The significance of classical Chinese class

1. What does "class" mean in ancient Chinese?

"Move"

(1) (pictophonetic characters. From the word, fruit sound Original meaning: evaluation)

(2) with the original meaning (according to certain standards) [examine] class, give it a try. -"Shuowen" holds the handle of killing, and the class minister can also. -"Everything is Wrong" is completed without lessons, attempts and hiding. -"Guanzi Qifa" has officials without classes and no officials; There is no class without rewards and punishments. -Su Xun's Book of the Emperor

(3) Another example: teaching career; Class test (test, assessment); Grade (performance evaluation)

(4) Supervise and urge the completion of the distribution [Supervise and urge] The family members are burdened with hundreds of pounds, and they are running around. -"The Book of the Later Han Dynasty"

(5) Teach or learn [Teaching and Learning] according to the specified content and weight, and attend classes with Teacher Lu every night until three nights and four drums. -"The Scholars" (6) Another example: class (teaching children to read); Classroom reading (teaching or learning according to the specified content and quantity)

(7) Collecting taxes; [Levy] is 18 years old and began to rent out for expatriates in the south of Xuzhou. -"Song Xiao Shu Emperor Wu Ji"

(8) Another example is: class service (collecting taxes and distributing corvees); heavy tax

(9) Divination [divinate] It is not surprising that one day people can attend classes and let them attend classes. -Hui Hong's "Cold Zhai Night Talk"

(10) Another example: class management (divination sign management); Tell lies in class (nonsense)

2. What does the classical Chinese in junior high school mean about class?

1. A set of exercises to learn words and prepare poems in the old days. For example, teachers say "rain" and students say "wind"; The teacher said "pink" and the students said "Liu"

Green ".

2. One of the homework of the old private school is pairing. "West Lake Episode II: A foolish magistrate guards a jade palace and gives birth to spring": "Only then can you get a regular class. How wonderful do you think his right class is? Mr. Li said, "A pair of geese fly south." Zhao Xiong said to him, "Two roast geese are heading north." Cai Yuanpei's My Educational Experience: "The lesson is similar to the current sentence-making method. About from one word to four words, the teacher comes up with the first part and the students come up with the second part. Not only nouns should be opposed to nouns, static words should be opposed to static words, and verbs should be opposed to verbs; Besides, in each word, we should choose one with similar characteristics. For example, if Mr. Wang says that mountains are nouns, he should treat them with sea or water, because they are geographical nouns. " Lu Xun's "Flowers rise in the morning, from a hundred herbs garden to a three-pool moon": "The variety is gradually increasing, from three words to five words, and finally to seven words." Duijie is one of the common compulsory courses in old private schools, and it is also an important means of traditional Chinese teaching in China.

The opposing classes are a pair of opposites, and they are the literature and art with the widest application, the strongest vitality, the most refined and the most economical China culture in social life. Couplets, also known as couplets, are an art form with national characteristics that China people love to see and hear, and are a perfect combination of language art, calligraphy art and decorative art. Couplets are elegant couplets, commonly known as couplets, and also called couplets and couplets. The so-called couplets refer to couplets which are structurally composed of upper and lower sentences, have the same number of words, are related in content and emphasize duality. Couplets are related to the traditional architectural format in China. In ancient times, a room was called a tree. English: It refers to the pillar in front of the main hall. Hanging or pasting couplets on posts is called couplets. Dui is a folk custom name for couplets. Couplets are also related to metrical poems, emphasizing duality. The third and fourth sentences, the fifth and sixth sentences are similar to two couplets. Therefore, couplets are known as "poems among poems", which are wonderful works in China's language and literature and treasures in China's traditional culture. There have always been different opinions on the time when couplets came into being. According to the traditional view, the earliest couplets began in the Five Dynasties, and Meng Chang, a master of the post-Shu generation, wrote "Welcome the New Year and Celebrate Changchun" as the earliest couplets in China. Couplets are also called couplets, couplets, and couplets posted on posts are called couplets.

3. What does the classical Chinese in Deng Jiaxian's class mean? The translation is as follows:

Broad, broad! The desert is empty and uninhabited. Rivers bend and flow like ribbons, and mountains are intertwined like fangs. Dark, sad, desolate, the wind is sad, the sun is dim. Flying back and forth is broken, paraquat is dead, and it is as cold as frost in the morning. All kinds of flying bodies have nowhere to live, scurrying about in the sky, and many monsters fight fiercely and escape from the group.

The curator told me: "This is still an ancient battlefield! Often the defeated army is absent at night, and you can often hear the sound of ghosts crying and wolves howling. You will hear more clearly when it is cloudy. "

original text

Vast! The flat sand is vast, and no one is seen. The river is tangled and the mountains are in dispute. It's gloomy and the wind is sad. The grass withered and it was freezing in the morning. Birds can't fly, animals will die. The director of the pavilion told him, "This ancient battlefield is also! Always answer the three armies. Often ghosts cry and wolves howl, and the sky is gloomy! "

Extended data

Creation background

Selected from Li Hua's "Hanging the Ancient Battlefield" in Tang Dynasty. Hanging the Ancient Battlefield is a parallel prose written by Li Hua, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. This article describes the desolate and tragic scene of the ancient battlefield, and reveals the cruelty of the war and the pain it brought to the people.

This article was written by Li Hua in the Tang Dynasty because he felt that the internal affairs of Xuanzong in the later period of Tang Dynasty were not repaired and he was wantonly crusaded. It was regarded as the eleventh year of Tianbao in Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (752). In that year 1 1 month, the author was sent to Shuofang (now Lingwu area of Ningxia) to inspect the military and political affairs, and witnessed the sand and stones flying in the frontier desert, the ice and snow, and the soldiers were bitter and cold, so I wrote this article.

During the reign of Tang Tianbao (742-756), because of the great joy of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the frontier fortress was lightly opened, and there were constant troubles, frequent wars and countless lives. The military expenditure has increased from 2 million yuan per year before the beginning of Kaiyuan to11000000. "The public and private labor costs have made people suffer" (Mirror).

In the northwest, in the eighth year of Tianbao (749), Geshuhan was ordered to storm Tubo Shibao City, with more than 60,000 foot soldiers.

In the ninth year of Tianbao (750), Gao Xianzhi attacked and brutally killed the old and the weak, captured its Dingzhuang, plundered its treasure, and killed its king alive, which led to the rebellion of the Northwest Hu Group and led to a big attack, leaving only a few thousand people out of 30,000.

In Huang Bei, from the 9th year of Tianbao (750) to the 11th year of Tianbao (752), An Lushan levied the Khitan, and 60,000 people were wiped out.

In southern Xinjiang, from the tenth year of Tianbao (75 1) to the twelfth year of Tianbao (753), Yang sent Xian Yu Zhongtong and others to levy Nanzhao, and 200,000 people died.

Li Bai, Du Fu, Gao Shi and Wang Changling. Angrily denouncing this unjust war, the author also issued an anti-war voice through this article.

4. Translation of classical Chinese.

Qiu Yi is the best person who plays Weiqi in this country. Let Qiu Yi teach two people to play Go, and one of them is absorbed and only listens to Qiu Yi. While another person is listening, he always thinks there is a swan flying in the sky and wants to shoot it with a bow and arrow. Although this person studied with that dedicated person, he didn't learn as well as the previous one. Can it be said that his intelligence is not as good as the last one? The answer is: no.

Two children's debate that day.

Confucius went to study in vassal states by bus. When he passed a village entrance, he saw two cowherd boys arguing about something. Confucius asked them why they were arguing. A little boy said, "I think the sun is close to people when it just rises, and far away from people at noon."

Another child thinks that the sun is far away from people when it first rises, and it is not far away from people until noon.

A little boy said, "When the sun first came out and rose, it looked like a round hood." At noon, it looks as big as a bowl. Isn't it small when it's far away and big when it's near? "

Another little boy said, "when the sun just came out, it felt cool." At noon, it feels as hot as putting your hand in hot water. Isn't it near hot and far cold? "

Confucius frowned and thought for a long time, unable to judge.

The two little boys said happily, "Everyone says that you are an all-knowing university expert, but even our children's questions can't be answered. What is this? "

5. The significance of classical Chinese in the first lesson of grade six:

Learning game

Original text:

Qiu Yi who is good at communicating with the country. Let Qiu Yi teach two people to play, and one of them is absorbed, but Qiu Yi listens. Although a person listened, he thought it was a swan, and tried to pay for the bow and shoot it to death. Although he learns from it, he is willing to do so. Why wisdom and bitterness? That's not true.

Translation:

Qiu Yi is the best chess player in China. Let Qiu Yi teach two people to play chess. One of them studies very hard and remembers what Qiu Yi said carefully. Although another person seems to be listening to Qiu Yi's speech, he imagines a swan coming in his mind. He tried to shoot them with a bow. Although he learns to play chess with others, he is not as good as him. Is it because his intelligence is not as good as a person who listens carefully? I said: no!

Article 2:

The two children argued all day.

Original text:

When Confucius traveled eastward, he saw two children arguing and asked them why.

A child said, "I think the sun is close to the sky at sunrise and far from the sky at noon." . "Another child thinks that when the sun rises, it is far from the sun, and it is closer to people at noon.

A son said, "When the sun rises, it is as big as a hood, and at noon, it is like a dish. Isn't it that the far is small and the near is big? "

Another child said, "The sun just came out to cool down, and it was as hot as putting your hand in hot water at noon. Isn't that why you feel hot when you are near and cool when you are far away?" ? "

Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong. The two children smiled and said to Confucius, "Who said you were smart?" ? "

The day when two children argued;

Confucius traveled to the East and saw two children arguing on the way. Ask them what they are arguing about.

A child said, "I think the sun is close to people when it first comes out, and far away from people at noon." Another child thinks that the sun is far away from people when it first comes out and close to people at noon.

The previous child said, "When the sun first came out, it was as big as the roof of a car. At noon, it was as small as the mouth of a plate and bowl. Isn't this just looking small from a distance and looking big from a distance? "

Another child said, "It's cool as soon as the sun comes out, and it's hot when you put your hand into hot water at noon. It's not hot when it's near, and it's not cold when it's far away? "

Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right and wrong. The two children smiled and said, "Who said you were so smart?"

Give points! Please. I've been looking for it for a long time

6. This article is an fable.

The article describes that in ancient times, two children relied on their own intuition. One thinks that the sun is close to people in the morning, and the other thinks that the sun is close to people at noon. For this reason, they hold their own opinions and argue endlessly, even a knowledgeable person like Confucius can't make a judgment. This story shows that in order to understand nature and explore objective truth, we must dare to think independently and question boldly; It also shows that the universe is infinite and knowledge is infinite. Even the most knowledgeable people will know something and learn endlessly.

This story can be understood in three parts. Write the argument between Confucius and Lu Yu first, and point out the time, place, characters and reasons of the story.

Two children put forward two completely different views on how far the sun is from the earth at different times. Then write about two children who use the intuition (vision and touch) that people can experience in their daily lives to clarify their views in order to refute each other's views.

Finally, I wrote that the argument between Confucius and the two children was inconclusive, which led them to "laugh". The full text is only a hundred words, but it can give people a lot of inspiration.

It is the characteristic of language expression to express characters and unfold stories through dialogue description, which shows the innocence and loveliness of two children and Confucius' scientific attitude of being modest and seeking truth from facts. The main purpose of writing this article is to let students understand the language characteristics of ancient Chinese, and at the same time realize that knowledge is endless and learning is endless.

The difference in meaning between ancient and modern times is the difficulty in learning this article. For example, the meaning of "going" in "I want to be close to people when the sun rises" is different from that commonly used in modern times.

In addition, there are few words such as "who" and "ru" in modern Chinese, and such words should be understandable by students. The following translations are for reference only.

Confucius went to the East to study and saw two children arguing on the way. Confucius asked them why they argued.

A child said, "I think the sun is close to people when it first comes out, and far away from people at noon." Another child thinks that the sun is far away from people when it first comes out and close to people at noon.

The previous child said, "The sun was as big as a hood when it first came out, and it was like a bowl at noon. Isn't it far small and near big? " Another child said, "It's cool as soon as the sun comes out, and it's hot when you put your hand into hot water at noon. Isn't it cool to be near hot and far hot? " Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right and wrong. The two children smiled and said, "Who says you know much?" Second, the learning goal 1. Learn three new words in this lesson and clarify their meanings according to the notes after class.

2. Read the text with emotion. Recite the text and repeat the story.

3. Understand the content of the text, learn the spirit of the ancients who are good at thinking and boldly questioning, so as to understand nature and explore the truth, and Confucius? How about the sofa? [6] What about defecation? Dental caries? Hey? Where is the car? Iii. Teaching suggestions 1. Before class, the teacher can refer to the scientific common sense involved in the text. Students can also be arranged to ask, "Does the distance between the sun and the earth change during the day?" ? Why does the sun look big in the morning and small at noon? Why does it feel cold in the morning and hot at noon? ".

Although this article is concise, it is still difficult for students to read and understand the different meanings of ancient and modern words. For example, the modal particle "Hu", which rarely appears in modern texts, appears three times in the article. There are three steps to solve this difficulty.

(1) After reading the text, students can understand the meaning of each sentence according to their notes. For students who don't understand, the teacher can give them a little guidance to let them understand the context.

(2) Read repeatedly to understand the story. (3) Tell this story in your own words.

This story contains profound truth. Teachers can organize students to discuss and exchange their ideas after reading this text.

Students should be encouraged to speak freely and feel from multiple angles. For example, two children like to explore, and their spirit is commendable; Two children know things from different angles and have different results; Confucius can treat children's problems correctly and seek truth from facts.

At the end of the article, Confucius was "uncertain", so students should know that many natural phenomena are common-sense scientific knowledge for us, but in ancient times, it was difficult to solve the mystery because of underdeveloped technology, so Confucius' "uncertainty" was understandable. It can be seen that the universe is big and the knowledge is wide, up and down, although the wise can't know everything.

Confucius did not "think he knew what he didn't know", but adopted a realistic attitude of "knowing what he knows is knowing, and not knowing is not knowing". So when teaching, don't take Confucius as the theme to understand.

For beginners of classical Chinese, repeated reading is the most important method. When studying this article, we should pay attention to guiding reading aloud.

Read the article aloud and read the pause in the sentence according to the following tips. Confucius traveled eastward to see/two children/debate and asked him why.

A son said, "I started from the day when I was near and the day when I was far away." A child goes far at the beginning of a day and comes near at the beginning of a day.

A son said, "when the sun rises, it is as big as the hood of a car, and at noon, it is like a dish." Isn't this/the far is small/the near is big? " A son said, "It's cool at sunrise and cool at noon, like exploring soup. Is it not hot near/cold far away? " Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong. The two children smiled and said, "Who/for you/for Zhihu?" The description of two children's language and dialogue is the key point for teachers to guide students to read aloud.

In the second paragraph, the two children put forward completely different views on the distance between the sun and the earth at different times, so students should be instructed to read their views and uncompromising attitudes in a positive tone. In the third and fourth paragraphs, the two children put forward reasons to prove their views and refute each other's views according to their own feelings and experiences.

The two paragraphs are consistent in sentence structure and structure, and both end with rhetorical questions, so we should pay attention to the reading of rhetorical questions. Among them, "As Big as a Car Cover" and "As Soup as Soup" should be re-read, while "As a Vegetable Bowl" and "The Vicissitude of the Beam" should be read lightly, so that they can be read in a contrasting tone, forming a confrontation between the two peaks, which needs to be solved urgently.

In the fifth paragraph, when two children saw that Confucius could not govern the country, they laughed and said, "Who is Zhihu?" Rhetorical questions are also used. What is clear here is that the laughter of the two children is not ironic. Students should be instructed to read a lively and relaxed tone to show their innocence and cuteness. To guide students to read classical Chinese, we should pay attention to model reading and reading guidance.

On the basis of students understanding the content of the article and reading the full text with emotion, guide students to read in different roles and try to recite it in class. 5. Expand after class.

It is suggested to arrange a Chinese practice activity and perform "New".

7. Classical Chinese Translation of Ten Analects of Confucius

1. Confucius said, "Learning from time to time is not as good as learning from time to time, is it? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Isn't it a gentleman to be unhappy and not know it? "

1. Confucius said: "isn't it happy to learn (knowledge) and then practice (review) at a certain time?" Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? I don't mind if others don't know me. Isn't it also a gentleman? "

2. Ceng Zi said, "I am in three Japanese provinces (xǐng). I am unfaithful to others, but I don't believe in making friends, but I don't know how to pass it on. "

2. Ceng Zi said, "I reflect on myself many times every day: Have I tried my best to work for others? Am I honest with my friends? Have I reviewed what the teacher taught me? "

3. Confucius said, "Reviewing the past and learning the new can be a teacher."

3. Confucius said: "Reviewing old knowledge can lead to new experiences and discoveries, and you can learn from them."

4. Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous."

4. Confucius said: "Reading without thinking is useless and at a loss; It is harmful to dream without reading.

Confucius said, "How can you teach a woman? Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is also. "

Confucius said, "I will teach you the attitude towards knowing and not knowing: knowing is knowing, and not knowing is not knowing, which is wisdom."

6. Confucius said, "See the sage Si Qi, but look inward without seeing him."

6. Confucius said, "When you see a wise man, you should try to respect him. When you see an unwise person, you should reflect on whether he has similar problems. "

7. Confucius said: "A threesome requires a teacher; Choose good and follow it, change bad and follow it. "

7. Confucius said, "When several people walk together, there must be a teacher. I will choose their strengths to study and see that I have their shortcomings, and I will correct them. "

8. Ceng Zi said: "Scholars have a long way to go to strive for self-improvement. Benevolent people are not only important to death but also to distance. "

8. Ceng Zi said: "A scholar must be broad-minded and firm-willed, because he shoulders a great mission and has a long way to go. Isn't it important to realize the ideal of' benevolence' as your mission? Isn't it a long way to go until his death? "

9. Confucius said, "Cold tells the decline of pine and cypress."

9. Confucius said, "It was a cold winter, and I realized that pine trees and cypresses were the last to lose their leaves."

10. Zi Gong asked: "There is a saying that you can be a person all your life?" Confucius said, "Forgive me?" Do as you would be done by. "

10. Zi Gong asked: "Is there a sentence that can be followed for life?" Confucius said, "It's probably" forgiveness "! Don't impose what you hate on others. "

Confucius said, "It's not a gentleman to be unhappy when you don't learn, to say (yuè) that friends come from afar, and to be unhappy when you don't know (yê n)."

1. I recall that when I was a child, I could look straight at the sun with my eyes wide open and my eyesight was excellent. Every time I meet something small, I have to observe its texture carefully, so I often feel the pleasure of being detached from the thing itself.

On summer nights, mosquitoes make thunderous calls. I compare them to cranes flying in the air. When I think about it, there are really hundreds of white cranes ahead. Looking up at them, even the neck became stiff. I left a few mosquitoes in the white curtain, slowly spraying smoke, making them fly and screaming at the smoke, forming a picture of a white crane in Qingyun, which really made me feel very happy.

I often squat down where the earth wall is uneven and where there are flowers and plants, so that my body is as high as the table. I regard bushes as trees, insects and mosquitoes as beasts, the protruding parts of clods as hills, and the sunken parts as gullies. I am happy and satisfied with my imaginary journey in this realm.

One day, I saw two bugs fighting in the grass. I squatted down to observe. I am very interested. Suddenly, a huge beast came from the mountain and fell from the tree. It turned out to be a frog. When its tongue spit out, it ate both bugs. At that time, I was still very young, so fascinated that I couldn't help but exclaim. When he came to his senses, he caught the frog, whipped it dozens of times and drove it to other yards.