China ancient official system?

The State of Qin set up a central organization consisting of the Prime Minister, Qiu and an ancient scholar. The prime minister is in charge of administration, Qiu is in charge of military affairs, and the censor is in charge of supervision and secretarial work. Generally speaking, the Han dynasty followed the Qin system and called it "three publics", with nine ministers in charge of all aspects of government affairs, which later evolved into a system of three provinces and six departments. The three provinces are Zhongshu (decision-making), Menxia (deliberation) and Shangshu (implementation), and the governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers. In the Song Dynasty, the authority of Zhongshu Province was expanded, and the civil and military powers were divided with the Privy Council, and Xiamen and Shangshu Province were abolished. The cabinet of the Ming Dynasty was the highest administrative body, with the minister as assistant minister and the chief minister as video (that is, prime minister). In the military department of the Qing Dynasty, Wang, Gong and Shang Shu were ministers of military aircraft, who were in charge of state affairs.

The six departments refer to the "official department, which is in charge of the appointment, removal, assessment and promotion of officials; The Ministry is responsible for land registration, taxation and finance; Ritual department, in charge of ceremonies, science, schools and other things; Ministry of war, in charge of military affairs; The penal department, in charge of judicial prisons; The Ministry of Industry is in charge of engineering construction, water conservancy and other matters. " The minister is a minister and the deputy minister is an assistant minister. There are practitioners, deputy foreign ministers and subordinate officials in charge.

The temple is the official office. Jiu Si is Jiuqing's official position. In the Han Dynasty, Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Taifu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zong Zheng, Dasinong and Shaofu were called the Nine-Temple Qing Dynasty. There have been slight changes in the past dynasties, all due to the Qing Dynasty.

(1) Guanglu Temple: in charge of court guards and attendants, catering tents after the Northern Qi Dynasty and catering after the Tang Dynasty.

(2) Taibu Temple: The matter of herding horses began in the Northern Qi Dynasty and was incorporated into the Ministry of War when Guangxu reformed the official system.

(3) Taichang Temple: Qin Feng is too common, Han Dynasty is too common, and ancestral temple etiquette is in charge. Taichang Temple only existed in the Northern Qi Dynasty and was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty.

(4) Zong Zheng Temple: the ancestral home in Ming and Qing Dynasties, in charge of the clan affairs of the Emperor.

(5) Dali Temple: in charge of the trial of criminal prison cases, Tingwei in Qin and Han Dynasties, Dali Temple in Northern Qi Dynasty and Dali Courtyard in Qing Dynasty.

(6) Weiwei Temple: the head guards stationed troops, and the Beiqi changed to Weiwei Temple, and the Sui Dynasty changed ceremonial weapons and tents, and abandoned them in the open, with clear ceremonies and guards.

(7) crack hon temple: Qin Yue temple guest, Han crack hon temple, palm praise guide ceremony. Hong, sound, biography, praise and guidance, so it is called Honghong. When I arrived in Beiqi, it was called Split Temple, and it didn't waste.

(8) Shaofu Temple: in charge of Shanze affairs, then in charge of the treasures of clothes in the palace, and changed to a prison in the Sui Dynasty, which was abolished in the Ming Dynasty.

(9) Taifu Hall: that is, the big sinong in charge of money, money and silk.

In addition, the central government also has specialized agencies and officials responsible for managing books, editing history and making calendars. For example, Sima Qian and Zhang Heng served as Taishiling. Gao Qi edited The History of Hanlin.

Local officials

The main administrative areas in Qin and Han Dynasties were counties. Chief, Qin said chief, Korea said satrap. The main administrative area of Sui and Tang Dynasties was Zhou, which was called the secretariat by state officials, and its subordinate officials were Chang Shi and Sima. In some military towns in the Tang Dynasty. Our time has been set up, and the officials include marching Sima, staff officer and secretary in charge. In Song Dynasty, state officials were called breg and county officials were called breg. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the state was changed to the government, which was called the magistrate.

In addition, there were also counties in the Han Dynasty, and the world was divided into more than a dozen counties, all of which were basically monitoring areas. The central government sent officials to spy on the situation, calling it a secretariat. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were more than a dozen roads in China, also called prison areas. The central government sent officials to inspect them. These officials were called ambassadors. In the Song Dynasty, the whole country was divided into about twenty roads, and several departments were responsible for all aspects. In the Yuan Dynasty, the highest local administrative organization was called the book province in China, and in the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed the Chengxuan Bureaucracy Department, and it is still called "province" in custom.

After the emergence of the system of "three provinces and six departments", the promotion and appointment of officials are all in the charge of the official department. The following words are commonly used in the appointment, removal and promotion of official positions: (1) Bye-bye. Grant a certain official position or a position with certain etiquette. (2) in addition. Admiring an official position is to grant an official position. (3) ".Promote to a higher position and make a fortune. (4) moving. Official transfer includes promotion, demotion and lateral transfer. (5) Chen. Demote officials or transfer them to remote areas. (6) "Hu" and "strike, exemption and seizure" are both dismissed from office. (7) Go ahead. There are three kinds of dismissal: resignation, transfer and dismissal. Resignation and transfer belong to the general situation and official position adjustment, and dismissal is a demotion to people. (8) begging for bones. Ask for resignation and retirement when you are old. (9) Lift: promote the official position and enhance the understanding of no official.

The title of title is the title of title and title, which was awarded by the ancient emperor to nobles and nobles.

The prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy, and he is the person who manages state affairs according to the will of the monarch. Sometimes called, often called Prime Minister, referred to as "Xiang".

One surname refers to two official positions. First, in ancient times, Taishi, Taifu and Taibao were called "three fairs". Later, most of them were senior officials, indicating that they were favored without real duties. Secondly, in ancient times, it was also called Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu and Prince Taibao as the "Three Divisions of the East Palace", all of whom were the teachers of the Prince. Taishi is the abbreviation of Taishi Prince, and later it gradually became a virtual title.

Shangshu was originally an official in charge of the memorial. There were six departments in the Sui Dynasty, and six departments in the Tang Dynasty were designated as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers. Shangshu and Assistant Minister were the main officials and adjutants.

Bachelor's degree was the official position in charge of etiquette department and editing in Wei and Jin Dynasties. After the Tang Dynasty, he referred to Hanlin as a bachelor, became the emperor's secretary and adviser, and participated in confidential affairs, so he was called "the inner phase". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, although they were also academicians of Hanlin, such as serving orders, reading, giving lectures, editing and editing, Jishi Shu, their status and responsibilities were different from those of Hanlin in the Tang and Song Dynasties.

In the official system of the Zhou Dynasty in Shang Qing, both the emperor and the vassal had Qing, which was divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower, and the most distinguished one was called "Shang Qing".

General is the highest title of general in pre-Qin and Western Han dynasties. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it gradually became a virtual title without a real position. The position of general was established during the Ming and Qing wars and abolished after the war.

Participating in politics, also known as "participating in politics", was one of the highest administrative officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was also called "re-knowing" with Zhang and Tang's deputy envoys.

The military department, the minister of military affairs, was the administrative agency that assisted the emperor in the Qing Dynasty. There is no fixed number of incumbents, usually princes, university students, ministers, assistant ministers or Beijing Hall, and they are called military ministers. Military ministers range from three or four to six or seven, and are called "pivot ministers".

The censor was originally a historian. After Qin Dynasty, he was appointed as the censor, ranking second only to the prime minister, in charge of impeachment and picketing officials' faults.

The head of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, it was held by eunuchs and later by ministers. The Privy Council is one of the highest state organs in charge of important military affairs, and the power of envoys in the Tang Dynasty is equivalent to that of prime ministers. Military ministers in the Qing Dynasty are usually called "Tang secretaries".

The official name of Chu State in the Warring States Period on the left is comparable to that of later generations. The main duty is to advise the emperor and recommend talents.

Official titles in autumn before yuan dynasty. He was the highest military attache who assisted the emperor and was called Fu in the Han Dynasty. The highest military attache in Song Dynasty.

The official names of doctors in the pre-Qin period were lower than those in the Qing Dynasty.

Doctors refer to different contents in different dynasties, and sometimes they can refer to important positions in central organs.

Scholar-officials used to refer to officials or intellectuals with more prestige and status.

Taishigong was a senior official in the Western Zhou Dynasty during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was in charge of drafting documents, planning governors and ministers, recording historical events, and also in charge of classics, calendars, sacrifices and other things. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Taishi Order was set up, and the scope of responsibilities gradually narrowed and the status gradually decreased.

In the Qin dynasty, he was a prime minister, and in the Han dynasty, he was a general officer and a staff member.

The assistant minister is a court attendant for the first time. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became an official of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, the assistant minister was the deputy minister of the three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu).

The assistant was originally one of the officials outside the official position. Because the attendants around the emperor, the status is getting higher and higher, and the level exceeds the assistant minister. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, he often became the de facto prime minister.

Langzhong was a court bodyguard in the Warring States period. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, he became a senior official and assistant minister below Shangshu, in charge of various departments' affairs.

The abbreviation of "staff military affairs" who joined the army was originally the military staff of the Prime Minister. After the Jin Dynasty, his status gradually declined and he became the staff of kings and generals. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, he gradually became a local official.

During the Warring States Period, Ling Yin, the county chief in charge of military and political power in Chu, was equivalent to the prime minister. Ming and Qing dynasties refer to county orders.

The captain is the military attache after the general.

Different dynasties of Sima refer to different official positions. During the Warring States period, he was an adjutant in charge of military affairs and taxes.

Our general manager in charge of the military and political affairs of several States in the Tang Dynasty was originally located in the border States; Later, the mainland was also set up all over the country, resulting in a separatist situation, so the world called it a "buffer zone."

Policies are also called "policies" for short. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was the military chief of the frontier defense, juxtaposed with the viceroy. When there were important military tasks in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they specialized in running, and their official positions were higher than those of the governor.

The thorn ambassador was originally the official name of the governor, and became the highest military and political chief of the county after the Eastern Han Dynasty, sometimes called the satrap.

The governor pointed out where Beijing officials had gone in the early days. In the Qing dynasty, he officially became the governor, and his position was slightly lower than that of the governor. Posthumous title's "Fuyuan", "Futai" and "Fujun".

In the Han dynasty, the captain was second only to the general.

An official who directed martial arts in the Song Dynasty.

Manage the official names of state and county military attaché s in Song Dynasty, and be in charge of training the army, supervising and arresting thieves and other affairs.

Family members engaged in the appointment of central or local governors are also called "employees".

A magistrate is a "satrap", also known as a "magistrate".

The county magistrate is the chief executive of a county, also known as the "magistrate".

Li Zheng is an ancient township official, that is, a mile long.

Xu Li's tolerance in village management.

The captain is the military attache after the general. Chen She Family: "Chen She is a general and Guangwu is a captain." "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong has gone out, and Wang Xiang asked Chen Ping to call him."

Tong Qing, another name of Taipusi Qing, was in charge of the emperor's chariots, horses and livestock. In the epitaphs of the five tombs, Mok Ng said, "Even a wise man is careful, he will gain something, and celebrate together as Wu Gong" and "for it".

Different dynasties of Sima refer to different official positions. During the Warring States period, he was an adjutant in charge of military administration and military taxes, such as "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong Sajima, Cao Yue." During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was the prefect (secretariat) official of the state and county, such as Pipaxing: "Yuan and ten years, moved to Sima, Jiujiang County." Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang at that time, under the long history of counties.

Our general manager in charge of the military and political affairs of several States in the Tang Dynasty was originally located in the border States; Later, the mainland was also set up all over the country, resulting in a separatist situation, so the world called it a "buffer zone." The fourth time in A Dream of Red Mansions: "Yucun wrote two letters in a hurry, together with Jia Zheng and our ambassador to Beijing, Wang Ziteng."

Policies are also called "policies" for short. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was the military chief of the frontier defense, juxtaposed with the viceroy. For example, Fan Zhongyan used to be the deputy economic envoy of Shaanxi. When there were important military tasks in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they specialized in running, and their official positions were higher than those of the governor. For example, in Meihualing, "Running to Hong Chengchou has something to do with the past". After the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou ran to seven provinces and was stationed in Jiangning.

The secretariat was originally the official name of the governor. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, it became the highest military and political chief of the county, sometimes called the satrap. Tang Bai Juyi was the secretariat of Hangzhou and Suzhou, and Liu Zongyuan was the secretariat of Liuzhou.

The coach was an officer who trained martial arts in the Song Dynasty. Lin Chong in Water Margin is the head coach of the 800,000 imperial army in Beijing.

Manage the official names of state and county military attaché s in Song Dynasty, and be in charge of training the army, supervising and arresting thieves and other affairs. For example, Lu Tiha governs Lu Shenzhi in Water Margin.

Family members engaged in the appointment of central or local governors are also called "employees". Battle of Red Cliffs: "Jing's prestige is still worthy of Cao's appointment."

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List of common official positions in ancient China

Yin killed the commandant and made him Cheng.

The post of SiKongSikou, the official of Zuo Shi Youshi Shi Situ Sima in Qing Dynasty.

Tai Shi Tai Fu Bao Shao Shi Shao Fu Shao Bao Tai is burning in Liu Qing

The seal worker is in the prime minister's office, and Princess Yin is in charge of the three fairs.

Prime Minister Prime Minister Imperial Commissioner Taiwei Jiuqing Taifu Tingwei Zong Zheng Shaofu

General, horse washing, doctor, doctor, doctor, doctor, assistant minister, assistant minister, tell me about the history of doctors.

Don't drive the ministers to shoot the stone and stab the history.

Prefect Bo, the chief magistrate, is engaged in supervising the tour of the county magistrate and county commandant.

Tingchang Liehou is in charge of the three provinces, and the governors are responsible for protecting the army Khan.

The left-behind judge, the general manager of the six departments and three museums of the bachelor marshal, inspected and punished.

Jurisdiction over Confucius and Yasi, cabinet factory guards and eunuchs.

Magistrate prince, governor, governor, prefect, prefect, prefect and company commander.

The general was dismissed, flowing in and out of Baylor.

Liang Zuo Prime Minister Right Prime Minister Da Situ Da Sikong Yushitai

Fu Langzhong appointed General Dasinong as Jin Wu Langzhong.

Shangshu province Shangshu made it very clear that Jing left Fengyu, and you helped Fengyu.

Hou Guanzhong, secretary of the provincial party Committee, secretary of the provincial party Committee and ambassador of the provincial party Committee.

Yuan Wailang wrote Lang, imperial academy, our envoy, and gathered all the envoys to inspect.

Observation Ambassador Duke Feast University School of Earth Election and Politics Jixian College

Qin's Minister of the Interior of the Imperial Academy of the Ministry of War did not flow.

The State Council Privy Council Advisory Committee Tax Department.

Dr. San Lv, Dr. Shi Yu and Dr. Li Si, a captain, are all masters of giving advice to doctors.

Dr. Guanglu embroidered clothes, pointed out and supervised the empire, and took charge of affairs.

Hanlin learned about the situation in the soil from the book, so he ordered someone to pay Lu Niu, an imperial minister.

Counsellor and Navy yamen of the State Administration of Taxation

Commander of Electric Agriculture Corps Minister of Beiyang Trade Minister of Nanyang Trade

Brief introduction of ancient secretarial system

Main works: During the Warring States Period, Wei Wei was the protector of all kinds of written materials.

Physician: During the Qin Dynasty, he was responsible for supervising officials, accepting officials' performance on behalf of the emperor, managing important state albums and books, and drafting imperial edicts on behalf of the imperial court. In the Western Han Dynasty, Doctor Tai, Prime Minister and Qiu were called the Three Kingdoms. When the prime minister is away, he is often replaced by an ancient official. After the Jin Dynasty, Yushi was no longer responsible for paperwork.

Ling Shi: the official position in charge of paperwork under Lang in Han Dynasty. Points: Lantian Lingshi, Shangshuling History. Sui: After the Tang Dynasty, Lingshi became the title of junior clerk of six censorate stations in three provinces.

Prime Minister: In feudal times, "the prime minister was the aide of the monarch." Equivalent to the current secretary-general.

Remonstrance officer: the remonstrance officer called the secretary's staff officer in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was renamed Doctor Jian. Sui and Tang Shilu belong to the province under the door, and their duties are to serve and advise. The admonition court was established in the Song Dynasty, Liao and Jin Dynasties and abolished in the Ming Dynasty.

Huang Menfu: Langguan who served in the palace in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the assistant minister of Huangmen was full-time, and his duty was to serve the emperor and convey the imperial edict. After the Southern Dynasties, assistant minister Huang Men was in charge of confidential documents.

Zuoyou Cao: the official position of dealing with emperor's official documents in Han Dynasty. This kind of official position is not full-time, but additional. If I can get Cao Jiaguan, I can handle the emperor's documents.

Translator's Order 9 Translation Order: A translator established in the Han Dynasty was responsible for translating the languages of foreign letters. Equivalent to a contemporary foreign language secretary.

Fu Baolang: An official in charge of the seals of the emperor and Jeff in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Zhong Cheng: A subordinate official of the Imperial Examination in Han Dynasty, in charge of the central library and the library, handling all memorials submitted directly to the monarch, and supervising the secretariats of various ministries to exercise the right of external inspection. In the empire after Han Dynasty, Cheng was the general manager of empire, and Guo and a captain were the most authoritative empire.

Engaged in: Assistant officials engaged in the secretariat of the Han Dynasty, such as Biejia, Zhizhong and Main Book. At that time, all counties and countries also engaged in it.

Bookkeeper: a small official in charge of documents in Han Dynasty. Like Gong Cao Zuo Shu and Dian County Zuo Shu, they are responsible for drafting and writing documents.

Shangshu: Shangshu means to be in charge of documents. In the Han Dynasty, the official in charge of documents in the imperial court was called Shangshu.

Two Thousand Stones Cao Shangshu: In the Han Dynasty, county officials wore two thousand stones, and it was customary to call local governors two thousand stones. At that time, it was Shangshu who was in charge of Cao affairs, and Shangshu who was in charge of county and state documents was called 2000 Stone Cao Shangshu.

Cao Shangshu: In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were three men: Tai Wei, Situ and Sikong. At that time, it was Shangshu who was in charge of Cao affairs, and Shangshu, who was in charge of the documents of Sangongfu, was known as Sangongshangshu.

Shangshuling: Shangshuling is in charge of Shangshu. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the system of taking Shangshu as the provincial governor of Shangshu was gradually formed, so that Shangshuling was not the official in charge of documents, but the highest head of the central administrative supervision department.

Prime minister: the system established in Qin and Han Dynasties. The prime minister is the most important administrative official who assisted the emperor, and his position is slightly lower than that of Qiu He. In the early Han Dynasty, there were sometimes left and right prime ministers. There is usually only one person, regardless of left and right. At the beginning of the Ming dynasty, there was also the saying that the prime minister was around, which was soon abolished. Since then, there has never been a prime minister's name.

Secretariat order: When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was appointed as a eunuch, he was responsible for announcing the imperial edict. After Cao Pi acceded to the throne, he set up the supervisor of Chinese books and the order of Chinese books. A governor is the same as an order, and his power is equivalent to that of a prime minister. It is customary to supervise before placing an order. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Chinese Book Supervisor was abolished and only the Chinese Book Order was retained.

Zhong Shujian: It was established after Cao Pi of Wei ascended the throne, and it has the same power as Zhong Shuling.

Zhongshu Province: After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the power of ministers was replaced by Zhongshu Supervisor and Zhongshu Order, and Zhongshu Province began to serve as the central general organization. By the time of Liang and Chen, there were five officials in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Zhongshu Province, ten in charge of lords and two hundred in charge of bookkeepers.

Zhongshuling: In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Zhongshuling was a very prominent official position. There was a China calligrapher in the Calligraphy Department of China in the Ming Dynasty, who only cared about writing and other things, and his rank was from seven grades. At first, it was called "Sheren in Zhongshu Province", and later it was renamed as "Sheren in Zhongshu Branch". Calligraphers in China are not valued, but only as an appearance decoration. Among them, the name of Gongshu actually belongs to the writer and is still in the system. Generally speaking, they are called Zhongshu in the calligraphy department of China, and they are not light officials.

Minister's Order: Cao Cao was Wang Wei at the end of Han Dynasty. At first, he made a secretary's order to ask for documents. After Cao Pi acceded to the throne, he was changed to the supervisor of Chinese books and the order of Chinese books.

Level and administrative authority:

There are nine categories, and each category is divided into positive and negative categories, with a total of * * * 18.

Prime Minister (the highest administrative officer assisting the Emperor)

It's a product-a surname, a teacher, a Pacific insurance, and a college student. (5) lead the minister in the bodyguard.

From Yipin-(Wen), Shaofu, Shaobao, Taizi Taishi, Taizi Taifu, Taizi Taibao, vassals, ministers of various ministries, right suggestion and left suggestion of Douchayuan. (5) generals, commanders-in-chief and prefects.

Is the second product-(text) Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu, Prince Shaobao, provincial governors, assistant ministers of various ministries and hospitals. Deputy commander and company commander.

From the second product-(text) provincial governors, cabinet bachelor, imperial academy bachelor, provincial ministers. Lieutenant (military).

Positive three products-(text) Duchayuan right vice capital suggestion, left vice capital suggestion, General Political Department General Political Department, Dali Temple Minister, Zhan Shifu Zhan Shi, Taichang Temple Minister, Shuntianfu prefect, Fengtianfu prefect, provincial judge. General (military)

From the three products-(text) Guanglu Temple Qing, Taibu Temple Qing, provincial salt ambassador. Guerrilla warfare.

Zheng Sipin —— (Text) Deputy Special Envoy of the General Political Department, Shao Qing of Dali Temple, Shao Zhan of Master Zhan, Shao Qing of Taichang Temple, Shao Qing of Cracking Temple, Shao Qing of Taibu Temple, and Sheng Wei. (Wu) Dusi.

From the four products-(text) Bachelor of imperial academy, Bachelor of Lecturing, imperial academy Wine Festival, Bachelor of The Cabinetshi Read, Provincial Judge. (Wu) Chengmenling

Positive five products-(text) left and right Chunfang, left and right illegitimate children, Guanglu Temple, Qin Jian, six ministries, various ministries, courts, and Zhili Prefecture. Garrison (military)

From the five products-(text) crack hon temple, the supervision of the empire, the academician courtyard Shi read, diplomatic history, the provinces know the state. (Wu) Shouganzong Headquarters.

Positive six products-(text) imperial academy Division, The Cabinetshi Read, left with Chunfang and left with Zhongyun, heads of various ministries and institutes, judged by Beijing government officials, judged by Jingxian county magistrate officials, and judged by provincial officials. (Wu) There are thousands of doors and thousands of camps.

From six grades-(text) about Chunfang about Zanshan, Hanlin Academy, Guanglu Temple, Zhilifu, Tongzhou, Tongzhou. General Qian of the armed forces.

Zhengqipin-(text) edited by Hanlin Academy, with seven calligraphy stickers in various ministries and institutes, professor of Shuntianfu studies, discipline, county magistrate outside Jingxian county, and professors of various government studies. (Wu) General Manager.

From seven categories —— (text) Review of the Imperial Academy, Chinese Book Department, Cabinet Chinese Book, Dr. imperial academy, judges of Zhili Prefecture, and state judges. (Wu) Deputy Commandant of Shengjing Nomadic.

Zheng Bapin-(text) Imperial Physician of TaiYuan, Eight Needles calligraphy and painting posts of various departments and hospitals, experience of foreign governments, and teaching instructions of other counties, counties, prefectures and counties. (military) outsourcing thousands of managers.

From the Eight Grades-(Text) imperial academy Canon Book, Fuzhou County Ji. (5) Appoint a director of Xiao Qi.

Nine stitches-(text) Nine stitches calligraphy, pasted in the main books of various ministries, colleges and counties. (5) General Manager of Outsourcing Committee.

From the Jiupin-(Wen) imperial academy waits for imperial edicts, promotes the Ministry to supervise, and the state officials supervise and make inspections. (5) Extra outsourcing.

No inflow-(Wen) Dian Shi, Cheng Yi, He Bo Institute and other officials in Beijing counties (military attaché s don't inflow).

Terminology of appointment, removal and elevation of ancient official positions

Regarding the appointment of officials, there are: appointment, knighthood, dismissal, worship, sealing (used for titles), gift (used for the deceased to ratify titles), requisition, creation, recommendation, promotion (mostly used for cloth as an official) and point (used for oral English).

Regarding job promotion, there are: deciding or (changing from a lower level to a lower level), promotion (adding a higher position), restoration (restoring the original position), and leapfrog.

On demotion and dismissal: strike, exemption from service, dismissal (dismissal without gross negligence), demotion, demotion (negligent demotion), reform, resignation (dismissal for investigation), vacancy opening (dismissal on orders or at one's own request), formal appointment (retirement with post) and resignation placement (demotion).

About job transfer: job transfer, job transfer, apprenticeship, job transfer (job transfer is slightly better than the original job), supplement (formal appointment from standby)

Part-time job: collar (an official who holds a lower position), photo (temporarily holding a position higher than this official), power (temporary position), bank (acting for a position without this official title), (replacing a position without this official), and protection (the former official leaves his post for a short time and guards the seal).

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Words used in ancient official changes

1, except for, appointment and conferring, generally refers to withdrawing the old post and conferring a new post. For example, Wen Tianxiang's "Introduction to the South" "In addition to the right prime minister and the Tang dynasty, it is in charge of all armies."

If it is a "left company", it means demotion and appointment.

2, reward, is a special decree issued by the emperor, giving official positions, titles or titles. For example, "Tan Sitong": "On the first day of August, Yuan Shikai was called to the audience to reward the assistant minister."

3. Selection and promotion. The text "Biography of Hai Rui": "It is Rui, and Jiaxing has been awarded as the judge of Xingguo Prefecture."

"Beyond" means "beyond the box". For example, Tan Sitong said: "The emperor surpassed the four titles of military aircraft Zhang Jing and participated in the New Deal with Yang Rui, Xu Lin and Liu Guangdi."

4. change officials. Usage is complicated, and there are three common situations. One is promotion, such as "Biography of Hai Rui": "Move to Chun 'an County. "Harry was promoted from Oracle to magistrate. The second is to change posts, which is equivalent to transferring the official position of the original rank. For example, "Zhang Hengchuan": "Go to the doctor and then move to Taishiling. "The rank of the new officer is the same as that of the old officer. The third is demotion, that is, "moving to the left." Bai Juyi Pipa: "Yuanhe ten years, moved to Sima, Jiujiang County. "That is, it was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima.

5, migration, change of office, refers to the general transfer. Zhang Hengchuan: "The official who lives in the house will not move for several years." In other words, Zhang Heng's official position has not changed.

6. The demotion of officials is equivalent to demotion. Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip: "I came here. A year ago, I left the capital and fell ill. I became Xunyang City."

7. Sacrifice, conferring official positions and appointment refer to the emperor conferring official positions. "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Take the other side as a great achievement and worship as a master." Zhang Hengchuan: "The characteristics of the bus are regarded as doctors."

On the 8th, Miao pointed out that Beijing was appointed. Zhang Hengchuan: "At the beginning of Yonghe, Chu was the phase of Hejian" means that Zhang Heng left Beijing to be the king of Hejian.

9. Leave your post. Zhang Hengchuan: "I left my post as a historian and returned five years later." "Go" here means leaving your post.

10, Hu, abolish exemption, dismiss from office. "Biography of Qu Yuan": "Qu Yuan is in mourning, and the later Qin Dynasty wants to cut Qi and kiss Chu."

It should be noted that "shame" and "demotion" are the same, but there are differences. Demotion comes from imperial edict, and sometimes it is the punishment of subordinates by superiors. The "great shame" of the "Tibetan emissary" in Shubo Chicken Story refers to "Taiwan Province officials"

1 1, release, exile. For example, the word "Fang" in Historical Records and Biography of Qu Yuan means relegation to exile.

"Release" sometimes refers to the transfer of Beijing officials to other places. For example, Tan Sitong's "release Ningxia magistrate and promote Ningxia Road" means "appointment".

12, promotion refers to the promotion and appointment of officials. For example, Zhuge Liang's "Teacher's Watch": "In the palace, everything is one, and it is not appropriate to be the same." "Lu" refers to promotion and use.

"Yu" is often used with "Yu" to indicate the advance and retreat of talents, and it is also said that "Yu" is demoted and "Yu" is promoted. For example, Han Yu's preface to seeing Li Pangu: "I don't know the chaos, but I don't know it."

13, sealed up and removed from office. For example, "Shubo Chicken Personnel" and "The emissary was arrested and defended, threatening to seize his official position".

14, strike, recall office. "Shubo chicken incident" refers to being dismissed from office.

15, reply, restore the old post. The "continuation" in Shu Re-staying as an official refers to the re-appointment and restoration of the old post.