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Wang Mang (65438+45-23 years ago16 October), a giant character, was abdicated by Liu of the Han Dynasty and established a new dynasty (reigned in 9-23 AD). Historically known as Xin Mang Di. Later, after the end of the New Dynasty, the Han Dynasty resumed political power. Historians generally believe that Wang Mang usurped the New Dynasty of the Han Dynasty, but some historians also believe that he is a visionary and selfless social reformer [

all one's life

Wang Mang is a giant, born in Yuan City, Wei County (east of daming county, Hebei Province). Nephew of the Han and Yuan emperors. When I was a child, my father, Wang Man, passed away, and soon his brother passed away. Wang Mang is filial to his mother and respects his sister-in-law. He lived a frugal life, read a lot of poems, made friends with wise men, and gained a wide reputation.

Follwed is extremely obedient to his uncle Wang Feng who is in the position of fu. Wang Feng asked the king to take care of follwed. Twenty-two years before Emperor Han became emperor, Wang Mang was appointed as Huangmenlang at first, and later promoted to a captain of the society. Corporal Wang Mang, honest and thrifty, often distributes his salary to the public and the poor, and even sells his carriage to help the poor, which is deeply loved by everyone. His uncle Wang Shang wrote that he was willing to give part of his fief to Wang Mang. In the first year of Yongshi (BC 16), he was appointed as the new capital of Hou, Qi and Dr. Guanglu. In the first year of He Sui (the first eight years), he became a fu after his uncle, at the age of 38. The following year, Emperor Han Chengdi died. After Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, Queen Ding's consorts gained power, and Wang Mang abdicated and lived in Xinye. In the meantime, the son killed the domestic slave, and Wang Mang forced his son to commit suicide, which was well received by the world.

Two years ago, Wang Mang returned to Beijing to live. Emperor Aidi died 1 year ago, leaving no children. Wang handed over the imperial seal, and Wang Mang was appointed as a fu, in charge of military orders and the imperial army, and established Emperor Han Ping, which won the support of the ruling and opposition parties. 1 year, Wang Mang accepted the title of "An Hangong" after many refusals, and transferred his salary to more than 20,000 people. In 3 years, Wang Mang's daughter became a queen. In the fourth year of Yuan Dynasty, Jia Zaiheng was above the princes. Vigorously promote the education of rites and music, get the support of Confucian scholars, and be added with nine tin. In 5 years, Wang Mang poisoned Emperor Han Ping and made a two-year-old boy the Crown Prince. Empress Dowager Cixi ordered Wang Mang to take the place of the emperor, calling him a "fake emperor" or a "photographer". After living in the club for two years (six years), Zhai Yi began to oppose Wang Mang, and people constantly tried to convince Wang Mang in various names. In the first year (8 years), Wang Mang accepted the abdication of the ruziying and proclaimed himself emperor, changing the name of the country to "Xin" and Chang 'an to "Chang 'an", which was the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (9 years 1. 15 was the first day of December of the first year, and Wang Mang changed it to the first day of the first month of the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China). Wang Mang was the first emperor to usurp the throne in the history of China. Because the traditional view of history despised usurpation, Wang Mang was described as a hypocrite by historians in China.

After he proclaimed himself emperor, he implemented the New Deal, changed the currency system, changed the official system and the official name several times, resumed the well field system in the name of Wang Tian system, nationalized salt, iron, wine, currency system and mountains and rivers, and constantly returned to the ritual pattern of the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Today, the name is changed to Wang Tian Tian Tian, and the handmaiden is private, and it is not allowed to buy or sell." Because the policy is too circuitous and untrue, the people did not benefit from it, but suffered first, constantly provoking the dissatisfaction of the nobles and civilians in the world.

In addition, Wang Mang's foreign policy is also extremely inappropriate. He degraded the rulers of Xiongnu, Koguryo, the Western Regions and Southwest Yi who surrendered to the Han Dynasty from the original "king" to "Hou". It also recovered and destroyed "Xiongnu Khan India" and awarded "New Xiongnu Khan India"; Even Xiongnu Khan was changed to "surrender slave", and Koguryo was renamed as "Xiasentence Li"; Therefore, countries refused to submit to the new dynasty, leading to endless border wars.

In the fourth year of Tianfeng (17), farmers all over the country began to rebel, forming a large-scale red eyebrow green forest rebellion. In the twenty-third year of Emperor Huang, Wang Mang held a crying ceremony in the southern suburbs. In the same year, the outlaw hero invaded Chang 'an, and Wang Mang was killed by businessman Du Wu in the chaos. A captain and a guest beheaded him and hung him in Wancheng. The demise of the new dynasty.

[edit] evaluation

In the history of China, Wang Mang's evaluation is generally not high, and it is generally believed that he is just a "hypocrite" and a sinner who has won the eternal fame. For example, Han Shu, one of the Twenty-four Histories, listed follwed as a "traitor". The evaluation of later generations was largely influenced by historians in the post-Han era. In fact, Wang Mang himself usurped the throne of the Han Dynasty and was destroyed by the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty. From the perspective of the Han regime, it is not surprising that Wang Mang was regarded as a "traitor". What he did before he ascended the throne was regarded as Wang Mang's "traitor". For example, he killed Emperor Han Ping and became an obedient baby emperor.

Hu Shi, a close friend, began to rehabilitate Wang Mang: "Wang Mang was the first socialist in China." He agreed with Wang Mang's three policies of state-owned land, equal production and abolition of slavery. "Follwed was wronged 1900 years, so far there is no fair judgment. His famous family, Wang Anshi, was reviled for a while, but someone has already avenged him. However, Wang Mang is a great politician, and his courage and skills far exceed Wang Anshi's ... Unfortunately, such a diligent person, a "helpless" person, a person who wants to "give consideration to the masses and suppress both" finally died on the chopping block, ... no one said a fair word to him. " [2] ※ But in fact, many policies actually implemented by Wang Mang run counter to Hu Shi's so-called socialists, such as superstition in governing the country (from the Regent's era to the New Mang era, foresight and Fu Rui prevailed until the later period of the New Mang, because of foresight, the original laws and titles were changed, which is no different from the feudal dynasties in previous dynasties), and the so-called land equalization system is actually a land system, which is still great with the land reform advocated by socialism. In all fairness, Wang Mang's ideal and the policies he actually implemented can only be described as "retro", including all religions and legal systems, which are retro and fashionable in the Western Zhou Dynasty in the Neolithic Age (Wang Tian, divination and witchcraft are exceptions). The system of the Western Zhou Dynasty is the ancestor of a thorough feudal system that runs completely counter to socialism. Hu Shizhi's argument is not only rough, but also far from the truth ~

But from another perspective, Wang Mang is also a scholar-type politician. After Wang Mang ascended the throne, the New Deal was generally carried out by imitating the system of Zhou Dynasty, such as repeatedly changing the currency system, the official system and the official name, restoring the Jing Tian system in the name of Wang Tian system, and nationalizing salt, iron, wine, currency system and mountains and rivers, all of which kept returning to the ritual pattern of Western Zhou Dynasty. However, the customs of ancient and modern times are different, and the environment is different. The new laws derived from the ancient system may not always be timely and appropriate. These new policies are against the laws of history, so the failure of implementation is a historical necessity. So from this perspective, Wang Mang is a politician who is retro and divorced from reality. As the historian Qian Mu said, "Wang Mang's administration is entirely a scholar's administration. 」

Huang Renyu, a historian living in the United States, pointed out that from a series of letters sent by Wang Mang after he ascended the throne, Wang Mang's policies were fundamentally divorced from the actual environment at that time and lacked proper employment arrangements. In the Great History of China, he sarcastically commented on Wang Mang: "He believed in China classics and really thought that the pyramids could be built upside down.

After Wang Mang proclaimed himself emperor, he carried out many reforms, but the decrees were complicated and changeable, and the reforms finally failed, leading to the collapse of the new dynasty. The following are the reforms during the reign of Wang Mang:

Land reform-Wang Tian system: Wang Mang proposed to restrict the possession of private land, and the surplus was owned by the state. The land without land is allocated by the state, with 100 mu, but it is completely impossible to implement it. The purpose is to solve the serious land annexation problem since the end of the Western Han Dynasty.

It is forbidden to reward handmaiden.

Promote state-owned enterprises

Reform the monetary system

In the history of China, the new dynasty began the reign of the emperor by usurping the throne. Because the traditional view of history despises usurpation as a way of transferring political power, Wang Mang has always been known as a hypocrite by historians in China. The whole new dynasty was dominated by Wang Mang, and was finally replaced by the Eastern Han Dynasty established by Liu Xiu, the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty.

The ancient historians in China gave almost negative comments on the new dynasty, especially in Hanshu, which regarded Wang Mang as a traitor and a thief. Later generations also evaluated Wang Mang according to the viewpoint of Hanshu, and it was not until the late Qing Dynasty that the evaluation was changed.

The establishment of a new dynasty

The idea of abdicating, renaming and starting over has a long history in the Western Han Dynasty. As early as the third year of Emperor Yuanfeng of the Han Dynasty (the first 78 years), Xianhong once made a living from the boulder on Mount Tai and the withered willow on the land of Shanglin Garden, and attached "the former teacher Dong Zhongshu said that although there is a monarch to keep culture, it will not harm saints." After Yao died in the Han family, a fortune spread all over the country. Not as good as the Han emperor in the world. Zen [3] takes the throne and retires from the self-styled, such as the Queen of Yin on Tuesday, to inherit the destiny. [4] When the Han Dynasty became emperor, there was a saying that "Qi Ren Gan Zhong could cheat Tianguan Li and Baoyuan's twelve volumes of Taiping Sutra, saying that" when the Han family met the end of heaven and earth, they were more affected by the destiny, and the Emperor of Heaven made the real person pure, so as to tell me. "Loyalty and righteousness can restore summer, Rongqiuding, Dongxian, etc. There is also a captain Liu Xiangzhong who can confuse people with fake ghosts and gods, take care of people in prison, and never die. [4] When Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, Gan Zhongke's disciple Xia et al. Chen said, "The decline of the Han Dynasty is more important. Being an emperor should not be a destiny, so he is the absolute heir. Today, your majesty is ill and there are many mutations, so God condemned people. If you change your name to Yuan in a hurry, you will live a long life, and the prince will be born, and the disaster will be different. If you get the word, you can't do it. If you blame it, you will die. If there is no flood, there will be disasters and fires, which will purify the people. Therefore, Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty changed to Emperor Taiping Chen of posthumous title in the early Yuan Dynasty. Leak 120 degrees. Later, because there was no JiaYing, Emperor Ai of Han killed Xia and others. [4][5] From these propositions, it can be seen that the theory on which Wang Mang founded the new dynasty came from himself, not from Wang Mang's new theory.

In the first year of Yongzheng (BC 16), Wang Mang was the new capital. Emperor Aidi died at noon in June, and Wang Mang was introduced to Weiyang Palace as the new capital. Worship for fu, fill three positions. In the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1), the first month of Emperor Han Ping was Chen Bing. At that time, the Empress Dowager was called the imperial court, and Wang Mang was regarded as the teacher, given the title of An Hangong, and equipped with four auxiliary ministers. Yuan four years (4 years), Jiazi in April, Wang Mang worshipped Zaiheng and took the public position; At this time, he is "the new capital Hou, the title is An Hangong, and the official is Zaiheng, Taifu and Fu", and he is engraved with "Fu Zhi Fu Yin", holding a heavy handle and in charge of the ruling and opposition power. After Wang Mang gained considerable power, he gradually began to reorganize and further consolidate his power. [6]

In the fifth year of Yuan Dynasty (5 years), Geng Yin was given nine tin by the Empress Dowager Tai. In the autumn of the same year, Quan Linghou wrote: "It's a teenager, named obedient boy, taking a photo with Duke Zhou. This spring and autumn emperor is rich and ordered Han An to do things like Duke Zhou. " The courtiers all said, "It's like a celebration." In December of that year, Emperor Ping collapsed and granted amnesty to the world. In the same month, Meng Tong Jing Baishi, a former martial arts master in Xie Huan, Guang Guang, and Wang Shun, a Taibao official, wrote a letter to the Queen Mother, saying, "... Today, Guang Guang Xie Huan, a former martial arts master, said the symbol of Stan, and I thought deeply about it. Those who say "for the emperor" are doing things for the emperor. If a husband has laws, he will die if he is not a saint. It takes photos of Han 'an's public house, such as the story of Duke Zhou, and takes Wugong County as the commonland of Han An and names it Hanguangyi. Play etiquette. In this way, follwed got the position of Emperor Yan. After the ministers' speeches, Wang Mang was able to "live in practice, take the crown of the son of heaven, lean on his leisure at home and listen to political affairs in the south." "Cars, clothes in and out of the police, people, ministers call it concubines, all like the emperor's system. Suburbs worship heaven and earth, worship Ming hall, worship ancestral hall and enjoy offering sacrifices to gods, which is called "fake emperor". People and ministers call it "taking the emperor" and call themselves "giving". The imperial edict is often called "the system" to stabilize the court affairs, to serve the emperor's heart, to assist the Han family and to protect the emperor's young heirs, so it entrusted the righteousness and long-term stability. His appearance in front of the empress dowager and the empress dowager restored the days of ministers. Autonomy is based on his court and country, such as the story of vassal etiquette. On the first day of May in the first year of Jushe (6 years), Empress Zhao Mang appeared before the Empress Dowager and called her a "fake emperor". [6]

After living in the temple for three years (eight years), Wang Mang paid a visit to the Empress Dowager, calling it a "bronze symbol and silk map", and used it to "invite the gods to live in the temple only, and said that Empress Dowager Tai and Empress Xiaoping were fake emperors. It commands the world, and the world speaks, needless to say "photos". Take living for three years as the first year, and 120 degrees as the time to miss, and use it according to fate. I, a minister, raised the obedient son of Long in the evening, killed Wang Bide, and made it clear what happened to Empress Wei in Wanfang, hoping to be rich and expensive. The obedient son took the Canadian dollar, and the compound interest son was Ming Bi, such as the story of Duke Zhou. " Play. [6]

On the fifth day of November in the first year (8 years), Mang went to Taishang Hall to worship the golden chamber, imperial crown and pay homage to the Queen Mother. He also sat in the front hall of Weiyang Palace and wrote: "It is immoral to give it, because after the ancestor emperor tested the Yellow Emperor, the ancestor emperor tested the descendants of Yu Emperor, the last empress dowager. God's help is great, so that the line is unified, illustrated, and the book is in the golden chamber, telling the gods that it is a sign for the people of the world. The book handed down by Chi Di Emperor Gaozu's spirit, which was inherited by destiny, is very shocking. I dare not accept it! With Chen Wu as the direct decision-making, the crown is the position of the true son of heaven, and there must be the name of the world. It revises the new moon, adapts colors easily, changes sacrifices, has a special emblem and has different systems. The first day of December is the first day of the first month of the first year of the founding of New China, and the crow is the time. Serve yellow with virtue, sacrifice white, and all the envoys' flags are pure yellow, and its Ministry calls it the "New Envoy's Five Rights Festival" to inherit the great power. [6] Here, Wang Mang adopts the theory of five virtues, which is interpreted according to the five elements, with the Han Dynasty as the fire virtue and the new dynasty as the earth virtue; Liu Bang is Chi Di, and Wang Mang is the empress of Huangdi and Yu Di.

In the first month of the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China, "Mangshuai Gonghou Qing history, granted the seal of the Queen Mother, played the Queen Mother Tai, and went to Han according to the decree. 」[7]

[Editor] Politics

In November of the second year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (10), Chien Sun, the founding general, suggested that "Liu Wei governors should be divided into five grades according to the number of households; Stop being an official and stay at home. " Wang Mang said, "Yes. The division of the Principality of Schwab took life as the fourth auxiliary, and 32 people, including Ming Degong and Liu Jia, all knew the destiny, or gave their lives, or made long speeches, or arrested treacherous court officials, and made great contributions. The thirty-two people are the ancestors of the same clan. Don't stop them. Give them the surname Wang. " "Only Buddhist is a headstrong woman, so I don't give a surname. Changing the name of Empress Dowager Ding 'an to Huang Yuzhu is absolutely unique to Korea. 」[7]

In the second year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (10), Zhen Xun, the son of the reformed general Zhen Feng (then the servant of Jing Zhaoyinda and Mao Dehou), was dissatisfied with his father's low reward. "That's to say, the new room will be divided into Shaanxi and the second uncle will be established." Taking Feng as the right uncle and a teacher as the left uncle is like a story. (Yan Shigu said: "Those who divide Shaanxi want to imitate the Duke of Zhou and the story, and call the princess from Shaanxi to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and from Shaanxi to the West. Shaanxi is today's Shaanxi state and its land. Follwed from it and worshipped Zhen Feng as the son of heaven; Immediately, Zhen Xuan was arrested for falsely claiming that Huang's royal master was his wife, and the murder case broke out. Zhen Xuan fled and Zhen Feng committed suicide. " I went to Huashan with the alchemist and got caught in my spare time. I resigned as a Buddhist, serving the Fifth Division of Longbang, a psychic doctor in the Middle East, taking Cao Changshui as a captain, attacking Lu, and Zuo Guan as a general, and riding a captain Ding Long. Hundreds of people died. "Shun Dian of Shangshu" said: "Being a secluded state, putting your pocket in Chongshan, escaping from three dangers and drowning in Yushan, four sins make the world salty. Wang Mang followed Shun's old example of punishing workers. , "Wandering around the secluded state, looking for it in the three dangers, lingering in Yushan, all carrying it in the clouds. [7] In those days, "General Ning was a young man at the beginning", but the post of general Zhen Feng who committed suicide was not replaced.

Han Shu Juan Shi ping er No.12 Shi

Biography 99 follwed biography 99 follwed biography 99 69

Volume 99 Wang Mang Biography 69