flood and sediment in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Loess alluvial rivers in Weihe graben structural basin on the Loess Plateau. Weihe River has a long history, flat terrain, fertile land and sufficient irrigation. It is a rich land in Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces.

Qinling Mountain is located in the south of the Loess Plateau, the warm north-south boundary between subtropical and temperate zones in China, and the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins. Warm and humid air from the south in summer and cold air from the north in winter have a great barrier effect. It is an important physical and geographical dividing line between the Loess Plateau and the northern plain of China, and a watershed of Taihang Mountain, Yellow River and Haihe River Basin. Zhouchangshan Mountain, Waishan Mountain and Taihang Mountain, with high mountains and deep valleys, are the depths of warm air barriers from the southeast of Fang Haiyang in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, which have an impact on the climate of the Yellow River basin and western China. The rise of water vapor on the ground is beneficial to the intensity of rainstorm and the conditions of runoff convergence. This area is one of the main sources of floods in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.

From Taihang Mountain and Luzhong Mountain, the alluvial plain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the steps along the eastern coast. The northern plain of China, an important part of the alluvial plain in the lower Yellow River, covers an area of? 250,000 square kilometers, above sea level 100 meters. As a watershed, the Yellow River is located in the north of Haihe River Basin and the south of Huanghuai River Basin. The terrain in this area is gentle, the drainage is not smooth, and floods, waterlogging, drought and alkali disasters are serious. Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, Yimeng Mountain, and the hills in central Shandong. Generally, the altitude is between 200 and 500 meters, and it is smaller in the mountainous area of1000 m.

Climate The Yellow River Basin has a vast territory, complex terrain, eastern ocean and western inland plateau, and the height difference of major events is very obvious. The monsoon from the upper reaches of the Yellow River in Lanzhou is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau monsoon region, and the rest are temperate and subtropical monsoon regions. The southeast basin basically affects the climate from the perspective of agricultural production. Northwest China has a humid, semi-arid and arid climate. The basin is controlled by Mongolian high pressure in winter, with prevailing northerly winds, cold and dry climate and scarce precipitation. In summer, the subtropical high in the western Pacific strengthens, warm and humid ocean air masses enter the basin, and the Mongolian high gradually moves northward to meet cold and warm moisture masses, and most of them concentrate on precipitation.

The precipitation in the Yellow River basin appears in the form of rain-snow ratio. The average annual precipitation in the whole basin is 370. 1 100 million cubic meters, accounting for only 6% of the national average precipitation equivalent to the depth of 465 mm precipitation (including intertidal zone). The general trend of geographical distribution of annual precipitation is from southeast to northwest. The precipitation in most areas of the northern slope of Qinling Mountains, with an average annual precipitation of about 800mm, can reach 900mm in some areas. The annual rainfall in Ningxia and Hetao area of Inner Mongolia is only 200mm to 300mm, especially in Hangjinqi and Linhe area of Inner Mongolia, and the annual rainfall is less than150 mm. The average annual precipitation in some areas of most river basins is 400-600 mm, and the precipitation is unevenly distributed throughout the year. The summer with the highest precipitation (June-August) accounts for 54. 1% of the whole year, and the largest month in July accounts for 22. 1% of the whole year. The winter with the least precipitation (1February to February of the following year) accounts for 3. 1% of the whole year, and the least month is 65438+February, accounting for 0.6% of the whole year. The coefficient of variation is between 0. 15 ~ 0.40, and the annual precipitation of the whole basin (Cμ value).

In the Yellow River basin, the temperature in the southeast is lower than that in the plains and mountainous areas in the northwest. The annual average temperature is 1 to 8℃ in the upstream, 8 14℃ in the midstream and 12/0/4℃ in the downstream. The highest monthly average temperature is in July, and the extreme highest temperature in most areas is 44.3℃ from 20 to 29, and the lowest temperature is between 1 month C, and most areas are below 0℃.

The average natural flow of water resources in the Yellow River for many years is 5.8 billion cubic meters, accounting for only 2. 1% of the total river runoff in China, ranking fourth among the seven major rivers in China. The average annual runoff of the basin is 77 mm, which is equivalent to 28% of the national average runoff depth of 276 mm, only slightly higher than the seven major rivers in the Liaohe River Basin. The per capita water consumption in the basin is 593 cubic meters, which is about 23% in the whole country. The per capita arable land water is 3.24 million cubic meters, which is equivalent to 18% of the national mu water consumption.

The distribution of natural runoff in the middle reaches of the Yellow River is very uneven. Area? Lanzhou accounts for 29.6%, accounting for 3.23 billion cubic meters of the country, accounting for 55.6% of rivers. The total annual runoff exceeds that of the Yellow River and it is the most abundant area. The drainage area between Lanzhou and Hekou Town increased from163,000 square kilometers to 12.5%, accounting for? However, due to the dry climate in this area, evaporation and leakage losses are large, and the river runoff has not increased, but has decreased by 10 billion cubic meters. The total river runoff is about 725 billion cubic meters, accounting for 12.5%? 14.8% of the drainage area between Hekou Town and Longmen? The basin area between Longmen and Sanmenxia is 25.4%, and the total river inflow is about165438+33 billion cubic meters, accounting for 19.5% of the river. The area from Sanmenxia to Huayuankou only accounts for 5.5% of the whole river, but 60.8% of the runoff is 1 100 million cubic meters, accounting for 10.5% of the national rivers, which is another runoff area. 3% of the garden crossing? Total area? Rivers reach 2 1 100 million cubic meters, accounting for 3.6% of the total. The annual natural runoff of each station in flood season (July to 10) of the Yellow River is about 60%, and it is about 40% in non-flood season. When the storm surge is closed in flood season, the winter flow is very small: the measured maximum flood peak flow 1946 in the upstream of Lanzhou Station is 5900 m3/s, and the minimum flow is only 335 m3/s in non-flood season, with a difference of nearly 17 times. 1933 The measured maximum flood peak discharge at Shanxian Station in the middle reaches is 22,000m3/s, and the minimum discharge is 240m3/s, with a difference of nearly 9 1 times.

With the development of the national economy and the Yellow River basin, a large number of water intake, water use and water lifting projects were built in the 1980s, which consumed 28-29 billion cubic meters of the Yellow River runoff every year, of which about 1. 1 100 million cubic meters were used for urban industry and rural drinking water and agricultural irrigation. The runoff of the Yellow River accounts for about 50%. Compared with major rivers at home and abroad, the utilization rate of water resources in the Yellow River has reached a high level. Significant changes of annual and interannual distribution of the Yellow River and its runoff in the upper reaches of Longyangxia Reservoir.

The Yellow River, the second longest river in China, is a world-famous river. It originated in central Bayan Kara, Qinghai Province. In ancient times, it established a basin, which meandered eastward, crossed the Loess Plateau and the Huanghuaihai Plain, and flowed into the Bohai Sea. The flow is 5464 kilometers long.

The Yellow River gave birth to the civilization of China. As early as 6000 years ago, agricultural production activities in the basin had begun. About 4,000 years ago, blood clan and tribe were formed in the basin, and the two most powerful tribes-Yan Di and Huangdi were formed. Later, the Yellow Emperor took the lead and other tribes merged to form "Huaxia". Later generations regard the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor of the Chinese nation. In xinzheng city, huangling county, Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan Palace in Henan Province, and Shaanxi Province, where descendants of tombs were born, the whole world regards the Yellow River Basin as the cradle of the Chinese nation, calling it "Mother River", "Si Du Case" and "Root of Yellow Land".

It has a history of more than 4,000 years from the Xia Dynasty in the 2nd/Kloc-0th century BC to the present. During this period, all the dynasties established their capitals here, stretching for more than 3,000 years in the Yellow River basin. The seven ancient capitals in China's history are Anyang, Xi, Luoyang and Kaifeng, and there are four in the Yellow River Basin and its adjacent areas. A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions left by Xi 'an (then the Yellow River Basin) was the first Oracle Bone Inscriptions created in Chinese in China. Xi 'an (Xianyang), with a history of 1000 years, has been the capital since the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty. It was the famous "Eight Rivers Emperor" in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, and Luoyang in the later Zhou Dynasty, which lasted for 900 years. It is called "all nine dynasties have capitals". Kaifeng, located on the south bank of the Yellow River, was called Bianliang in ancient times, the mobile capital, Liangliang, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty in spring and spring and autumn, which has lasted for about 200 years. For a long time, the political, economic and cultural center of China has been in the Yellow River Basin. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are the earliest areas where science, technology, literature and art developed. Around 2000 BC, the bronze smelting technology in the bronze basin and Shang Dynasty reached a fairly high level, and iron smelting marked the development of productive forces to a new stage. After a series of processing such as shovel and iron axe in Luoyang, it shows that the iron softening technology in China was unearthed 2000 years earlier than that in European countries. China's "four great inventions" in ancient times-papermaking, movable type printing, compass and gunpowder all originated in the Yellow River valley, and a large number of literary masterpieces, from the Book of Songs to Tang poetry and Song poetry, as well as a large number of classic works, were also produced here. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the economic center of the whole country gradually shifted to the south, but in the process of China's political, economic and cultural development, the lower Yellow River plain played an important role. The long history of the Yellow River Basin has left a very precious legacy in the Chinese nation, leaving many historical sites and beautiful places, which is the pride of our nation.