Full names of 28 boarding houses.

Twenty-eight constellations (division of celestial spheres in ancient astronomy in China)

[explanation]

Astronomers in ancient China divided the stars visible in the sky into twenty-eight groups, called twenty-eight nights, with seven nights in the four directions of southeast and northwest. The seven nights in Oriental Dragon are horn, kang, ground, room, heart, tail and dragon. The seven nights in Xuanwu in the north are fighting, cattle, women, air, danger, houses and walls; The seven houses of Xibaihu are Kui, Lou, Stomach, Zan, Bi, Gou and Shen. South Suzaku's seven nights are well, ghost, willow, star, Zhang, wing and bird. In ancient times, Indians, Persians and Arabs also had a saying similar to China's Twenty-eight Lodgings.

In ancient China, in order to know the stars and observe the astronomical phenomena, the stars in the sky were divided into several groups, and each group had a name. Such a group of stars are called star officials. Each star officer contains a number of stars ranging from one to dozens, and the scope of the sky area is also different. Among the numerous star officials, 365,438+0 occupies a very important position, that is, three walls and twenty-eight accommodations. In the Tang Dynasty, Sanyuan and Twenty-eight Nights developed into an ancient star division system in China, similar to the constellations in modern astronomy.

Sanyuan refers to Ziweiyuan, Taiweiyuan and Tianshiyuan. Purple element includes the sky area near the north celestial pole, which is roughly equivalent to the area of arch star; Taiwei Courtyard contains some constellations such as Maiden, Houfa and Lion. Tianshi source includes snake man, five immortals, giant snake, skyhawk and other constellations.

Twenty-eight hotels are also called twenty-eight stars or twenty-eight houses. At first, the ancients chose 28 stars to compare the movements of the sun, the moon, gold, wood, water, fire and the earth as observation marks. The meaning of "lodge" is similar to the "palace" of the zodiac, indicating the position of the sun, moon and five stars. In the Tang Dynasty, Twenty-eight Hostels became the main body of the twenty-eight celestial bodies, and these celestial bodies were still named after Twenty-eight Hostels. Different from Sanyuan, as a celestial body, Twenty-eight Hostels are mainly used to divide the ownership of star officials. The 28 huts start from Kakuk and are arranged from west to east, in the same direction as the sun and the moon.

Seven Oriental Hostels: Angle, Sound, Correlation, Room, Mind, Tail and Body; Seven nights in the north: fighting, cows, women, emptiness, danger, houses (barracks) and walls (east walls); Seven Nights in the West: Que, Lou, Stomach, Chang, Bi, Gou and Shen; Seven nights in the south: essence (cave essence), ghost (Yu ghost), willow, star (seven stars), Zhang, wing and Yi. In addition, there are some star officials who are closely related to these star officials, such as tomb, detached palace, ear, chop, graupel, corpse accumulation, right jurisdiction, left jurisdiction, Changsha, shrine and so on. , respectively, attached to the room, dangerous room, Bi, ginseng, well, ghost, tail, known as auxiliary officials or auxiliary seats.

In the Tang Dynasty, there were 183 stars in 28 places, including auxiliary officials or auxiliary stars.

Interpretation of Twenty-eight Youth Hostels

The ancients divided the starry sky near the ecliptic into several areas, which were called twenty-eight lodges, and connected them with the four elephants according to their directions and seasons. Zhang Heng has a description in Lingxian County: "The black dragon is curled up on the left, the white tiger is fiercer than the right, the rosefinch is fluttering in front, and the turtle is circling behind." Let's introduce their names in combination with their positions in the sky.

Twenty-eight huts are divided into four groups according to the northeast and southwest directions. Each group has seven huts with four colors, five kinds and four kinds of animal images, which are called four elephants or four places. The corresponding relationship is as follows: Oriental black dragon, cyan; Xuanwu in the north, black; White tiger in the west, white; Southern Suzaku, red.

Oriental Su Qi

1 Dongguan Qinglong

Dongqi lodge has: horn, health, ground, house, heart, tail and dustpan.

The horn is the dragon horn. In the modern constellation organization system, arcturus belongs to Virgo, and the brighter arcturus I and arcturus II are first-class and third-class stars respectively, which are called Virgo α and Virgo ζ in modern times. The ecliptic passes between these two stars, so the sun, moon and planets often pass by them. This is also the reason why the two stars in the corner are called Tianguan or Tianmen in ancient books.

Kang is the throat of the dragon. There is a cloud in "Er Ya Shi Bird": "The bird is long", and the note says: "The bird is long, and the vulgar is silent." Kangsu also belongs to Virgo, but smaller than arcturus, and its stars are dim, mostly below Grade 4. In Nanjing in late April, Virgo is located in the southeast at around 9 pm.

Bian Shuo Wen: "Bian, to also; From the surname, down-,-,to the ground. " . Erya Shi Tian: "Tiangen, Bianye." Note: "horns, high and low, are tied to the tree, if the wood has roots." So it can be understood as the front foot of a dragon. The Pleiades belongs to Libra, among which zubenelgenubi (Libra sigma), Libra beta (Libra Beta) and zubeneschamali (Libra alpha) are all second to third-class brighter stars. These three stars form an isosceles triangle, and zubeneschamali at the vertex falls on the ecliptic.

The room is a wardrobe room. Historical Records: "The house is the house, and the sky is also." Fu organ. Erya Shi Tian: "Yi Tian, Ye Fang." Note: "The dragon is a heavenly horse, so the four stars in the room are called the star." The house belongs to Scorpio, and the four stars in the house are the heads of scorpions. They are all second-and third-class bright stars (Scorpio β, δ, pi, rho).

The heart is the heart of a dragon. Antares, the famous Alpha Antares, was called fire, fire or quotient star in ancient times. It is a red giant star, red, and it is a first-class star. Antares also belongs to Scorpio. Antares consists of three stars.

The tail is the tail of a dragon. Zuo Zhuan said, "As a nursery rhyme goes,' The morning of C, the morning of the dragon's tail'", and the note said, "The dragon's tail is the tail star. The meeting of the sun and the moon is in the morning, and the sun is at the end, so there is no tail star. " The tail belongs to Scorpio, too. It's the tail of a scorpion. It consists of eight or nine brighter stars, of which Scorpio λ at the tip of scorpion tail is brighter than the second kind.

A dustpan, as its name implies, is shaped like a dustpan. "Poetry Xiaoya": "Weinan has a dustpan, so you can't fan it." That's it. Jisu belongs to Sagittarius, and its four stars (γ, δ, ε and η) form a quadrilateral shaped like a dustpan. In Nanjing, in the early hours of the morning, there were more than five hotels in the southern air, including the middle, tail and dustpan.

Seven nights in the west

2 Xiguan White Tiger

Seven Nights in the West include: Que, Lou, Stomach, Chang, Bi, Shen and Dog.

Kui, said: "Between two beards", Guangya: "Hip, Kui Ye." Quezon is sixteen stars, and the left and right halves are like the shape of two moustaches. The description of Su Kui in Song of Heaven is: "The waist is thin and the head is pointed like a whore, and there are sixteen stars around the shoes." Quezon 1 0 to 9 belong to Andromeda, and Quezon 10 to 16 belong to Pisces. Most of these sixteen stars are four or five dark stars, and the brightest Milac (Fairy β) is a second-class star. There is a bright spot with a magnitude of about 4 above the toe of Quesu Seven (near the toe of Quesu), which is the famous Andromeda Nebula (M3 1).

Lou, give me a hug. Bao said: "Towing and Gathering", Ji Yun: "Towing and Building", Ram: "Cattle and horses are", and noted "It's Ma Yuewei, it's Niuyuelou." Historical Records Official: "Lou is gathering people." In ancient astronomical classics, Lousu was considered as the place where people were responsible for grazing and offering sacrifices or assembling troops. Aries (α, β, γ) is the third star of Lugus, and the brightest is the second star. Lousu is located near the intersection of the white road (the track of the moon) and the ecliptic.

Stomach, Ming Jie: "The stomach is surrounded by food." Shiji Benji: "The stomach is the storehouse of heaven." The epigastric three stars belong to the Aries (delta, 63), and they are all small stars of grade four or five.

Chang, the official Historical Records: "Always say behead me", behead me, and Shuo Wen: "Fate also". Often called Liu, it means to cluster and belong to a group. For example, the reunion of many fruits is called willow, and the accumulation of diseased blood is called tumor. The Pleiades is composed of a cluster of small stars, seven of which can be distinguished by people with good eyesight, and it is called "Seven Sisters" in Greek mythology. The ancients used the Pleiades to set the four seasons. Yao Dian in Shangshu: "The short day star is in the middle of winter", which means that if you see the Pleiades star in the sky at sunset, you can know that the solstice of winter is coming. The Pleiades belongs to Taurus, which is made up of a small group of stars.

After the ceremony, The Book of Rites said: "After the completion, Zong Ren entered first", and the note said: "As good as the completion". Poem: "When the sky is over", Zhu Zhu's note: "When the sky is over, so are the stars, just like hiding the rabbit's tail". Octavia belongs to Taurus, which is shaped like a small fork and looks like the English letter Y. "Song of the West Stepping on the Sky": "Soapy's eight stars are like a small net, and the left corner is full of pearls." The bright star in the upper left corner is Alpha Taurus, the first-class star. "Tianguan Historical Records" said: "Longbi is a heavenly street", which means that the sun, the moon and the planets often pass through here, and mercury is currently located between these two stars. The Book of Songs says, "When the moon comes out, it will be torrential." This means that when the moon passes through Soapy, the rainy season comes.

Ginseng and Betelgeuse are called Orion in the west, and these two names are very famous at home and abroad. "Song of Journey to the West": "Betelgeuse shines with bright candles, with two shoulders, two feet and three waists". This shows the dazzling degree of Betelgeuse in the night sky. From winter to early summer, Betelgeuse is the most striking constellation in the night sky. Betelgeuse I, II and III (δ, ε and ζ) form the hunter's belt. Tang style: "Samsung," Ginseng is a hieroglyphic symbol with three stars. "Zuo Zhuan" uploaded: "In the past, there were two sons, Yan Bo and Shen, who lived in the vast forest and could not get along. Find a war to conquer every day. The emperor did not hide, and the Lord moved to Shangqiu. Businessmen are careers, so Chen is a business star. Xia Qian Shi Shen, the main ginseng. " The difference of right ascension between Chen Weixin, Betelgeuse I and Antares II is about 180 degrees. People in the same place can't see it at the same time, so there is a folk saying that "businessmen don't meet each other." Betelgeuse (Orion α) is the hunter's right shoulder, Betelgeuse (Orion γ) is his left shoulder, Betelgeuse (Orion κ) is his right foot and Betelgeuse (Orion β) is his left foot. All are bright stars.

Shuowen: "I want to buckle on my head", and the note says: "Every feather is sharp, so the birds baa." The three little stars of Miyake are located above Betelgeuse's shoulders, and their shapes can be associated with the horned beak, hence the name.

North Su Qi

3 Beiguan Xuanwu

The seven nights in the north include: barrels, cows, women, emptiness, danger, houses and walls.

Bean, also known as South Bean. Like the Big Dipper, the six stars in Nandou in the sky are also shaped like a bucket, hence the name, but the scope and brightness of Nandou are not as good as Beidou. The Odyssey and Polar Hostel of Seven Hostels in the East belong to Sagittarius, and the ecliptic passes between Odysseus II (Sagittarius λ) and Odysseus III (Sagittarius mu). The winter solstice is now 5 degrees to the right of the midpoint between the two stars.

Cattle, called Petunia in ancient times; Female, formerly known as a martial girl or a bearded girl. The names of Niu Su and Nvsu were handed down by Cowherd and Weaver Girl. The petunia in the ancient poem "Far-off petunia and a river girl" refers to the river drum with three stars (the second river drum is the cowherd). 1978 Excavation of the Tomb of Zeng Houyi in Sui County, Hubei Province in the Early Warring States Period. Among the unearthed cultural relics, there is a lacquer box, and the names of 28 huts are written on the box cover with seal script, among which cattle and women write Penny and. It can be seen that the names of these two huts have a long history, and they are not necessarily transformed from cowherd and weaver girl. Cowgirl is not an obvious star. Niu su zhong Niu su yi

(Capricorn β) and Capricorn α are third-class stars, and the others are five or six-class stars.

In the hotel, only the brightest one (Aquarius ε) is a four-star star. Make an imaginary connection from the Weaver Girl to the Cowherd, extend the distance by about two times, and you can find the Cowherd. Nobukuro I is located to the left of two stars in Taurus. In Nanjing in early May, these two nights can be found in mid-air in the south before sunrise. There is a cloud in the Book of Rites: "Summer Moon. . . Wu Dan girls' high school. "That means, if you see the location of the south female hostel at dawn, you will know that early summer is coming.

Xu, Shuo Wen: "The hill is called Xu." Ancient cities were often occupied by hills. After the city was destroyed, the hill was renamed the market. Virtual is located in the center of the northern officials. Erya Shi Tian says: "Xuanyi, virtual also." Note: "It's empty to lie in the north, and it's dark in the north. It's empty to talk and consume." Therefore, it has the hollow meaning of big hills, old places and waste. Virtual accommodation has been quite famous since ancient times. Among the four satellites recorded in Shang Shu Yao Dian in the Zhou Dynasty, there is a virtual lodge. "The stars are empty in the night, and there is a cloudy Zhong Qiu." At that time, the virtual night appeared in the south mid-afternoon around the autumnal equinox. The connection from Urberus II to Nubiyi has been extended by about one and a half times. A third-class star is Xu Suyi, which belongs to beta. Xu Suyi is a fourth-class star above Xu Suyi and belongs to Alpha Pony.

Danger means above the building. The Book of Rites quoted in Historical Records said: "The middle house is in danger, so build a house to avoid the soldiers." Historical Records: "Building a house in danger." Book of Jin: "Dangerous Samsung, the main building of Tianfu City." Dangerous three stars include Aquarius α, Pegasus θ and Pegasus ε, all of which are second-and third-class stars. The three stars are shaped like a pointed roof.

The room and the wall are two connected nights, which were called barracks and east wall in ancient times. The camp was originally a four-star square with two stars on the east wall and two stars on the west wall, just like a palace. Zhou Guanren: "Tortoise and snake swim like an elephant." Later, the East Wall separated from the camp and became a room and a wall. On the lacquer box cover of Zeng Houyi's tomb, these two nights were called Xi Camp and Dong Camp. The four stars on the east wall and the west wall are the famous Pegasus quadrangle. Irkutta Alpha and Irkutta Beta are both Western Wall, also known as Ding, "Poetry? # 123; Wind: "Among the prescriptions, it was made by the Chu Palace." During the Spring and Autumn Period, dormitories appeared in the southern transit in the evening of late autumn and early winter. At this time, it is the slack season, and people use this time to build houses for winter, so it is called barracks. Pegasus Gamma and Fairy Alpha are east walls, and their right ascension is very close to 0 degrees. The approximate position of the vernal equinox can be found by extending the gamma line of Pegasus to the alpha line of Pegasus by about one time.

Southern Su Qi

4 Nanguan Suzaku

The seven nights in the south include: well, ghost, willow, star, Zhang, wing and bird.

Well, Records of the Historian: "The cave and well are water", and the eight stars of Su Jing are shaped like wells, hence the name. Su Jing belongs to Gemini, and the brightest one is Su Jing III (Gemini Gamma), which is a second-class star. Su Jing III, Beihe II and Beihe III (Gemini α and β) form an isosceles triangle, and Su Jing lies between Beihe and Betelgeuse, which is a way to find Su Jing.

Ghosts, also called ghosts. Yu Jiyun: "More is also", so Yu Gui can be understood as more ghosts; Shuowen: "Yu, the bottom of the car is also", the ghost house is four stars square, like a car, which means another meaning. Song of the sky: "Four stars roll like wooden cabinets, and the white ones in the center accumulate corpse gas", "Watch the image and play it": "The white ones in the center of ghosts are like powder floc, which is called corpse gas accumulation. One day, the corpse of heaven died and mourned the temple. " The haunted house belongs to Cancer, and its four stars (cancer γ, δ, eta and θ) are all four or five small stars. The so-called corpse gas in its center is clusters, which are called beehives in the west, and the scientific name is M44. In the popular Japanese cartoon "saint seiya the Saint" a few years ago, Gold Saints's unique stunt was called "Dead Body Wave". Galileo once thought that the accumulated corpse gas was a star. When he was the first to observe the cluster with a telescope, he was surprised to find that there were more than forty stars in it. More than a thousand years ago, the summer solstice was located in Cancer, and the sun was directly on the Tropic of Cancer, so the west called it the Tropic of Cancer. Venus is currently orbiting near M44.

Liu, formerly known as Ba, means bird's beak, which is similar to the meaning that the horn is dragon's horn. Erya Shi Tian: "Pei means willow, willow and quail fire", and the note reads: "Quail, the name of the bird; Fire belongs to the south. " Liu Su has eight stars, which are curved in shape, like birds' mouths and weeping willows. The song of stepping on the air: "Liu Ba Xing, the head of the song is as heavy as Liu." Liu, Xing and Zhang all belong to Ophiuchus, and are located in the position of the head of the snake. The brightest one is 6(ζ), a third-class star.

Star, also called seven stars, has seven stars. The Book of Rites and the Moon Order says, "The Moon of Meng Chun is among the Seven Stars", which refers to it. The official book Historical Records: "Seven stars, neck, being an official, the main emergency", "Historical Records Textual Research": "Neck, Zhu bird neck also. Official, throat also. The matter is in the throat, and it won't be long before the Lord is in a hurry. " The stars are located in the heart of a long snake, and the brightest one is alpha star, which is a second-class star. "Song of the Sky": "The seven stars are like hooks born in the flowing clouds, and the stars are in the shape of seventeen yuan", which points out the relative position of the stars. Xuanyuan here is a famous constellation, which is called Leo in the west, and Xuanyuan XIV is the alpha star of Leo.

Zhang Erya: Zhang Niaohe notes: "Wow, where there is bird food." You can see that you are very interested in Zhu Bird. There is another point in Historical Records: "Zhang means that everything is Zhang." Zhang Su's six stars, which are shaped like an open bow and arrow, are all fourth-class and fifth-class small stars, and the brighter one is Zhang Su-xing (λ). Wing, also from Zhu Bird, Records of the Historian Tianguan Book: "Wing is a feather purlin".

There are twenty-two stars on the wings, which are shaped like open bird wings. Some of them belong to Ophiuchus and others belong to Dajue.

I wrote a car on the lacquer box cover of Zeng Houyi's tomb. Official Records of Historical Records: "I am a car" and "Suoyin": "There are four stars in my middle, two stars on the left and right, which are also the images of cars." Shuowen: "The rear rail of the car" refers to a small iron bar inserted on the axle to prevent the wheel from falling off. Four-star hibiscus and its surrounding areas belong to the constellation Ursa. The song of Xibu Tiantang: "The four pearls of Furong are not square, and Changsha is hidden in the middle." Changsha star is a fifth-class star, and its scientific name is ζ star Ursa major.

Siling Balsu

The star god worshipped by Taoism. Refers to "four elephants" and "twenty-eight lodges".

Twenty-eight nights, also known as "twenty-eight homes" or "twenty-eight stars". In ancient China, in order to observe the astronomical phenomena and the movements of the five stars of the sun, the moon and the moon, 28 star officials were selected as observation signs, which were called "Twenty-eight Hostels". Divided into four groups on average, each group has seven nights, with the four directions of east, west, south and north, as well as animal images such as black dragon, white tiger, suzaku and Xuanwu (collectively called tortoise and snake), which are called "four elephants" in Taoism. The concept of four elephants and twenty-eight lodgings was formed very early, and it was recorded at the beginning of the Warring States Period. Later, in the Book of Rites Quli, it was said: "Before the trip, Zhu bird followed Xuanwu, left Qinglong and right White Tiger." Confucius said, "Zhu Bird, Xuanwu, Qinglong and Baihu are also named after these four places." In the Han Dynasty, the book Shang Shu Kao Ling Yao said: "Twenty-eight nights are the vitality of the sky and the essence of everything. Therefore, the Oriental Corner, Kang, Bian, Fu, Heart, Tail and Basket are seven nights, and their shape is like a dragon, which is called Zuo Qinglong. Nanjing, Ghost, Willow, Star, Zhang, Wing and Bird stayed for seven nights, which looked like quail birds and were called' former Suzaku'. In the west, there are Wei Xiao, Lou, Wei, Chang, Bi, Gou and Shen for seven nights, which are shaped like tigers and called' right white tigers'. North, fighting, cows, women, emptiness, danger, rooms and walls are seven nights. Shaped like a tortoise and snake, it is called' post-Xuanwu'. "

(1) Taoism personifies this celestial phenomenon and gives it a name, color and work to pay tribute to it. "Seven Stars Cloud" Volume 24 "Twenty-four Nights" said: "A is the God of Guanyang, the Lord of Stars, the God of Jiuyang, surnamed Bin Ming, dressed in green and mysterious clothes, and the Lord of Stars. B follows the official Yin God, who is the Lord of Kangxing God. There are four Yin gods, surnamed Sima. The horse's head is naked, dressed in red light clothing, holding a sword, and prospering the Lord. "

(2) The remaining 26 lodgings are of this kind. The book The Sun, Moon and Five Stars in Shen Dong, the Emperor's Father, describes the appearance and behavior of Twenty-eight Hostels. As the saying goes, "The essence of the star of the claw often travels in the temple after the birthday in spring, with a moustache and a temple, asking questions about Zen rituals, ... or swimming to the hotel to drink by himself, ... asking the knower, showing more people's skills of health preservation and sowing." "Kang, Bian, the essence of Samsung in the room, often walk with the sun and the moon, dressed in Tsing Yi, ... swimming in the crowd or in Lent, ... is asking for trouble and saving the world with others."

(3) The other 24 stay in this category. The four images (four spirits) synthesized by twenty-eight lodges are more respected by Taoism. The main feature is to use it as a patron saint. Ge Hong's "Miscellaneous Answers in Bao Puzi" regards it as the bodyguard of the old gentleman, saying that the old gentleman "has twelve dragons on the left, twenty-six white tigers on the right, twenty-four suzaku before, and seventy-two basalts after"; He also said that "this matter comes from the immortal scriptures."

(4) The secret of prolonging life is that the seven-yuan pavilion of the Northern Emperor is even named: "On the left, there is a blue dragon named Meng Zhang, and on the right, there is a white tiger named prison soldier. In front of it, there is a rosefinch named Lingguang, and then there is a Xuanwu named Zhiming. The festival is built to hold the building, and the bells and drums are on the back and surround me."

This is the patron saint of Taoist priests. Later, Taoist temples also carved statues of green dragons and white tigers in front of the mountain gates as the patron saints of the temple. In the Qing Dynasty, Yao Fujun's "Casting Ding Yu Wen" has a cloud: "Song Fanzhineng's" Yueyang Customs Records "says:' There are Er Shen in Laozi Temple, so-called Qinglong and White Tiger." Yao Ming Zong Yi's "Private Records of Changshu" describes the scene of the temple: "There are two great gods at the entrance of the Taoist temple, Alina Zhang, the god of Qinglong, on the left and the god of white tiger on the right". "

Sifang and Siling have only been regarded as backers since ancient times, and their status is not very high. However, since the Song Dynasty, Xuanwu God has been revered separately, becoming a famous Zhenwu emperor and Tian Xuan God, and being worshipped as a Taoist god. Especially in the Ming Dynasty. This is related to the fact that Ming Taizu, especially the ancestors of the Ming Dynasty, used it to deify imperial power.

In ancient China, the zodiac was divided into 28 stars. Its main function is that the moon lasts for one night almost every day. It is used to describe the positions of the moon, the sun and five stars.

Yuan Tiangang, a calendar mathematician in China in the Tang Dynasty, combined it with seven obsidians (wood, gold, earth, sun, moon, fire and water) and 28 kinds of animals (including 12 animals in the Chinese zodiac) to form its full name:

Oriental Qinglong Jiaomu Jiaokang Jinlong Nyctereute Fangri Rabbit Heart Moon Fox Tail Fire Tiger Basket Water Leopard

Southern Suzaku Ghost Golden Sheep Liu Ri Red Deer Wing Fire Snake and Water Worm

West White Tiger, Kuimu Wolf, Loujin Dog, Stomach, Earth, Pheasant, Bigou, Fire Monkey.

North Xuanwu unicorn Taurus female earth bat virtual sun mouse fierce moon swallow room fire pig wall water deer

In ancient China, it was mainly used to record the sun and mark the five-star position of the sun, moon and moon, but sometimes it was also used to record the year, month and day.