The whole poem of Li Sao

Dynasty: Pre-Qin Dynasty

Author: Qu Yuan

Original text:

Emperor Levin is a descendant of Miao nationality, and I am the emperor Kao Boyong.

I went to Meng Xi with my virginity, but Geng Yin and I surrendered.

Huang Lan went to Jiaming for the first time:

The name Yu is formal, but the word Yu is both.

Fenwu has both inner beauty and self-cultivation.

Hu Jiang left with Bi, thinking that she was admirable.

If I am not as good as me, I am afraid that my age is not with me.

Mulan Xi in the morning and maize in the evening.

The sun and the moon suddenly don't flood, and the spring and autumn have successively.

But the vegetation is scattered, and I am afraid that the beauty will come late. (Pass only: Only)

Do not cherish the strong, abandon filth, why not change this degree?

Take the horse galloping, come to my way first!

The purity of the past and the future is where all the fragrance lies.

Mixing peppers and mushrooms is precious, just take care of your husband!

Like Geng Jiexi of Shun, they all got the way by the way.

No matter how arrogant, my husband will only take an embarrassing shortcut.

Only the husband is happy, and the road is dangerous.

I'm afraid the imperial court will be defeated!

Suddenly ran to Xi, and the heel of the former king.

I don't check Yu's feelings, but I get angry when I trust him.

Gu Yu knew it was painful, but he couldn't give up.

Nine days, I think it's right, but my husband is only spiritual.

Yue, at dusk, I want to change the road, because I am in the middle of the road!

At first, I talked to Yu Chengyan, and I regretted having him.

It is not difficult for me to leave my husband, and it is difficult to quantify my practice.

I am not only nine flowers of Zilan, but also a hundred-acre tree.

Stay abroad, expose the car, Du Heng and local chronicles are mixed.

The branches and leaves in Hebei are so lush, I hope I will mow the grass then.

Although it is withered, it is harmless and mourns the filth of the public.

Everyone is greedy and eager to seek.

In Qiang, I forgive myself for judging others, and I envy each other.

That's not what I'm worried about.

Old Ran Ran came, and he was afraid that his name would not be established.

Drink Mulan dew in the morning, but eat autumn chrysanthemum in the evening.

With more love and trust, you can practice what you want to do, and it hurts when you grow up.

The roots of Ficus pumila are tied with knots, and the knots penetrate the falling core of Ficus pumila.

Correct the mistake that bacteria make you feel good, but ask for trouble.

I'm not asking the secular to obey my Buddhism.

Although I am not good at this, I am willing to follow Peng Xian's legacy.

Take a long breath to hide your tears and mourn the hardships of people's lives.

Although I am good at trimming my hair, I am embarrassed by it and I am eager to change it.

This is both a pity for Yu and a petition for it.

For the ideal cherished in my heart, I will not regret it a thousand times.

The resentment of practice is mighty and will never be seen by the people.

Many women are jealous of Yu's beauty. They say Yu is good at prostitution.

It is wise to stick to the rules, but correct your mistakes according to the rules.

Chanting rope ink chasing songs, competing with Zhou Rong.

I am so depressed and poor at this time.

I'd rather die in exile, but I can't bear it.

Raptors are not crowded because of their previous lives.

How can I be happy and how can I make my husband live a stable life?

Curse your heart, suppress your ambitions, but be particularly tolerant and angry.

Be innocent, die straight, and be thicker than the former sanctuary.

Regret not keeping the way, and it will be reversed after a delay.

I can't get back to the road until I get back to my car, and the journey is not far away.

After a long walk, the horse arrived in Xi, Gao Lan, and Pepper Mountain didn't stop.

I'll leave you if I can't get in. If you retreat, you will resume your first service.

Making lotus is making clothes, and picking hibiscus is making clothes.

I don't know. It's embarrassing. I feel like I believe it.

High risk is at stake, and Pei is far away.

Fang and Ze were mixed, but they didn't lose.

If you suddenly swim back, you will see four shortcomings.

Pei is colorful, not a badge.

People's livelihood has its own joy, and I am used to it.

Although my body has not changed, I can't punish my heart.

The woman's wife, Chan Yuan Xi, applied for her gift and said:

"Gun ge straight to death, but eventually died in the wild feather.

Why do you like repairing so much? Why is this festival unique?

I am not satisfied with the decision to leave alone. 」

When people can't talk, how can they judge the situation?

The world is a good friend at the same time, why not just listen alone?

According to the former saints, you should be happy in festivals and follow your heart.

Jiyuan, southern Hunan Zheng, and wrote about Zhong Hua:

Kay amused himself with Nine Debates and Nine Songs.

No matter how difficult it is to draw a picture, Wu Zixu lost his furniture.

It's good to kill a fox and seal a fox.

Solid turbulence will eventually lead to freshness, and you will have greed for your husband's family.

Strong clothes make it hard to indulge.

Forget yourself when you are entertaining, and be in a daze with your husband.

Xia Jie constantly invaded Xi, but how to meet the disaster next.

After Xin, it was very embarrassing, and Yin Zong used it for a long time.

Soup is only respectful, and Zhou talks about it without being bad.

Give talent, give ability, but follow the rope and not quite.

God is selfless, but I don't know how to help people's morality.

The sages of Fu Wei do things with hair, so they have to use it to surrender.

Look forward and backward, and look at the people's plans.

What's wrong with a husband? Which one is not delicious but can be served?

He died in danger, but he didn't regret it at the beginning of the visit.

Don't measure the chisel, but it should be correct and fixed before.

I am sad when I am sad.

Hug like wisdom and hide tears, touch the waves of Yujin.

Kneeling, Geng Wu has this meaning.

Qiu is arrogant. He loves the wind.

The dynasty began in Cangwu Xi and ended in Huxian Garden in the evening.

If you want to stay less energetic, it will be dusk.

I told xi that he should be cautious and look forward to it, but don't push it.

There is a long way to go in Xiu Yuan, and I will go up and down.

After drinking too much, the horses in the salty pond always rest on hibiscus flowers.

When the wood breaks, blow the sun and chat with the sheep.

Wang Shu was the pioneer before, and Fei Lian was the subordinate after.

Emperor Luan warned Yu first, but told Yu not to eat it.

I let the phoenix fly, followed by day and night.

Gone with the wind left Xi, and the handsome Yun Ni went to the royal family.

Disputes are always intermittent, and every bit is inseparable.

I ordered the emperor to turn it on and off, leaning against it and looking forward to it.

It stops when it's warm, and it slows down.

The world is difficult to distinguish between the turbid world, so it is beautiful and jealous.

Chao Wu will help whitewater and climb the wind to win the horse.

Suddenly, I turned around and shed tears, mourning the childless mountain.

I swam to this erotic palace, and I broke Qiongzhi and followed her.

And before the glory falls, the next woman can be fooled.

I asked the Red Dragon to use the clouds to find the location of Fu Fei.

Thank you for your words, and I will make you feel reasonable.

Disputes are always intermittent, and it is difficult to move at once.

The evening is second only to the poor stone, and the morning is full of enthusiasm.

I am proud to protect my beauty. I travel for sexual entertainment.

Although it is impolite to believe in beauty, it is contrary to abandon it.

Look at the four poles, and the flow around the sky.

Looking at Yao Tai's retreat, I saw a lost daughter.

I use thrush as a medium, but thrush is not good at talking about other things.

The voice of the male pigeon is gone, but I still hate its cleverness.

Hesitant, skeptical, trying to adapt myself.

Emperor Phoenix, because he was cheated, was afraid of Gao Xin in front of me.

Want to get together far away and never stop, talk about floating around.

While Shao Kang is not at home, Yao is in danger.

The reason is weak, the media is clumsy, and I am afraid that the introduction is not solid.

The world is turbid and envious of the virtuous, and the beauty is evil.

In the boudoir, I am far away, and the king of philosophy is not jealous.

How can I endure death without feeling sad?

Suo Qiongmao's life is full of beauty, and the spiritual atmosphere is the rest.

Yue said, "You have to have both. Who believes in practice, who advocates practice?

Thinking about the vastness of Kyushu, is it the only one with a daughter? 」

He said, "Who wants to be beautiful and let a woman die far away without making people suspicious?"

Why is there no grass, and why do you care about the past? 」

The world is secluded and obscure, but which cloud is judged by good and evil?

People love and hate their differences, but this party is unique!

Households take care of Ai Yiyi and welcome Xi, which means you can't appreciate orchids.

It's not enough to see the vegetation. Is it beautiful?

Sue's dung is full of Yi Xi, which means that Shen Jiao is not fragrant.

I want to take advantage of the auspicious atmosphere and feel hesitant and suspicious.

The witch and salt will come in the evening, and I want it with pepper.

Hundreds of gods urged him to prepare for surrender, and nine doubts greeted him.

The emperor swished his Yangling Xi and told me to be lucky.

As the saying goes, "inspire people to seek common ground while reserving differences." .

Tang and Yu Yan seek harmony, and they can reconcile with each other.

If love is easy to repair, why use the husband's media?

It is said that Cao Cao was built on the volt, and Wu Ding undoubtedly used it.

Lv Wang drum knife xi, by Zhou Wen.

Ning Qi's eulogy was Xi, and Qi Huan smelled it.

And I'm not old, but I'm still unfinished.

I'm afraid the pelican will sing first, which will make my husband's grass smell sweet. 」

He Qiong's admiration was suppressed, but everyone ignored it.

However, if this party member doesn't forgive me, he may be jealous and upset.

Colorful and changeable, how can we go for a long time?

It's changed, not, into hair.

What grass was it in the past, and now it is Xiao Ai for this purpose?

Is there another reason? Don't worry about fixing it!

Yu Yilan can rely on, but strength is vanity and tolerance.

Entrusted by the United States to follow the customs, if you are a listed company.

Pepper is designed slowly and awkwardly, but it wants to be a husband.

What can He Fang do when he does business and then enters Xi?

How can we keep the flow of customs unchanged?

If you look at Pepper Orchid, what about Che and Li Jiang?

However, what is valuable is that we admire it. It is beautiful and beautiful.

It's hard to lose, but Finn is still alive.

And scheduling to entertain themselves, talking about floating for women.

Moreover, the remaining ornaments are relatively square, and the weekly flow is almost up and down.

The spiritual atmosphere tells me that I will take advantage of good luck to occupy Xi, and I will do so on a good day.

It is shameful to break branches, and it is shameful to break branches.

I drove a flying dragon for Yu, but Zayao thought it was a car.

What's the difference between centrifugal type and Xi type? I will die far away.

Kuai Wuduofu Kunlun, Yuan Liu or so.

Yang Yunni's love, Luan's chirping.

The dynasty began in Tianjin and reached the west pole in the evening.

Phoenix spreads its wings and flies high with its flag.

Suddenly, I walked in this quicksand and followed Chishui.

The dragon was called to make Liang Jinxi, and Sidi was called to make him.

How difficult it is to get to Xiu Yuan, and how many cars are waiting for you.

If the road is not good, turn left and refer to the West Sea for a while.

There are thousands of chariots, but Chyi Yu goes hand in hand.

Driving the Eight Dragons is graceful and elegant, holding the cloud flag like a snake.

Gao Chi's charm is to restrain ambition and be cautious.

Play "Nine Songs" and dance "Shao" and talk about holidays for fun.

When I was promoted to emperor, I suddenly came to my hometown.

The servant is sadder than Mahuai, but he can't help it.

Chaos: It's already embarrassing!

Nobody in the whole country knows me, so why go to my old capital!

I will live in Peng Xianjia, since I am not satisfied with the beauty of politics!

Appreciation of Li Sao;

Song Qi, a famous historian and poet in Song Dynasty, said: "Li Sao was the ancestor of Ci Fu and was written by later generations. If it is perfect, it can't be too strict or too round. " In other words, Li Sao not only opened up a broad literary field, but also was a model that China could never reach.

Li Sao was written in 245 years in Chu Huaiwang (305 BC and 304 BC), and two or three years after Qu Yuan was released to the Northern Han Dynasty. The land in the north of Han Dynasty is north of a section where Hanshui River bends eastward and flows eastward. Today, Tianmen, Yingcheng, Jingshan and Yunmeng County are the lands in the north of Han Dynasty. For sixteen years, Huai Wangwan drafted a constitutional order and advocated political reform and joint Qin. He was framed by internal and external opposition forces and left the left post. Later, Chu was defeated by Qin in Danyang and Lantian, and Qu Yuan was called back to the court and appointed as the envoy to Qi. In the twenty-fourth year of Chu Huaiwang, Qin Chu got married. In the twenty-fifth year, Qin Chu formed an alliance with Huang Ji, Qin returned to Chu, and Qu Yuan was released to Hanbei.

North and northwest of Han Dynasty, not far from the old capital of Chu (now Yicheng). Li Sao was written by Qu Yuan after visiting the ancestral halls of the first king and ministers. The beginning of the poem can be traced back to the distant ancestor of Chu and the great ancestor of Qu. At the end, it says "a trip to my hometown", and I can't bear to leave. In the middle, I write psychic divination and witchcraft divination, all of which are related to this specific creative environment.

Li Sao is a passionate political lyric poem and an artistic masterpiece combining realism and romanticism. Some fragments in the poem reflect the historical facts at that time (for example, "Beginning and Yucheng each said their own words." Regret running away and having him. ..... it hurts the soul and numerology "refers to Wang Huai's political diplomacy and repeated attitude towards Qu Yuan). However, in the performance, it completely adopts the romantic method: not only the materials of myths and legends are used, but also a large number of figurative methods are used to express feelings with flowers and birds, "taking feelings as the inside, taking things as the table, and being depressed and resentful" (Liu Zawen). The deployment of vehicles in the figurative symbols used by poets is based on the inheritance of traditional culture, which always gives people a feeling of endless meaning.

Because of the poet's incomparable grief and passion, the whole poem is like a river, boundless. But after careful consideration, both the conception of artistic conception and the external structure reflect the poet's extraordinary artistic ingenuity.

Conceptually, this poem describes two worlds: the real world and the surreal world composed of heaven, gods, ancient figures and personified sun, moon, wind, thunder, wind and birds. This surreal fantasy world is a supplement to the real world. There is no king on the ground and no emperor in the sky; On the earth, it is "everyone strives for greed." If you can't find a comrade, you can't achieve anything if you beg for your daughter. This is somewhat similar to Xi Fang Ping's description of the underworld in Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. Only in "Xi Fang Ping", the hero went to another world by turning people into ghosts, while in "Li Sao", he shuttled freely between heaven and earth. This conception is more suitable for expressing the passion of lyric poetry. The celestial world envisioned by the poet is above the high altitude and the legendary Kunlun Mountain, which is consistent with the universal consciousness and prototype myth formed from the primitive society, so it is very natural, and it is more mythical than the treatment of going to another world through death, dreams and eternal life in later literary works, and has no religious superstition. The background presented by the poet is broad, majestic and magnificent. The beauty, strength and sadness of its artistic conception are unprecedented. In particular, the poet regards the image of dragon and horse as a tool from the world to heaven and from heaven to the world. "Hou Shang Shu" is lost, saying that Emperor Yao succeeded to the throne and that "the dragon and horse were crowned with armor". One of the archetypes of ancient animal dragons in China is the deified steed. Zhou Li said that "a horse over eight feet is a dragon", and Lv Chunqiu said that "the beauty of a horse is a dragon's horse, and it is a legacy". The horse on the earth is a dragon when it is lifted up. Originally, it was only the difference between the ground and the sky, but because of the implication of the changes in Shen Jun, the sky became a paradise. The poet formed the internal structure of this long poem with the help of his own plot changes from earth to heaven and from heaven to earth. The plot of the fragments written in the poem is only used as the carrier of emotion to externalize the ideological struggle and emotional changes. However, these plots effectively avoid the disadvantages that long lyric poems are easy to flow in the air.

From the external structure, the whole poem is divided into three parts and a ceremony. The first part, from the beginning to "though I haven't changed my mind, I can't be criticized", describes my life, and reviews the poet's mental journey of constantly improving himself and fighting against the environment for the lofty political ideal of reality, as well as the emotional changes after the tragic failure. This is the true expression of his thoughts in the most intense turmoil. The second part is from "my daughter embarrassed me and I am grateful to her" to "I don't care about you, how can I bear to die here?" Among them, the daughter's accusation shows that even his relatives don't understand him, and his loneliness is unparalleled. This leads to the plot of making a statement to Zhong Hua. This is a transition from the real society to the fantasy world (emphasizing that the ancient sage has been dead for more than 1000 years, so it seems "empty" to call him; But the poet imagined the place where Cangwu buried him, so it was somewhat "real". Then a trip to the sky. If you can't get into the Heavenly Palace, you will ask for women up and down, which shows the tenacious spirit of the poet's political struggle and constant pursuit. The third part, from "Sommer's banquet is full of joy" to "servant's sorrow is more than Ma Huaixi's, but he can't do it", shows the poet's ideological struggle on the question of whether to stay or not, and shows his deep feelings for the motherland, which makes people sad to read! The last section is the ceremony. Although there are not many words, it shows that the poet's patriotism is linked to his ideal of American politics. This is the crowning touch after the climax of the whole poem, which is used to wrap the whole poem, deepen the theme of the poem, and show a clearer flow direction, such as the surging emotion of the Yangtze River. The first part of this poem shows the poet's environment and his own course in a way close to realism. The latter two novels bring readers into a fantastic realm with colorful and complicated descriptions. It often shows a vast and magical sight. If there is only the first one, although it is a masterpiece full of blood and tears, it cannot be an immortal work of romanticism; If there are only the latter two parts without the first part, then the political thought of the poem will be thinner and its theme will not be as implicit and clear as it is now; Both hazy and profound.

Li Sao created a tall lyric hero for us. First of all, he has outstanding external image characteristics. "High risk, and Pei Yuan." "It doesn't hurt to be longer." Many portraits of Qu Yuan can be recognized as Qu Yuan at a glance even if the word "Qu Yuan" is not written, because they are all based on this characteristic description in the poem. Secondly, he has a distinct ideological character. First, he is a progressive political reformer, advocating the rule of law ("follow the line without coming"), praising talents and empowering people. Second, he advocates American politics, attaches importance to the interests of the people and the role of the people ("God is selfless, and the people's morality is not wrong"), and opposes the dissolute tyranny of rulers and the pursuit of self-interest by courtiers (a remark can be seen). Third, he pursues the truth and is strong and unyielding ("My heart is also good, although I have no regrets in my death", "Although my body has not changed, I cannot punish my heart"). This image is a concentrated expression of the spirit of the Chinese nation. For more than two thousand years, it has demonstrated the character and behavior of countless people with lofty ideals and given them strength.

The language of Li Sao is quite beautiful. First, metaphors and symbols are widely used. For example, picking herbs is a metaphor for strengthening self-cultivation, and wearing herbs is a metaphor for keeping clean. But the poet's means of expression is much better than the general metaphor. For example, "lotus thinks clothes, hibiscus thinks clothes." I don't know. It's embarrassing. I feel like I believe it. "The square in the fourth sentence naturally comes from lotus and hibiscus, which takes care of the first two sentences, but it is also used to describe love. Therefore, although the words "such as", "like" and "if" are not used or explained, their metaphors are self-evident. Secondly, many names of fragrant flowers and herbs are used to symbolically express abstract concepts in politics and ideology, which not only makes the works subtle and longer than the charm, but also intuitively increases the color beauty of the works. Since Qu Yuan, "vanilla beauty" has become a symbol of noble personality. (Liu Zongyuan's "Hibiscus Flowers by the Moat River", the wind suddenly blew and the rain whipped the vines. " )

Thirdly, the whole poem is composed of four sentences, each section is composed of two incoherent sentences connected by the word "Xi", and with a fixed rhyme, the whole poem is carried out in a rhythmic circular melody. Finally, use dual figures of speech, such as "the evening is second to the poor stone, and the morning is full of prosperity"; "Su dung is full of sorrow, which means that Shen pepper is not fragrant"; If the word "Xi" is removed, the dual works are no different from the poems of Tang and Song Dynasties.

Li Sao is not only a treasure of China literature, but also a treasure of world literature. (Zhao Kuifu)

Judging from Qu Yuan's position in the society at that time, he was a politician, not a "poet" in the general sense. But as far as his great creative achievements are concerned, he is also the first great poet in the history of China literature. There are also many beautiful and moving works in The Book of Songs, but they are basically mass and collective creations, and rarely show individuality. On the other hand, Qu Yuan's creation is branded with his ideals, experiences and pains, as well as his lifelong enthusiasm. This marks a new era of China's classical literature creation.

Qu Yuan is a poet with lofty personality. He cares about the country and the people, and is still respected as a staunch patriot. Although his patriotism is linked with his loyalty to the monarch, he can't deviate from the basic moral principles of his time and society, but at the same time, he should also see that Qu Yuan has a strong sense of self. He doesn't consider himself a servant of the monarch, but a monarch, so he is the guide of the country. He has a firm belief in his political ideal and life ideal. In order to pursue his ideal, he would not hesitate to confront most people in his social group and would rather die. This reserves the right to think independently and be loyal to one's own understanding under the recognized moral premise of loyalty to the monarch and patriotism. As an ideal martyr, later generations have greatly inspired him; His way of establishing the world was also cited as an example by upright literati in later generations.

Qu Yuan's works express strong and tragic feelings with unrestrained writing style. Han Confucianism once said that Li Sao and Xiaoya in The Book of Songs are both works of no pain. Yuan Hongdao, a poet in the Ming Dynasty, refuted in Xu Xiaoxiu's poems that Li Sao was "extremely angry" and "bitterly criticized" his henchmen and the king of Chu, and "was content with the so-called resentment without harming others." It is pointed out that "vigorous, steep and exposed" is the characteristic of "Chu style" His opinion is obviously correct. Moreover, Qu Yuan's praise of his personality is spontaneous and true. Sing the love of the gods, passionate and incisive; Celebrating the sacrifice of martyrs is passionate, generous and tragic. In a word, compared with the restrained and gentle emotional expression in The Book of Songs, Qu Yuan's creation shows emotional liberation to a certain extent, thus creating a brand-new poetic style full of vitality and strong appeal. Due to the need of this kind of emotional expression, Qu Yuan can't be satisfied with plain writing techniques, but borrows a lot of mythological materials from Chu and uses absurd fantasies to greatly expand the realm of poetry and show magnificent features. This opened up a new path for the creation of China's classical poetry. Poets with strong personality and emotion in later generations, such as Li Bai and Li He, were greatly inspired.

Qu Yuan is a poet who loves beauty. He does not deny the beauty of all kinds of art with a narrow utilitarian view. In "Nine Songs" and "Evocation of Soul", there are warm scenes of music, songs and dances and the feelings caused by them everywhere. In Qu Yuan's works, it is a beautiful scene of "forcing prostitution to entertain people, and the viewer forgets to return". Similarly, his poems also like a lot of colorful words. He also developed the figurative techniques in The Book of Songs, endowing plants, fish, insects, birds and animals, Yun Ni and other natural things with human will and life, so as to pin their thoughts and feelings and increase the aesthetic feeling of poetry. Generally speaking, the schools of literary beauty in China ancient literature can be traced back to Qu Yuan.

In the form of poetry, Qu Yuan broke the short and pithy system in The Book of Songs, and created a "Sao-style poem" with long or short sentence patterns, grand length and rich and complicated connotations, which is also of great significance.

In 20 12, Professor Han Jiaao, a famous calligrapher, writer and educator in Tsinghua University, was over 80 years old. He spent half a year in cursive writing the book "Han Jiaao [2] cursive writing Li Sao" and wrote, "The emperor comes first after hearing about prose for a long time; Sadness sings fragrance far away, write a song that calls the soul away. Published by People's Fine Arts Publishing House, it has won unanimous praise from all walks of life such as literature, art and education.