Yu Wentai constellation _ Tuo Yuwen constellation

Why is the period of Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties usually called Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties instead of Shu, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties or Wu, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties?

Wei was the abdication of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, which was orthodox. Before the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, Cao Wei destroyed Shu Han in 263. Two years later, he usurped Wei and changed his name to "Jin". Therefore, Wei-Jin is the strongest foundation, referred to as Wei-Jin. Together with the later turbulent Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was the so-called "Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties". It is a compound word collectively referred to by several dynasties. Although there are only five words, it contains dynasties or countries. 400 years after the founding of the Han Dynasty, the royal family declined and China fell apart. The rise of the Three Kingdoms, led by Wei, and the struggle for power in Jin Dynasty. Many nomadic people around also took advantage of this and established more than a dozen small dynasties in the Central Plains. This made China in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties from the 3rd century to the 6th century.

Wei refers to Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms. Because Cao Wei was abdicated by the Han Dynasty, it was recognized as the Central Plains Dynasty in the Three Kingdoms period and later generations, and Shu and Wu were subordinate separatist countries in that period, so Wei was orthodox and could be called Wei Dynasty. "Jin" mainly refers to the Western Jin Dynasty, which was established by Sima's family after the demise of the Three Kingdoms, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was later divided in the south (at this time, the northern part was the era of "Five Lakes and Sixteen Countries"), while the "Southern and Northern Dynasties" refers to several dynasties formed by the confrontation between the north and the south after the official demise of the Jin Dynasty, including Song Qi Liang Chen in the south, and Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Wei.

In addition to the word Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there is also the usage of "Six Dynasties" to refer to this period. The Six Dynasties refer to Sun Wu, Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. These dynasties are basically the same as Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Its characteristic is that these six dynasties were all established in Jiangdong area, and all countries were building health.

Liu Yuan, a Hun, established the Han regime (later renamed Zhao, known in history). In 3 16, Liu Yao, the son of Liu Yuan, captured Chang 'an, captured Di Chin Yi and perished in the Western Jin Dynasty, which lasted for four emperors and fifty-two years. Since then, the north has entered the so-called "Five Hus and Sixteen Countries" era. It took 135 years from 304, when Liu Yuan became king, and the northern nationalities established their own kingdoms, to 386, when the northern Wei Dynasty unified the north. During this period, six ethnic groups established their own kingdoms, including Yun, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Di, Qiang and Jie. The ruling areas of these kingdoms are distributed in the north and Sichuan, including Cheng Han (Li), Xia (He Lian of Xiongnu), (Liu of Xiongnu), Hou Zhao (the history of Luan nationality), Qian Qin (Fu of clan), Hou Qin (Yao of Qiang nationality), Qin (Qi Fu of Xianbei) and Yan Qian. Wei of Ran Min of Han nationality, Xiyan of Murong of Xianbei nationality and Daiguo, the predecessor of Northern Wei dynasty, are not included, which is called the era of "five shells and sixteen countries" in history. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the most frequent periods of regime change in China's history.

Due to the long-term feudal regime and constant wars, the development of China culture in this period was particularly affected. Its outstanding performance is the rise of metaphysics, the introduction of Buddhism, the prosperity of Taoism and the introduction of Persian and Greek culture. During the 360-odd years from Wei to Sui, during the alternation of more than 30 dynasties, due to the interaction and infiltration of many new cultural factors mentioned above, the development of Confucianism and the image and historical position of Confucius in this period became complicated.

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (220-589), the full name of Sanjin Southern and Northern Dynasties, was a basically divided period in the history of China. This period began in 220 when Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han Dynasty to abdicate and establish Cao Wei, and ended in 589 when the Sui Dynasty destroyed the unification of the Southern Dynasties, totaling 400 years. It can be divided into the Three Kingdoms period, the Western Jin Dynasty (collectively known as the Jin Dynasty with the Eastern Jin Dynasty), the Sixteen Kingdoms period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In addition, the six countries of Sun Wu, Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, including Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, all took Jiankang (Jianye in Sun Wu's era, that is, today's Nanjing) as their capital, also collectively referred to as the Six Dynasties.

Cao Wei (65438+February 220, 22010-February 4, 266) was the most powerful political power among the three China countries in the late Han Dynasty. Beginning in 220, Cao Pi forced Liu Xie, the Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, to abdicate and change Han into Wei. In 266, Wei was usurped and renamed Jin.

/kloc-After the death of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty in 0/89, the Eastern Han Dynasty was in chaos for a long time, and Cao Wei, Shu Han and Sun Wu were born one after another. In the later period, Cao Wei was gradually replaced by Sima's family, and in 265 it was replaced by the Western Jin Dynasty. He died in Wei in 263 AD, Wu in Jin in 280 AD, and the three countries were finally unified by the Jin Dynasty.

After the Eight Kings Rebellion and Five Rebellions, the brief unification of the Western Jin Dynasty was divided and disintegrated, and the political situation was chaotic again. In 304, due to the establishment of Cheng Han and Liu Yuan, the north entered the period of five lakes and sixteen countries. After Liu Yao died in 3 16 of the Western Jin Dynasty, Si Marui moved south to establish the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the north and south were separated again. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was finally usurped by Emperor Wu of Song in 420, and was established in the Southern Song Dynasty. Starting from the Southern Dynasties, China entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties. However, the Northern Dynasties did not formally confront the Southern Song Dynasty until the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North in 439.

The Southern Dynasties experienced four dynasties: Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. At first, the economy and military were very strong, but due to the wrong use of strategy, the military strength of the Northern Dynasties and the confusion between the royal family and the royal family, the national strength turned from prosperity to decline. Liang's national strength in the Southern Dynasties was acceptable, but after the chaos in the background, the Southern Dynasties split into Xiliang and Chen, and Chen in the Southern Dynasties could only rely on the Yangtze River to resist the Northern Dynasties. The Northern Dynasties experienced Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou. The Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North and defeated the Southern Dynasties many times with the intention of merging with the South. However, constrained by the north, it was not until Rouran was replaced by Turks that it was able to deal with the Southern Dynasties. After the Sinicization Movement, the economy of the Northern Wei Dynasty continued to develop, but it caused a cultural conflict between the Xianbei nobles in Liuzhen and the Xianbei nobles in Luoyang. In the later political chaos, the Serina Liu Uprising broke up into the Eastern Wei supported by Gao Huan and the Western Wei supported by Yu Wentai, which later became the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasties respectively.

Northern Zhou advocated the integration of Hu and Han, conquered Northern Qi in 577 and unified the North. In 578, after the death of Emperor Wu, the regime was gradually in the hands of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty usurped the Northern Zhou Dynasty and established the Sui Dynasty. In 589, the Southern Chen Dynasty was destroyed and China was unified. The 400-year Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties ended and the Sui Dynasty began.

When Cao Cao was awarded the title, he ruled Ye, the seat of Wei Jun in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Therefore, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty named him Wang Wei, hence the name Wei. Cao Pi also called Wei on behalf of Han Dynasty and Cao Wei in history to distinguish it from other regimes named after Wei.

Cao Cao did not proclaim himself emperor, but after Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, he was named Wei Taizu (also known as Wei Wudi). Wei was the most powerful and vast country in the Three Kingdoms period.

At the end of the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao served the emperor in order to stop him from being a vassal (Liu Bei, Sun Quan and other vassals thought he was holding the emperor as a vassal). After the battle of Guandu, he controlled most of the northern part of the Central Plains and prepared to go south to unify the whole country in one fell swoop. But after Battle of Red Cliffs was frustrated, he retreated to the north. After Cao Cao's death, his son Cao Pi succeeded to the throne, and soon Cao Pi usurped the throne. Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty was forced to retreat, and Cao Wei was formally established.

Because Cao Wei occupies the largest area among the three countries and occupies the Central Plains, and this area has the largest population; Coupled with the demise of the Han Dynasty, it has always been regarded as an orthodox dynasty. The most important reform in this period was Chen Qun's Nine Grades Zheng Zhi, which had a far-reaching influence on Wei and Jin politics.

Before the founding of Cao Wei, the Eastern Han Dynasty had entered the era of separatism. Politically, Cao Cao has always been instructed by the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, which made the separatist forces in various places obey him. Militarily, he selected elite and formed a group of powerful cavalry-Tiger and Leopard Riders, which made great achievements in the important battles to pacify the Central Plains, laying the foundation for the later Wei State under the control of military and political development.

Originally, after the victory of the battle of Guandu, Cao Jun went south to unify the whole country. However, because Cao Jun did not adapt to the geographical environment in the south, it was defeated by Sun Quan and Liu Bei's southern allied forces in Battle of Red Cliffs due to acclimatization and sudden weather changes. However, because Cao Jun was mostly injured by the former Liu Biao's water army, Sun Liu's forces could not shake Cao Cao's regime. However, due to Cao Cao's advanced age, he only controlled the Central Plains in his life. Later, Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty named Cao Cao Wang Wei. After Cao Cao's death, his third son, Cao Pi, established himself as emperor, made Wei a country, and made Luoyang its capital, which was called Cao Wei in history. 1. Liu Bei, king of Hanzhong, inherited the throne of the Han Dynasty and established Shu Han in Chengdu in 22 1 year. 2. Sun Quan, Wu Wang, also established Sun Wu in 229, independent of Wei. At this point, the three countries were formally formed.

After the death of Wei Wendi, Cao Cao, the eldest son, acceded to the throne and was honored as Wei Mingdi. After Wei Mingdi Cao Cao came to power, the court of Cao Wei was divided into two factions. One is the pro-Cao clan dominated by Cao Zhen and Cao Xiu, and the other is the new force dominated by Sima Yi family and Jia Kui family, which gradually formed serious opposition and planted the seeds of the change of Gao Pingling in the future.

After the death of He Xia, Xiahou family's talent ability declined and gradually moved away from power. As a result, Sima Jia was so strong that Xiahou's family could not compete with him. After the change of Gao Pingling in the future, Xiahou family was exiled to the border, surrendered to Shu Han and took refuge in Sun Wu.

Cao Wei spent all his time in the wars with Shu Han and Sun Wu. For example, Zhuge Liang made many northern expeditions to Wei, while Cao Zhen, Zhang He and Sima Yi refused to do so many times. Because Sima Yi made many contributions to Cao Wei, his position in Cao Wei gradually improved. Until the change of Gao Pingling, Sima Yi used the mutiny to uproot Cao Shuang from the Cao Shi family. Later, his son Sima Shi eradicated Xia Houxuan from the Xiahou family in the political struggle. Sima Shi and Si Mazhao became the most powerful courtiers in the imperial court, and they could abolish the emperor without authorization. For example, Emperor Xelloss of Wei did not want to threaten Sima's position and personally attacked Si Mazhao. Jia Chong was a close friend of Si Mazhao. He sent Ji Cheng to kill Cao Mao. Later, only Ji Cheng was executed, but the Sima family was not implicated.

Among the three kingdoms of Wei, Han and Wu, Cao Cao paid the most attention to agriculture (adopting Mao Jie's integration of defense and civilian technologies policy), among which Cao Wei had the largest population and the widest reclamation area, and the strongest economic strength of Cao Wei at that time was also related to this.

Another evidence that Cao Wei attaches importance to agriculture is that he vigorously builds water conservancy projects, and the scale and quantity of his projects are second to none among the three countries. For example, in 233, canals and reservoirs were built in Guanzhong area, and more than 3,000 hectares of saline-alkali land were transformed in one fell swoop, which greatly enriched the national treasury. Another example is that Cao Wei built water conservancy projects in Henan, and the grain output doubled as a result.

With the decline of the national strength of Shu and Han, in 263, Sima Shi of Wei launched a plan to attack Han, and sent Zhong Hui, Wargo and Zhuge Xu to attack Han. As a result, Liu Chan surrendered after the Han Dynasty and Shu Han perished. After his death, his son usurped the independence of Wei in 266. His country name was Jin, so Cao Wei died. Although the development of China culture became more complicated in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Confucianism did not stop. On the contrary, it made great progress. After the fierce impact of metaphysics and Buddhism and Taoism, Confucius' position and theory faded away from the mysterious elements and theological cloak added by the God-making movement in the Han Dynasty and began to show more vitality.

As far as the academic trend of thought and metaphysical trend of thought in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are concerned, they all reflect the desire of some intellectuals to reform, develop and supplement Confucianism at that time to some extent. They are not satisfied with the solidification, dogmatism and theology of Confucianism, so they put forward philosophical concepts such as existence, practice and origin to demonstrate the rationality of Confucian famous religion. Although they advocate metaphysics, in fact, they constantly infiltrate the Confucian spirit in their metaphysical talk, advocating that Confucius is higher than Laozi and Zhuangzi, and that the famous teachings are natural. Although there was a dispute between Confucianism and Buddhism in this period, because of the combination of Confucianism and political power, Confucianism was always in an orthodox position, and Buddhism and Taoism had to agree with the patriarchal ethics of Confucianism, and gradually formed the trend of three religions merging with Confucianism as the core.

After 304 AD, the history of China entered the stage of division and confrontation between North and South. In the south, although it has experienced four regime changes, namely, the Southern Qi Dynasty, the Southern Qi Dynasty and the Chen Dynasty, the capital of the Southern Dynasties has been built in Jiankang, except that Emperor Liang Yuan established Jiangling as its capital for three years.

Liu Song Dynasty (420-479) is one of the largest, strongest and longest ruling regimes in China, which lasted for 60 years and experienced four generations and eight emperors. Nanqi (479-502) only had a short period of 24 years. However, due to frequent wars and killings, it experienced three generations and seven emperors, and changed an emperor every three years on average, which was a very rapid change of emperors in China history. The Liang Dynasty (502-557) experienced three generations and four emperors for 56 years, of which Xiao Yan enjoyed the country for the longest time, nearly half a century. Chen (557-589) reigned for 33 years and experienced three generations and five emperors. The disadvantages of Chen Cheng's decline are its narrow territory, weak population and weak power. In addition, the rulers were extremely corrupt, and they eventually died in the hands of powerful enemies in the north. Historically, the four Southern Dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen were called Southern Dynasties.

The Northern Dynasty is the general name of the northern dynasties that coexisted with the Southern Dynasties in Chinese history, including the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi and the Northern Zhou. Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou were all founded by Xianbei people, while Northern Qi was founded by Han people in Hu Hua. After the dominance of Confucianism in the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty was broken, the thoughts in the Southern and Northern Dynasties formed a diversified trend of thought. Among many schools of thought, there have been valuable ideas such as ruling the country according to law, seeking governance pragmatically, and "no monarch", as well as negative and decadent ideas, among which metaphysics is the most influential.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, a new situation appeared in the ideological and cultural field, which was different from that in the Jin Dynasty. Metaphysics is silent, and Buddhism and Taoism continue to develop. Buddhism has translated a large number of scriptures, which have been widely circulated and penetrated into all levels of politics, economy, society, folk customs and culture. Confucianism is facing severe challenges. Due to the rapid expansion of Buddhism, the relationship between Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and its historical pattern have undergone new changes.

The focus of Confucian scholars' ideological and cultural criticism turned from metaphysics of Laozi and Zhuangzi to Buddhism, and a large number of anti-Buddhist thinkers emerged. Although the development of China culture in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties became more and more complicated, Confucianism did not stop, on the contrary, it made great progress. After the fierce impact of metaphysics and Buddhism and Taoism, Confucius' position and theory faded away from the mysterious elements and theological cloak added by the God-making movement in the Han Dynasty and began to show more vitality.

As far as the academic trend of thought and metaphysical trend of thought in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are concerned, they all reflect the desire of some intellectuals to reform, develop and supplement Confucianism at that time to some extent. They are not satisfied with the solidification, dogmatism and theology of Confucianism, so they put forward philosophical concepts such as existence, practice and origin to demonstrate the rationality of Confucian famous religion. Although they advocate metaphysics, in fact, they constantly infiltrate the Confucian spirit in their metaphysical talk, advocating that Confucius is higher than Laozi and Zhuangzi, and that the famous teachings are natural.

Although there was a dispute between Confucianism and Buddhism in this period, because of the combination of Confucianism and political power, Confucianism was always in an orthodox position, and Buddhism and Taoism had to agree with the patriarchal ethics of Confucianism, and gradually formed the trend of three religions merging with Confucianism as the core. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is an important turning point in the history of ancient gardens in China. Scholars are war-weary, talk about playing with the world, care about mountains and rivers, and pretend to be elegant.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, especially during the great turmoil in Wei, Jin and Northern Dynasties, political power changed frequently, wars continued, droughts occurred from time to time and people's lives were miserable. This situation did not change until after the Sui and Tang Dynasties in China, Yi Tong.