What was the political, cultural and social development of Shang Dynasty?

There were two kinds of official positions in Shang dynasty: Chinese and Korean official positions and foreign official positions. Among the internal officials, there are external court administrators and internal court administrators. The highest administrative officer is the "phase" who assists the Shang king in making decisions, also known as "A", "Bao" and "Yin". The senior officials of the dynasty were collectively called Qing people. The "three publics" are honorifics set by people, and they are not permanent. In addition, there are: divination, sacrifice, recorded history, divination of divination, the desire to pray for ghosts and gods, books for keeping ancient books (also known as keeping Tibetan history and internal history), teachers of military attaché s and musicians, and Shao Shi. The court official is an official who serves the royal family, mainly the general manager and the trusted minister. I manage all the specific affairs of the royal family, including the master of ceremonies in charge of all kinds of work, grain collectors, shepherds in charge of animal husbandry, hunting beasts, brewers in charge of wine, car makers in charge of the king's carts, clothes for the Shang king (also known as servants and emperors), elegant military officers, elegant shoes for guards, old men in charge of educating aristocratic children, and old men in other places. Officials abroad mainly include the leaders of Fang, Hou Bo, people who serve the imperial court and people who guard the border.

When the Shang Dynasty implemented the tribute system, there was also the "helping farming" of labor rent, that is, farmers were asked to help cultivate the commons (native land), and all the harvest was obtained by the rulers, accounting for about one tenth of the farmers' harvest. Yin collected taxes to enrich Lutai and the giant bridge.

The political idea of Shang Dynasty is the political thought under the shadow of theocracy, and the rulers of Shang Dynasty "respect ghosts" and "respect gods". The highest political principle pursued is to govern the country according to the will of the gods and ghosts. From the very beginning, economic and cultural businessmen were a nation dominated by agriculture, and Shang Tang once sent thousands of people to help the people of Ge cultivate land. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, we often see "Can it get a bumper harvest?" , reflecting the importance attached by the Shang rulers to agriculture. In terms of animal husbandry, in the Shang Dynasty, besides the remains of six animals, there were elephant bones, indicating that there were tamed elephants in the north at that time. And mastered the castration technology of pigs and began to raise freshwater fish artificially. Handicrafts are all managed by the government, with fine division of labor, huge scale, large output, many kinds and high technological level, especially the casting technology of bronzes has reached its peak. Become a symbol of commercial civilization. Moreover, the Shang people have invented primitive porcelain, and the white and delicate white pottery is quite level, realistic in shape and finely carved jade stone tools, which shows the superb skills of jade workers in Shang Dynasty. Silk products include leno with plain weave and twisted yarn structure, crepe with thousands of patterns, etc., and jacquard technology has been mastered.

The progress of agriculture and handicraft industry in Shang dynasty promoted the development of commodity exchange, and many businessmen engaged in long-distance traffic in vehicles and boats appeared. In the late Shang Dynasty, vendors specializing in various transactions appeared in Du Yi. Lu merchants used to kill cattle in Chao Ge and sell rice in Jin Meng.

Since the Shang Dynasty, China's music has entered an era of trust in history. Folk music and court music have made great progress. Due to the development of agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft industry, the smelting and casting of bronze reached a high level, which made the production level of musical instruments leap forward and a large number of exquisite and luxurious musical instruments appeared. Music and dance are the main forms of court music. Textual research can be found in Sanglin and Hu Da, which is said to have been written by Yi Yin, a minister of music and dance in Shang Tang. There are three main types of people who are engaged in music professional work: witches, music slaves and fools. There is little information about the folk music of Shang Dynasty, and The Book of Changes and One Tun Liu Er are the folk songs of Shang Dynasty.

In Shang Dynasty, Oracle Bone Inscriptions had many word-formation methods, such as pictographic characters, knowing characters, pictophonetic characters, metonymic characters and signifier characters, which were mature characters. Among the unearthed Oracle Bone Inscriptions, 4,672 words have been found, among which 1072 words are known to scholars. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's writing materials are hard, so the font is square. At the same time, bronze inscriptions, because they are cast, have a round font. Scientific development of astronomy: the calendar of Shang Dynasty has been divided into big and small months with a period of 366 days, and the length of new moon and tropic year is adjusted with the boudoir at the end of the year. There were many eclipses and new stars in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty.

Mathematics: There were as many as 30,000 numbers in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty, and the concepts of decimal, odd, even and multiple were clear, which enabled him to have a preliminary calculation ability.

Optical knowledge has been applied for a long time, and the micro-convex mirror unearthed in Shang Dynasty can reflect the whole face on a smaller mirror. Land system and tax system During the Shang and Yin Dynasties, farmers in every other commune could only obtain their own land through their own commune. Because land ownership belongs to the king in law, the surplus labor force of farmers in each commune belongs to this highest unity. Because the ownership of commune is generally divided into "public land" and "private land", the surplus labor force of commune farmers appears in the form of cultivating "public land" in this commune. The "commons" in Mencius Teng Wengong, which only helps the commons and supports the commons together, evolved from the "* * * land" in the primitive commune. "Sharing the commons" means that the commons of the commune are collectively cultivated by the farmers of the commune, and the harvest on the "commons" is regarded as the tax paid to the slave owners and nobles. This is what Mencius said, "Yin people helped at the age of seventy" (Mencius Teng Wengong). According to Mencius, this auxiliary method is to draw the ground into a well shape and divide it into nine regions; The eight districts are distributed among people of eight families and are called "private fields"; An area where eight families farm together is called "commons". Therefore, Mencius said: "Help, borrow" (Mencius Teng Wengong). The word "borrowing" in China ancient literature should be "borrowing", which was later mistaken for "membership". The word "land" means "borrowing", and the word "land" (forcing) farmers to cultivate themselves is called "land", and the word "thunder" means that it is related to farming. Therefore, Zhao Qi's "Notes on Mencius" said: "Borrowing, borrowing and using people's power to cultivate public land is also called it." Commenting on the Book of Rites, Zheng Xuan also said: "By saying that the commons is governed by human power, beauty and evil are taken here, and the people are autonomous without tax." The guiding ideology of other important legal systems (1);

The guiding ideology of the legal system in Shang Dynasty was further developed on the basis of the legal concept of "heaven" punishment in Xia Dynasty, and more emphasis was placed on the role of "god", especially the ancestor god.

Under the influence of this concept of destiny, businessmen are very superstitious about ghosts and gods. The king claimed to be the son of God, that is, "Xia Di" was also called the son of heaven.

Therefore, wizards, historians and other divination clergy played an important role in the social life of Shang Dynasty.

From the divine view of kingship, the laws of Shang Dynasty were also formulated in the name of "Heaven" and "God", such as "Many crimes were committed in Xia, and the destiny died." "I'm still assisting a person, causing the scourge. Here you are! I don't believe in anything. I don't eat. If you don't keep your vows, there will be retribution and unforgivable. " Smash summer in the name of heaven.

(2) Overview of the legal system;

There is a saying in Xunzi Zheng Ming that "the name of punishment follows the business", which reflects from one side that the legal system of Shang Dynasty should be more mature.

Like Xia Dynasty, Six Years of Zuo Zhuan Gong contains "Although Shang Dynasty was chaotic, Tang was punished", which is also a code named after Tang by later generations to commemorate Tang.

Besides Tang Xing, there are chapters such as Shi Gan, Pan Geng and Yi Xun, which are also effective legal documents in Shang Dynasty.