How did Sun Tzu practice?

Sun Wu's eclectic thought of predecessors and contemporary military strategists has created Sun Wu's art of war.

First, the objective soil of Sun Wu's military strategy.

1, the survival and development mode of combining agriculture with war

In ancient times, land was the source of life for tribal alliances. Land disputes led to war. The result of war depends on land, and the development of land depends on war. Such a social and historical cycle has increasingly become the main theme of China's national life. It not only constructs a social organization form of military and agricultural integration, but also breeds the winning wisdom of integrating the essence of farming culture and military culture.

In clan society, in order to compete for natural wealth such as land, rivers, mountains and so on, different power groups differentiated within tribes often fight, and the fights between tribes are more frequent, so the midwife of human civilization-war is recruited. People use war to expand territory, conquer aliens and gradually go to the world. It is for this reason that many primitive villages discovered today have protection facilities. For example, in the early settlement of Yangshao culture in Jiangzhai, Lintong, Shaanxi, there were ditches around it, fences made of wooden stakes and branches, gates and outposts. Yangshao cultural settlement in Anbanpo, Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province is surrounded by a big ditch with a length of more than 500 meters, a depth of 5-6 meters and a mouth width of 5-8 meters. The inner wall of the ditch is steep. According to research, the population of this settlement is about 300 people, and only one big trench needs thousands of earthwork, which is undoubtedly very difficult in the era of using wood and stone tools. Its existence proves that under the clan system, clan tribes attach importance to defense and the threat of war to normal social life.

The frequent occurrence of wars has become one of the important reasons for the division and integration of clans and tribes, so that three groups have gradually formed in the long migration process, namely Huaxia Group in the northwest, Dongyi Group in the east and Miaoman Group in the south. Although each of the three groups has its own side, they covet each other and launch large-scale wars from time to time.

After the Yellow Emperor unified the area north of the Yellow River, its leader Xuanyuan naturally became the leader and the highest military officer of the Chinese nation. Since then, wars have indeed "become a normal state", appearing frequently and getting worse. From Yu Xia to Wu Zhou, from Qi Huan to Qin Huang, they all use this "business" to expand their territory and occupy the world.

Land is the foundation of agriculture, and the dispute over land has brought the midwife of human civilization-war: land is the foundation of agriculture, the basis of life of the Chinese nation, and the main factor that causes the gradual convergence of various clans and tribes. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River in the Central Plains of China have fertile land, warm climate and unique natural conditions, which are especially suitable for agricultural production, thus attracting clan tribes scattered all over the country to migrate centripetally. In clan society, this migration is mainly in the form of tribal differentiation or integration. In order to compete for natural wealth, such as land, rivers, mountains, etc., different power groups differentiated within tribes often fight, and even more frequently, thus attracting the midwife of human civilization-war.

With the emergence of class and country, war has evolved from simply grabbing land and wealth to the main way to compete for political power and even the whole world. The scale of the war is also expanding. When the two sides are at war, you can imagine the spectacular scene of killing each other, swords colliding and people clamoring for horses. At this time, although the war is becoming more and more fierce, it is also becoming more and more fragile and more dependent on land than ever before. The outcome of the war depends not only on the contest of wisdom and strength between the two sides, but also on the situation of each other's material foundation. If people want to win the war, they must make full use of the land, develop production, accumulate wealth and provide a solid material foundation for the war. Otherwise, the war will be unsustainable and difficult to win.

This concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature has gradually formed a unique perspective that emphasizes integrity, comprehensiveness and macro, as well as a materialistic and dialectical way of thinking. This unique perspective and thinking method was naturally introduced into the military field in the process of combining agriculture with war, and gradually produced the winning wisdom of attaching importance to war, preparing for war for a long time, emphasizing machine change and tactics. Undoubtedly, it is the ideological basis of Sun Wu's military strategy.

2. Rigid culture and flexible culture are the subjective sources of Sun Wu's military thought.

China is a country where a variety of economic cultures coexist, with agricultural culture as the mainstay. Farming, animal husbandry and national cultural development are separated, naturally interdependent and mutually integrated, creating a rich and colorful Chinese culture.

Limited by geographical conditions, if the Yellow River is taken as the boundary, China's ancient economy, culture and nationality, the north of the Yellow River is a mixed area of farming and animal husbandry culture, and the south of the Yellow River is basically a farming culture area, thus forming two national cultural characters.

In the north of the Yellow River, the farming and nomadic peoples are closely linked, blended and interdependent. The productivity and survival of nomadic people are often disturbed by natural disasters, and their lives are ups and downs, and their survival is not guaranteed and stable. They often have to wage aggressive wars against the tribes of the farming people. In order to ensure that they live and work in peace and contentment, farming peoples can only implement active defensive strategies, build cities and fortifications, conduct defensive warfare, and expand their own territory and defensive barriers in defensive operations. Nomads have always been known for their bravery and good fighting skills. They plundered south like a whirlwind again and again, and gradually infected the farming people in the Central Plains with the spirit of martial arts.

Relatively speaking, the farming people in the south of the Yellow River are densely populated, culturally developed, and their lives are often stable and reliable, so it is not necessarily possible for them to survive without fighting. Because I don't want to fight, I hate war behavior. This living environment makes the invasion and plunder of foreign enemies by farming peoples often "distort" or overcome or solve wars through diplomacy or strategy.

After long-term war practice, the ancestors of China formed the military strategic thought of strengthening the north and weakening the south, and formed the difference between "resisting softness with rigidity" and "resisting rigidity with softness". This difference is obvious in two aspects:

First of all, northern military strategists often attach importance to war, advocate strength and advocate solving problems by war. Although southern military strategists attach equal importance to war, they often emphasize fighting with wisdom rather than strength, and use political, diplomatic and strategic means to defeat the enemy.

Secondly, the northern army is good at arranging phalanxes, seizing cities and land with huge chariots, and is used to making surprise attacks, while the southern army does not stick to the rules of war, and often makes full use of geographical conditions, gives full play to people's intelligence, and is good at forbearing and making surprise attacks.

Sun Wu experienced the influence of two cultures: in the art of war, on the one hand, he used stones to describe soldiers, emphasizing killing eggs with stones, and using Qiang Bing to force the enemy, for example, in the situation, he used "turning a round stone into a thousand miles of mountains" to express a favorable fighting situation; On the other hand, he compared water to a soldier, asked him to be both rigid and flexible, and skillfully used a series of strategies to make the enemy yield. For example, in the chapter Xing, he used the metaphor of "like water standing on a thousand streams" to let the army play its fighting capacity at its best. The article "Virtual Reality" directly states that the shape of a soldier is like water, "The water walks to avoid the high and walks down, the soldier wins to avoid the reality, the land is controlled by water, and the soldier wins because of the land", emphasizing that the use of troops is like water, and the emphasis is on flexibility. Obviously, this strategic idea of paying equal attention to civil and military affairs, combining rigidity with softness, and having both offensive and defensive functions comes from two cultures, and is the product of the mutual blending of the winning wisdom of the two sides.

Of course, these differences are not absolute. Some big countries in the south often try to develop into the economically developed Central Plains and fight in the north many times, such as the Song-Chu War, the Chu Jin Chengpu War and the Yanling War. With the deepening of cultural exchanges between the North and the South, the ideological characteristics of the two nationalities inevitably influence and permeate each other. Militarily, the thoughts of the two militarists in the North and the South are also integrated and complementary.

Second, ancient military thought is the direct source of Sun Wu's military strategy.

Some people say that The Art of War is the oldest art book in China. This is not accurate. It should be said that Sun Tzu's Art of War is only the earliest and most mature one among the existing military classics in China. Because, before it, China's military thought had a long history. Based on "the great event of a country lies in respecting and governing" (Zuo Zhuan was a public official for thirteen years) and "the prosperity of the country, the battle of agriculture" (Shang Jun's book? Agricultural War), monarchs, ministers and celebrities of past dynasties were keen on discussing military affairs, and different people had different opinions, resulting in rich and colorful military thoughts, and even special military strategists and military books, thus forming the cultural source for the emergence and maturity of Sun Tzu's military thoughts.

1, colorful military strategic thought

(1) The bud of military strategy derived from Oracle bones.

When Sun Tzu discussed strategic planning in Ji, he used an ancient military term-"temple calculation". He said: "Fu Cha is the winner before the fight, which is too much." "If the temple did not win before the war, it would be too little." The "temple" was originally a place to worship ancestors and discuss major events in ancient times, also known as the temple. "Calculation" is a tool of ancient people's calculation-a bamboo piece with a diameter of one minute and a length of six inches. Zhang pre-noted "Sun Zi" and said, "The ancients started as teachers, and their lives must be borrowed from temples, and then they were sent away, so they were called temples." Later, the name of this activity was extended to strategic planning in a broad sense. The number of "calculations" indicates the advantages and disadvantages of operating conditions, with more being favorable and less being unfavorable. In retrospect, this planning form should have originated from divination activities at the earliest. Ancestors in ancient times had to make sacrifices to gods or ancestors in order to pray for good luck or bad luck. War is a matter of life and death for people. Nature will occupy every battle. During the Yin and Shang Dynasties, after people invented the method of recording Oracle bones, the results of each inquiry were engraved on Oracle bones. This primitive war prediction technology is obviously the embryonic form of temple calculation in form.

(2) The military philosophy contained in the Book of Changes.

The Book of Changes is the earliest divination book in China, which was produced in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Its content is extremely extensive, and some hexagrams reflect the military activities and thoughts at that time. Therefore, Song Yinglin said in Zi Zhi Tong Jian A Question and Answer: "Is Yi a book?" Sun Tzu's art of war is well prepared and well founded. Throughout the book, his military thoughts are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

On the strategic issues related to the overall situation of war, first, it advocates avoiding war as much as possible, resolving disputes between countries by peaceful means, and opposing bullying the weak by the strong. "Exchange? On the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, Ai Ci said, "Harmony is auspicious." Exchange "means" Yue ". It means that a country needs harmony and happiness to be lucky. "exchange "92" sent a message: "Guard, Ji. Regret is dead. " In other words, if countries treat each other with sincerity, they will be lucky, and if they betray their faith, they will die. "June 3rd" slogan: "Come and communicate, be fierce." It is fierce to say that a country relies on powerful force to threaten other countries and force them to obey their own will. The second is to advocate that teachers should be famous and carry out self-defense and defensive operations. Avoiding war as much as possible does not mean completely opposing war. "Modesty? The last six articles say: "Be modest, use your teacher to levy a city. "Emphasize that if you have to go to war, you must gain the moral initiative before going to war." Meng? The last nine articles say: "If you attack Mongolia, it will be bad for you and good for you." It is pointed out that attacking an ignorant and chaotic country is easy to win, and taking the initiative to invade other countries is unfavorable, but it is conducive to defensive operations in self-defense. The third is to attach importance to the role of the people in the war. "gold?" 63 "wrote:" Everyone agrees and dies without regret. "People believe that if we can win the trust of everyone, we will win the war without any difficulty." Opinion? "63" said, "Watch me live, advance and retreat." It is required to observe and understand my will to "give birth to the people" in order to decide the advance and retreat of the war. To sum up, Sun Wu further sublimated it into: "Taoist people make the people consistent with the above, and they can die with them and live with them without fear of their dangers." (Sun Tzu's Art of War-Calculations)

On the tactical issues related to operational command, one is to emphasize the importance of military discipline. "Teacher-sixth day" said: "Teachers should obey the law, and if they don't hide, they will be fierce." It means that the army must enforce strict discipline when going out, or it will be defeated. The second is to emphasize that the attack should be bold and decisive. "gold?" 94 "said:" Jin is like a mouse, chaste and complete. "People think that if you are timid when attacking, it will inevitably lead to failure." Fan? "94" wrote: "Take advantage, Fogg, attack, luck." In other words, the attacker climbed up the wall, but the enemy guarding the city did not retreat. If the attackers do not seize the opportunity to continue their attack, the city will not be easily captured. Only by constantly attacking can we win. The third is to emphasize seizing the favorable commanding heights. "Fan Jiusan" wrote: "Let's surrender and raise the tomb, not three years old." It is intended to remind generals that before the war, trying to ambush the army in rough grass and seize Gaoling, a favorable commanding height, can often defeat the enemy, leaving the enemy weakened and unable to recover for many years.

There are many ideas about preparing for war, running the army and logistics in the Book of Changes. Like the above-mentioned series of thoughts on strategy and tactics, many thoughts have groundbreaking significance and have played a positive role in promoting the transformation of military thinking from initial perceptual knowledge to systematic rational knowledge. All these provided military philosophy knowledge for the birth of Sun Tzu's Art of War.

(3) The embryonic form of military strategy is emerging.

In the article "Military Struggle", Sun Wu quoted a passage from the ancient art of war, that is, "Military Science", saying: "Words are inconsistent, so it is a golden drum; See each other, so this is a standard. ""Because of the inaccurate translation, many foreigners think that Sun Tzu's Art of War is the earliest art book in China, so after reading this, it is inevitable to have doubts-what is the military book? As can be seen from the records of Zuo Zhuan, it was a military work in the form of quotations before the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. At the same time, there are Lingdian and Junzhi. Although these military books have been scattered for a long time, we can still find some shining military thoughts from the historical books and words quoted in the military books in the pre-Qin period.

For example, in the twenty-first year (52 BC1) recorded in Zuo Zhuan, the State of Song attacked the Song Dynasty with Wu Shi, and Pu, a doctor in the kitchen city, said to the Duke of Song: "The history of war records:' The ancestors had the heart to rob others, and later generations treated them with failure.' Shit, it's hard and undecided, and it's still cut! If you are solid, you will be arrogant and regret it. "The so-called' ancestors have the intention to rob others' means preempting and striving for the initiative. An attack can get ahead of the enemy, and defeat the enemy psychologically first, that is, as the saying goes, "the first move is the best." "Later generations will wait for their downfall", that is to say, wait until the enemy is tired before striking, and then take the opportunity to clean up. This is a tactic to retreat for progress. This quotation was quoted three times by different counselors in Zuo Zhuan, which shows its wide influence.

Another example is Zuo Zhuan. Before the Battle of Chengpu in the 28th year (632 BC), Zi Chu warned the commander-in-chief of Chu not to attack the Golden Lion. He said, "The military record says,' When you allow it, you will come back'. He also said,' If you get into trouble, quit.' He also said,' People with virtue cannot be enemies.' Those who have three ambitions are called gold. "The so-called" retreat when allowed "and" retreat when something happens "means that we must fight according to our capabilities, fight if we can, and retreat if we can't fight, and enough is enough. The so-called "those who have virtue should not be enemies" means strengthening "rule by virtue", so that national politics will be clear and the army will be invincible. There is a similar quotation in Sun Tzu's Art of War, which was annotated by eleven scholars in the Song Dynasty: "The military and political authorities say,' When you see it, you can advance, but when you know it's difficult, you will retreat.' He also said,' If you are strong, avoid it. "

Although only a few lost articles are excerpted from the above, it can be clearly seen from these lost articles that the military and military affairs are somewhat divided into two. They not only emphasize pre-emptive, but also pay attention to post-preemptive, pay attention to spiritual effects, and advocate doing what they can; Pay equal attention to military struggle and political struggle. The dialectical degree of the strategist's words fully shows that the strategist at this time has separated from divination, set up another story and formed a family's words. It laid a theoretical framework for Sun Wu to build the world's first theoretical system of military strategy.

(4) Laozi's argument theory

Laozi, the founder of Taoism. Laozi's military thoughts are scattered in the Tao Te Ching compiled by his legacy in later generations. In the history of China, Laozi was once called the Art of War. Tang Wangzhen said: "There is not a chapter in Laozi that is not military." ("What is the essence of moral truth?" ? Su Song Zhe also said, "... What's the difference between this and Guan Zhong and Sun Wu? It should be said that Laozi itself is not a war book, but a philosophical work, but its series of military views centered on "being noble and soft" have a far-reaching impact on future generations.

Laozi's "gentleness" is manifested in the art of fighting, and there are two most prominent points. One is "those who are good at defeating the enemy will not cooperate" and the other is "not daring to be the first in the world". Starting from the basic viewpoint that "no soldier is better than the world", Laozi put forward that the highest ideal state that should be pursued in operational guidance is "those who are good at fighting and defeating the enemy are not peaceful." He said: "Those who are good at being scholars are not martial; Those who are good at fighting are not angry, and those who are good at fighting are not harmonious. " The so-called "disharmony" means not to engage the enemy head-on. This thought is consistent with Sun Wu's thought of "defeating the enemy without fighting, and good deeds are rewarded with good deeds". In terms of operational guidance, Lao Tzu put forward the principle of "taking retreat as progress". He said: "if you want to indulge it, you must strengthen it;" If you want to be weak, you will be strong; " If it is to be abolished, it must be consolidated; If you want to take it away, you must stick to it. "When these principles are applied to the military field, it means that to defeat the enemy, we must first stand back and then look for opportunities to attack. So he said, "settle for second best", if you only focus on the attack, you will fall into a dead end. " If you stay, you will die first. However, on the other hand, Lao Tzu is too rigidly attached to the point of view of the latecomers, thinking that "he dare not be the host and the guest, and dare not push his feet back, that is, he has no line, no weapon, no soldier and no invincible vote." "Only pay attention to defense, and dare not to carry out favorable attacks, which solidified and denied the operational principle of attacking the enemy later.

Laozi's military thought not only emphasizes softness, but also attaches importance to preparation for war, emphasizing intrigue and so on. For example, he said, "If you underestimate the enemy, it will be a great disaster, and if you underestimate the enemy, you will lose my treasure." Therefore, if the resistance is combined with the soldiers, the mourners will win. "For another example, he emphasized" ruling the country with righteousness and using troops with strangeness ". Using the categories of "strangeness" and "righteousness", he distinguishes between "using troops" and "governing the country" in methods, which reflects his understanding of the different characteristics of military activities and political activities. He put forward such propositions as "strangeness", "righteousness" and "returning righteousness to strangeness", which is of guiding significance for enriching and developing military strategists' strategies. For example, Sun Wu wrote in Sun Tzu's The Art of War: "Whoever fights will win by surprise. Therefore, the good and the strange are infinite as heaven and earth and inexhaustible as rivers. "

(5) What Confucius said about soldiers.

Confucius, named Zhong Ni, was the founder of Confucianism. Although Confucius' military strategic thought is not systematic, it is also rich, and many viewpoints are quite original.

First of all, Confucius first put forward the view of cautious war. The Analects of Confucius says, "Zi Shen, Zhai, Zhan, and Sick." It can be seen that Confucius has long been cautious about fasting, war and disease. But he did not oppose war, but advocated that there should be "sufficient soldiers" to prepare for war at ordinary times. The Analects of Confucius? Yan Yuan's Historical Records asks about politics in Zigong. Confucius said,' Food is sufficient, soldiers are sufficient, and the people are trusted.' "This question and answer shows that Confucius believes that if the country can achieve sufficient food and armaments, the people will have confidence in the country. Obviously, he regarded "sufficient soldiers" as one of the three conditions for the founding of the country. Although this view of Confucius was simple, it had a considerable impact on the development of China's ancient military strategic thought.

Secondly, Confucius clearly put forward the idea of teaching before fighting. Confucius is an educator who attaches importance to both "culture and education" and "martial arts". He believes that in order for the people to fight for the rulers, we must first let the people receive military education. He said, "To refuse to teach people to fight is to abandon them." ("The Analects? Lutz XIII) also said: "A good man can teach the people for seven years, and he can reconcile. "As for the content of military education, Confucius advocated the second teaching of six arts, namely shooting and bending. These viewpoints directly promoted the development and deepening of ancient military education in China.

Third, Confucius asked generals to be resourceful. Confucius believes that as a military general, one should first have the qualities of "resourcefulness" and kindness. The Analects of Confucius? "Shu Er" records: "Lutz said:' If you work in the three armed forces, who is with you? "Confucius said,' I don't think the tiger dies without humiliation. You must also be afraid of emergencies, and people who are good at it are also successful. ""Here, Confucius appreciates those who are cautious and resourceful, and opposes those who are brave and foolhardy and kick down the ladder. At the same time, Confucius believes that being a military general must also have the quality of "courage". In The Analects of Confucius? In Yang Huo, Confucius proposed that a person should have six qualities, including "courage", but the courage he advocated was "righteousness". He said, "A gentleman is righteous, a gentleman is brave and heartless, and a villain is brave and heartless." In other words, we advocate that "righteousness" should be linked with "courage" and that "righteousness" should be used to regulate "courage", which is different from simply advocating "courage". Confucius also stressed that military generals must be "full of wisdom" and "wise men are not confused."

When Confucius was alive, he traveled around the world and taught his thoughts everywhere. Therefore, no matter at that time or later, his military views were widely known and far-reaching with the spread of Confucianism.

In addition to the above, there are also many incisive military views in the history books such as Shangshu and Yizhoushu. In particular, the theory of "soft martial arts" in Yizhoushu can be said to be a precedent. In a word, whether military strategists talk about war or literati talk about war, one thing is certain, that is, the war thoughts of various schools undoubtedly provide a theoretical basis for Sun Tzu's military thoughts. In other words, it is precisely because Sun Wu is good at learning from others that he can write a magnificent, well-prepared and rich masterpiece.

2. Qi's military strategic thought has a long history.

Sun Wu was born in Qi. This is a rich area, with the Bohai Sea in the north and Mount Tai in the south. Suitable for Sang Ma, convenient for fishing and hunting, rich in cloth, silk, fish and salt. Superior geographical environment and economic conditions will inevitably promote the progress of human civilization and the precocity of ideology and culture. According to historical records, the State of Qi was founded in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and under the control of Qi Huangong, it became powerful rapidly. Until the end of the Warring States period, it remained an enduring military power. Sun Wu grew up in such a military power and lived in a military family, which inevitably made him deeply influenced by Qi's military culture and appreciated the charm of Qi's military science tradition. It goes without saying that Qi's long tradition of military science is undoubtedly the direct source of Sun Wu's becoming a soldier saint.

(1) intends to assist Zhou.

Jiang Taigong, Lu Shang and Sima Qian, the founders of the State of Qi, believed that the establishment and consolidation of the Zhou Dynasty largely benefited from Lu Shang's strategy, so he said: "Most people learn from their fathers when they move to Jiuding, cultivate Zhou politics and start over in the world." ("Historical Records? Zhou Benji ")

Lu Shang not only has war practice, but also has military theory. According to Hanshu? Yi) records that his works on the art of war, such as Liu Tao, Mou, Yan and Bing, have long been lost. What people can see now is not necessarily the works of the early Zhou Dynasty. It is very likely that Lu Shang's military thoughts were quoted at first, and then they were constantly decorated for people until the Warring States period. Although Lu Shang did not kiss him, there is no doubt that his views are related to his military thoughts. Such as "the stork will hit, fly low and fold its wings;" Beasts will fight and bow to their knees; Sages are stupid when they move. " "Because he likes it, he will follow his will. He will be arrogant and something good will happen. If you can succeed, you can go "("Six Towers? Wu Tao), etc. Obviously, they are all in memory of Lu Shang. Therefore, Lu Shang is the founder of Qi State and the founder of Qi State's military science. No wonder Sima Qian said: "The words of later generations and the yin power of the Zhou Dynasty are all based on the squire" (Historical Records? Qi Taigong family ").

(2) Guan Yi's plan to dominate the country.

Guan Zhiwu, the word Zhongjing, was the prime minister in the Spring and Autumn Period. "Historical Records" said: Qi Huangong "under nine kings, one world, Guan Zhong's plan is also".

Guan Zhong planned a grand strategy for Qi Huangong to dominate the world, that is, to make the soldiers rich first and then to annex the world. To this end, he designed two specific measures. To reform the political, economic and military systems and restore and improve the comprehensive national strength of Qi, the most important thing in military reform is to quickly establish an armed forces system that integrates military and agriculture and military and political affairs. For more than 40 years, Qi has been the leader of princes and the overlord of the world. Secondly, under the banner of "respecting the king and resisting foreign countries", under the pretext of annihilating the Di and Yi nationalities who repeatedly committed crimes in the Central Plains, we maintained the Zhou Dynasty, took the opportunity to annex neighboring small countries, and expanded our own ruling area and war capability; On the one hand, he made many alliances with princes and established military alliances with other countries to enhance his influence and absolute authority: Huan Gong followed the plan, and seven years later (679 BC), "the princes must recruit Huan Gong Zi, and Huan Gong began to dominate." Confucius said, "The Duke of Huan used nine routes to unite with the princes, and instead of chariots, he was in charge of the power of the clock."

Guanzi contains a lot of thoughts, words and deeds of Guan Zhong in the Spring and Autumn Period. Among them, Seven Laws, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Large Quantity, Small Quantity, Deception, Map, Participating in Diseases, Controlling Points, Potential and Nine Changes all involve military issues, and most of them are war strategies. He advocated that "the best thing is not to fight, and the second is to win without fighting", and that winning without fighting is the best. If you have to fight, you must strive for a total victory in the first world war. These viewpoints greatly enriched Qi's strategic thought and further developed Qi's military science.

(3) Tian Rangcha's military strategy.

In Qi Jinggong, another great strategist, Tian Rangcha, was born in the State of Qi, also known as Sima Yi because of his official position. In the history of Qi, this is a military general who is famous for his strict law enforcement and strict army management.

Tian Rangcha was born in a poor family, and he joined the ranks very early, from a soldier to a junior officer at the soldier level. In the long-term military life, he has developed the talent of "being able to blend in with the masses and intimidate the enemy by force". In the twentieth year (528 BC), the State of Jin and the State of Yan jointly attacked the State of Qi, and immediately appointed him as a general to lead the army against it. I know it's hard to convince the public with such a surprising promotion. I hope a senior official of Gong Jing College can help him sit in the army. Gong Jing readily agreed and assigned his favorite minister, Zhuang Jia, to go out with Mao. Mao immediately agreed: "Meet at the military gate at noon tomorrow." The next day, Zhuang Jia came to Shanshan in the evening because he said goodbye to his relatives and friends. He was angered and ordered beheading. Hearing this, Zhuang Jia was very scared and quickly sent someone to report to Gong Jing. I believe that "I will not take military orders abroad" and resolutely engage in military law. When Gong Jing's emissary broke into the barracks with the right of pardon, Zhuang Jia's head fell to the ground. He also executed the driver of the messenger and Zuo Yi who broke into the barracks without permission as punishment for Gong Jing. The officers and men of the three armed forces were greatly shocked and impressed by the military discipline. In the subsequent actions, they all fought bravely and did not dare to slack off. The Qi army is very powerful and sweeping. The Jin and Yan armies were frightened and took the initiative to retreat, and the lost land of Qi was completely recovered. He "affirmed" Sima's art of war with his own war experience and army management thought, thus further strictly enforcing the military law.

From the existing chapters, it is not difficult to see that Sima Yi's military thoughts are quite rich, including the provisions of military system, military law and military ceremony, as well as the elaboration of array methods and tactics. Among them, it is particularly commendable that he closely combined the management of the army with the management of the country and put forward many original opinions from a strategic perspective. The strategic chapter of Sun Tzu's Art of War clearly points out: "Soldiers, the great event of the country, the place of life and death, and the way of survival cannot be ignored. Therefore, after the five events, the school will take this as a plan and ask for their feelings. One is Tao, the other is heaven, the third is earth, the fourth is will, and the fifth is law. Tao makes people live in harmony, die with it, and live with it without fear of danger. Heaven, yin and yang, cold and heat, time system also. People living on land are far and near, dangerous and easy, wide and narrow, dead and alive. General, wisdom, faith, benevolence, courage and strictness. Legalism, music system, official way, main use. These five things will be unknown, those who know will win, and those who don't know will be invincible. "

From the beginning to the end, Qi formed a long-standing military culture. There are countless military strategists, colorful art of war and profound military books, which have created a strong military culture atmosphere for the generation of soldiers.

3. Tian's ideological tradition.

Tianwan's descendants are mainly famous for their bravery and resourcefulness. Among them, Tian Wuyu and Shu Tian have the most meritorious deeds and are also the most famous.

Tian Wuyu is the fourth generation grandson of Tianwan, that is, Sun Wu's great grandfather. He served Qi Zhuanggong bravely, participated in a series of foreign wars, and made meritorious military service, so he was favored and became a doctor. In 567 BC, after a year of fighting, the Qi army won. When Banshi returned to China, Tian Wuyu, on behalf of the victorious Qi Division, "presented the sacred vessels to Xianggong" (Zuozhuan was Xianggong for six years). It can be seen that he is the commander-in-chief of the Qi army with command responsibility in this war. In 549 BC, the State of Jin will attack the State of Qi. Qi Zhuang sent Tian Wu Yu to Chu for help, and Chu did send troops. The Chu army first attacked Zheng, the vassal state of the State of Jin, and the Jin army had to give up attacking Qi in order to save Zheng, so the danger of Qi was solved. In 532 BC, Tian and Bao fought with Luan and Gao in Qi. Wu Yu once led Tian and Bao's soldiers to defeat Luan and Gao and divide them.

Shu Tian has repeatedly made meritorious military service, and his official residence is a doctor. Qi Jinggong named Shutian Le 'an County (now Huimin County) and gave him the surname of Sun Shi in recognition of his contribution.

There is also an outstanding figure in Sun Wu's family, that is, the aforementioned Fu Tian Jean Cha. According to historical records, he is a "Tianwan Miao". Although Mao is not a direct relative of Sun Wu, there is no doubt that as an outstanding representative of the family, his campaign achievements and strategic thoughts will inevitably spread throughout the whole family.

Sun Wu was born in such a family with rich biographies of military thoughts. This is a family that has been in the era of social change and frequent wars for a long time, and it is also a family that has been struggling in politics for a long time. This family forged Sun Wu into a talented person who knows military knowledge from his childhood, and made him embark on the peak of military strategy. It has created many favorable conditions for Sun Wu to have a unique eye and accurately grasp the true meaning of war.

First of all, it objectively provided Sun Wu with an opportunity to gain insight into the struggle of the upper class of the ruling clique, which made him feel the pulse of the times and was deeply influenced by the world outlook of the emerging landlord class. At the same time, the fierce struggle within the ruling group also tempered his resourcefulness.

Secondly, the history of ancestor's expedition provided Sun Wu with natural conditions to understand the war, which enabled him to receive military enlightenment education very early. Under the influence of military culture, he can deeply understand the winning wisdom bred by the combination of agriculture and war through the heroic achievements of his ancestors and the war history of the Chinese nation.

Thirdly, the tradition of attaching importance to wisdom and seeking in the family has created a good atmosphere for Sun Wu to learn the excellent military culture of the Chinese nation. "The soldiers are fierce and dangerous." During the Spring and Autumn Period, Sun Tzu's Art of War was usually hidden in the synopsis of the golden chamber and stone chambers, and was only read by the upper class of the ruling group. Sun Wu's high family background undoubtedly provided a good condition for Sun to dabble in the cultural classics of his ancestors, especially the military classics. Therefore, he can learn from others and become a family.