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The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located at the foot of Mount Li, which is more than 30 kilometers away. According to historical records, Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor, began to build a cemetery when he ascended the throne at the age of 13. The planning and design are presided over by Prime Minister Reese, and the construction is supervised by General Zhang Han. It took 38 years to build, and the project was huge and magnificent, which created a precedent for the luxurious burial of feudal rulers in previous dynasties. At that time, the total population of the Qin Dynasty was about 20 million, and the labor for building tombs reached 720,000. The spiritual household soil is taken from Sanliu village, 2000 meters south of the cemetery, to the county quarry, with multi-level loess cliffs, 5-25 meters high. A large number of stones used in the construction of the cemetery were taken from Zhongshan and Jun 'e Mountain, north of Weihe River, and all of them were transported to Linchong by manpower, so the project was very difficult. It is conceivable that the vastness of the project, the dead bodies under Zhongshan Mountain and June Mountain, shows the cruelty of the whole project.

The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is 43 meters high, with a base circumference of 1.700 meters. It is made of double rammed earth walls inside and outside, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi in the capital. The inner city is slightly square with a circumference of 3890 meters. There are two doors in the north, and one door is opened on all three sides. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of 6294 meters and a door on each side. Jia Ling lies to the south of the cemetery.

The pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, which is located at l 500 meters east of the cemetery. This used to be a cemetery, and local farmers found something similar to people when they dug graves. 1in March, 974, when the villagers in Xiyang village in Lingdong were fighting drought, a large toilet pit of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum was found between Lisanxiahe village and Wula village on the east side of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. After excavation by archaeologists, the treasure of Qin figurines buried more than 2000 years ago was discovered.

The toilet burial pits of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang sit west to east, and the three pits are arranged in a zigzag pattern. The first pit of Terracotta Warriors was rectangular, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 62m from north to south and a depth of 5m, with a total area of14260m2. There are sloping doorways on all sides, and there are two terracotta warriors and horses pits on the left and right, which are now called pits No.2 and No.3. ..

The Terracotta Warriors Pit is the largest underground military museum in the world. The layout of the copper pit is reasonable and the structure is peculiar. At the bottom of the pit about 5 meters deep, an east-west bearing wall is set every 3 meters, and the terracotta warriors and horses are arranged in the holes between the walls.

More than 500 samurai spears, 6 chariots and 24 horsemen, as well as bronze weapons and ironware used in actual combat, such as bronze swords, Wu Gou, spears, arrows, crossbows and bronze halberds, were unearthed in pit 1. At the eastern end of the cave, there are 2 10 terracotta warriors and horses with different facial expressions, clothing styles and hairstyles, which are lifelike. They are arranged in three rows, with 70 people in each row. Except for three leaders wearing pin armour, the rest are all dressed in short brown, with their legs tied, without helmets, holding bows and arrows and crossbows. Later, it was the main force composed of 6,000 armored figurines, each armed with spears, daggers, halberds and other long weapons of about 3 meters, separated from 35 chariots by 38 columns 1 1 east-west tunnels. There are a row of warrior figures on the north and south sides and at both ends, which look like guards to prevent the side tail from being attacked. This team is uniform, well-equipped, powerful and magnificent, which is the artistic representation of the mighty army of Qin Shihuang in previous dynasties and has a strong artistic appeal.

Pit No.2 is located in the northeast of Pit No.1 and the east of Pit No.3. It is square, 96 meters long from east to west and 84 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of about 6,000 square meters. The buildings in the pit are the same as those in the No.1 pit, but the arrangement is more complicated and the arms are more complete. It is the most spectacular military array in the three pits. Pit 2 has an exhibition hall of 1.7 million square meters, which is the largest and most well-preserved exhibition hall of modern sites in China. Yuan, director of the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum, explained: "First of all, in order to better protect cultural relics, and secondly, it takes at least five to seven years to clear the entire army array from the ground. The advantage of this is that tourists can not only visit the local features of the second pit, but also see the excavation work of the second pit with their own eyes. "

According to preliminary calculation, there are more than 300 pottery figurines 1300, more than 80 chariots and tens of thousands of bronze weapons in pit 2, among which general figurines, pommel horse figurines and bow-shooting figurines are found for the first time. There are four inclined doors at the east and west ends of the second pit, and two inclined doors at the north. The statue pit is located in the west and the main entrance is in the east. The layout in the pit is divided into four units.

The first unit is located at the eastern end of the figurine pit, with 60 vertical crossbow figurines in the surrounding corridor, and the array center is composed of 160 crossbow figurines east of Badao Road. The crossbowman adopts the arrangement of stretching array in the array, and takes turns shooting when standing and kneeling to avoid the danger of slow tension.

The second unit, located on the right side of the pit, consists of 64 chariots (chariots are made of wood, leaving only relics). 8 times per column, * * * 8 columns. There are four horse-sized terracotta warriors and horses in front of the car. Behind each car, there are three soldiers and figures. In the middle is the charioteer Lamar, and the other two are standing on the left and right sides of the car, armed with long-handled weapons.

The third unit, located in the middle, consists of 19 chariot, 264 infantry figurines and 8 knight figurines, and is divided into three columns. In front of each horse stood a small statue of a knight, holding the reins in one hand and the bow in the other. In addition to the three riders, there are 8~36 infantry figurines after each ride.

The fourth unit, located on the left side of the army array, consists of 108 knight figures and 180 pottery pommel horse figures arranged in 1 1 row to form a rectangular cavalry array. Among them, 1 and 3 are listed as 6 chariots. In front of each horse, there stands a knight figurine in Hufu, holding the horse in his right hand and holding a bow in his left hand.

The third pit is located 25 meters west of the first pit, with an area of about 520 square meters and a concave shape. There is a chariot in front of the door, in which there are 68 warriors. Judging from the layout of the No.3 pit, it seems to be the general headquarters, commanding the left, right and middle armies, but it was not built.

There are no terracotta figures in the fourth pit, only backfill soil.

Judging from the layout and formation of the two pits, the formation of the two pits is complex and the arms are complete, which is the backbone of the confrontation. In Sun Tzu's art of war, this grouping method is called "large array with small array, large camp with small camp, even falling with hooks, bending around". "Sun Bin's Art of War" said: "People who ride a war can be divided into three parts, one on the right, one on the left, one who is easy to ride many cars, one who rides many risks and one who is wide." Only the organic combination of the three can win every battle. The second pit is the theoretical map of this ancient strategist.

Judging from the carved years of weapons unearthed from the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit was built before and after Qin Shihuang unified China. Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries and unified the world with his skills of "breaking clouds with a sword" and "rough driving ahead of others" Terracotta warriors and horses reflect the momentum of the Qin dynasty and make Mazhuang stronger. After the death of Qin Shihuang, Qin Ershi Hu Hai succeeded to the throne and continued to overhaul Epang Palace and Chidao. The tax corvee was heavier than before, which led to the peasant uprising. In this form, the third pit was cut off in the middle, and the fourth pit was hastily filled before the Terracotta Warriors were put in. Traces of fire were found in the excavation, which may be related to the burning of Epang Palace by the King of Chu.

196 1 year, the people of China and the State Council designated the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor as a national key cultural relics protection unit. From 65438 to 0987, the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and the Terracotta Warriors Pit were approved by UNESCO to be included in the World Heritage List. In the arched exhibition hall built on the site of the No.1 pit of Terracotta Warriors, the "Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang" was set up, which is open to Chinese and foreign tourists.

cultural heritage

One of the largest mausoleums in the world, Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, is one of the largest, strangest and richest royal mausoleums in the world. In fact, it is a luxurious underground palace.

The Eighth Wonder of the World After visiting the Museum of the Terracotta Warriors, foreign heads of state and scholars believe that the discovery of the pit of the Terracotta Warriors is not only a major discovery in China, but also a major discovery in the history of world archaeology, which can be said to be the eighth wonder of the world. It can be compared with Egyptian pyramids and ancient Greek sculptures, and is recognized as a valuable wealth of human culture in the world.

Archaeological discovery that shocked China and foreign countries 1974, China archaeologists unearthed more than 7,000 pieces of pottery figurines that have been sleeping for thousands of years, which is considered as an ancient miracle and the most spectacular archaeological discovery in this century. Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses are rare in the world in terms of quantity, quality and archaeological discoveries. They provide extremely valuable information for the in-depth study of the military, politics, economy, culture, science and art of the Qin Dynasty in the second century BC. It is not only the artistic treasure of China people, but also the cultural heritage of people all over the world.

The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, the treasure house of ancient clay sculpture art, are shaped with real life as the theme, with exquisite and vivid artistic techniques, different gestures and facial expressions, distinctive personality and strong characteristics of the times, which show the peak of clay sculpture art, add luster to the splendid ancient culture of the Chinese nation and add a glorious page to the history of world art.

Located 5 kilometers east of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, and 36 kilometers away from Xi, it is the mausoleum of Ying Zheng, the first emperor of Qin Dynasty. The mausoleum is divided into two parts: the tomb area and the burial area. Covering an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, the cemetery has the dual functions of an outer city and an inner city building. It is a quadrangular conical enclosure with a slightly flat top and a height of 55 meters. It is not only the first imperial mausoleum in the history of China, but also the largest imperial mausoleum.

Since 1974, three burial pits of terracotta warriors and horses have been found at 1.5 km east of the cemetery, with 8,000 terracotta figures unearthed, 0/00 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons. 1980, large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. It has aroused the shock and concern of the whole world and is known as "the eighth wonder of the world". At present, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum has been set up in pits 1, 2 and 3, and is open to the public.

The first pit is an east-west rectangular pit, 230 meters long and 62 meters wide, surrounded by five doorways. There are cloisters at the east and west ends of the pit, a cloister at the north and south sides, and nine east-west holes in the middle, which are separated by rammed earth walls. Chariots are the main body of this pit, and vehicles and infantry form a rectangular joint formation. The main body of the military array faces east, and there are rows of warriors facing outward in the south, north and west corridors, serving as wings and guards; Three rows of warriors in the east are pioneers. Inside the nine tunnels, there are huge chariots and infantry main forces. There are four rows of warriors in each tunnel, some in robes, some in armor, and chariots in the middle. There is a charioteer and two riders behind each chariot.

Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors and Horses No.2 Pit

The official excavation of Terracotta Warriors Pit No.2 began on March 1 Day 1994. The whole pit is divided into 24 exploration directions of 20X20. Each exploration square is divided into four small squares of equal size by a beam. The topsoil covered on the top of Terracotta Warriors Pit No.2 has been removed, and the remains of shed wood have now been revealed. The picture shows the local situation of the excavation site of Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit No.2..

No.3 pit of terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang

The third pit covers an area of 520 square meters and is concave. A chariot was unearthed, including 4 horse figurines and 68 warrior figurines. The terracotta figures in the pit are arranged in a corridor, which is the command center of the Qin army array.

Bronze chariots and horses in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum

The bronze chariots and horses of the Qin Mausoleum were unearthed 20 meters west of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. 1980 during the local trial excavation of bronze chariots and horses pit, two large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed in a wooden coffin, which were broken when unearthed and restored to their original state.

Present situation of unearthed bronze chariots and horses

Copper chariots and horses on display after restoration

Archaeological excavation of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum

The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located at the northern foot of Mount Li in the east of Linchong District, Xi City. Through archaeological exploration, more than 500 burial pits, tombs and tombs of Xiuling people have been found inside and outside the cemetery. The most important burial pits are: Terracotta Warriors, bronze chariots and horses, stable pits, rare birds and animals pits, stone armor pits, hundred-play figurines pits, literati figurines pits, bronze waterfowl pits and various burial pits. In addition, a large number of palace architectural sites such as sleeping halls, toilet halls and garden temples have been found inside and outside the cemetery. The whole cemetery is like a rich underground treasure house. It is the largest cemetery with the largest number of funerary objects in China Imperial Mausoleum.

Qin Shihuang was the first emperor to unify China. His tomb is 30 kilometers east of Xi. 1February, 974, when local farmers were digging a well on the east side of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum at 1.5 km, they accidentally discovered the Terracotta Warriors and Horses with the same size as real horses. Since then, an underground army array buried for more than 2,000 years has been excavated and built into a museum. Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang, which consists of Pit 1, Pit 2, Pit 3 and Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit. There are 8,000 terracotta figures and terracotta warriors on display, arranged in array, with spectacular momentum. Figurines are divided into general figurines, armor figurines and archer figurines. Tens of thousands of actual combat weapons were unearthed in the pit, and Qin Shihuang's large painted bronze chariots and horses were exhibited in the museum. Known as the "eighth wonder of the world", the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses show the past glory of ancient Chang 'an, and it is also a portrayal of why Chang 'an became the starting point of the Silk Road.