What is the internal and external service system? Why did the Shang Dynasty adopt this system?

It was the political system of maintaining centralization and tribal alliance in Xia and Shang Dynasties, and the embryonic form of the enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

The main political system of Shang Dynasty was the system of internal and external use.

The internal service is the activity area of the merchant's own family, and the external service is a country outside the merchant's family. Shang Wang handled the affairs of his family and surrendered foreigners through two different management systems. As a result, the Shang king controlled the actual power of the alliance and formed a dominant and dominated relationship with other countries. However, the control of the Shang king over the participating countries of the alliance is limited. Countries have basically maintained their original social structure, and they have great autonomy except their obligations to the Shang king. In other words, the relationship between the central and local governments in Shang Dynasty was not maintained by the direct personnel control between the central and local governments, but by the way that local tribal countries established a covenant with the central government under the powerful military power of Shang Dynasty, which is what Qian Mu said: "The princes admitted that the emperor was the son of heaven".

There are two types of official positions in Shang Dynasty: official positions in China and official positions other than Wang Ji. Among the internal officials, there are external court administrators and internal court administrators. The chief executive, also known as "A, Bao and Yin", is the "phase" to assist the Shang king in making decisions. The senior officials of the dynasty were collectively called Qing people. "Three Fairs" are honorifics set by people, not permanent. In addition, there are "history" responsible for divination, sacrifice and recording, divination and praying for ghosts and gods, books for recording and keeping ancient books (also known as Tibetan history and civil history), teachers in charge of military attache, teachers in charge of musicians, Shao Shi, etc. Imperial court officials are officials who serve the royal family, mainly governors and trusted ministers. I manage all the specific affairs of the royal family, including taking charge of grain collection, animal husbandry, hunting, wine, king carts, serving the king carts (also called servants), military officers Ya, guarding Ya Brigade, rural elders who educate aristocratic children, and "elders" living in other places. Officials abroad mainly include leaders such as Fang, Hou and Bo, people who worked for the dynasty, and guards guarding the border.

When the Shang Dynasty implemented the tribute system, there was also the "assistance" of labor rent, that is, farmers were asked to help plow the common land (native land), and all the income was owned by the rulers, accounting for about one tenth of the farmers' harvest. Yin collected taxes to enrich Lutai and the giant bridge. The political idea of Shang dynasty is the political thought under the shadow of theocracy, and the rulers of Shang dynasty "respect ghosts" and "respect gods". The highest political principle pursued is to govern the country according to the will of the gods and ghosts.