Understanding of classical Chinese articles

1. The meaning of "article" in ancient Chinese has become a word in modern Chinese, and its meaning is very clear. But in ancient Chinese, those embroidered with blue and red lines were called "articles" and those embroidered with red and white lines were called "chapters". In fact, the word "article" meant splendid in ancient times, and later it escaped from metaphor. Another meaning of "Wen" refers to painting, which is the same as "Wen". The Book of Rites and the Moon Order says "Wenxiu remains unchanged", and according to the annotation, "Wenxiu" refers to painting.

"Wen" means "Wen" and "Wen" "Zhang" originally refers to "shielding" and turns to "appearance". The original meaning of "article" refers to "patterned surface", such as dragon and phoenix patterns embroidered on clothes, flower patterns embroidered on skin and so on. That is, its original meaning refers to the pattern that directly constitutes the visual image.

2. Analysis of the main points of classical Chinese reading "365 Online Q&A Network Teacher" helps you answer the requirements in the exam instructions: 1. Understand the meaning of common notional words in classical Chinese in a specific context. 2. Understand the common content words in classical Chinese (knowledge, qi, harmony, meaning, Yu, Nai, although, Wei, Zhe, He, then, Hu, Ran, and. Summarize the main points of the article. 5. Analyze and summarize the opinions and attitudes expressed by the author in the article. 6. Have your own experience and opinion analysis on the content, language and writing method of the article: 1. Reciting China's classical poems requires that every word is not missed, added, inverted and unchanged; Reciting the sentences of China's classical poems should not only be clear-cut, but also be clear-spoken. In the senior high school entrance examination, you should recite four poems and two articles, paying special attention to reciting famous sentences in the articles. Remember and correct the typos in our previous dictation. 2. To understand and appreciate ancient poems, we should focus on the ancient poems and songs appearing in the reading articles of each textbook, and pay attention to the accumulation of common sense of ancient culture and literature, especially the notes in the textbooks. We should have a good understanding of the appreciation guidance and practice in Diankai Content, and accurately grasp the understanding of the poem, its main content and writing intention, and the author's thoughts and feelings. 3. For some famous articles, you should also know the author's name, life age, article title, etc. 4. Master the meaning of common notional words in classical Chinese and the usage of six function words. The special usage of general ancient Chinese is: polysemy, vague usage, flexible use of parts of speech, and different meanings in ancient and modern times. Therefore, we must pay special attention to these words in the text, and understand and master the usage of 150 content words and six function words in clicking content. Such as judgmental sentences, inverted sentences (preposition object, adverbial post), passive sentences, rhetorical questions, etc. In order to realize the meaning of key notional words and the usage of function words in translation, the tone and sentence pattern of the translation must be consistent with the original. 6. When reading classical Chinese after class, you don't have to be nervous when you encounter words that you can't know or words that you can't remember at once. Understand (guess) the story (article) in connection with the context. Remember that translation cannot be divorced from the article. If there are comments under the selected text, be sure to make full use of the prompt function of the comments. 7. Paragraph reading in class should pay attention to the induction and generalization of the main contents of the selected text. If you are within your control, you can of course answer questions from memory. If your review is not in place or your memory is unclear, you should carefully read the selected articles to collect and process information, and then make a reasonable and brief statement. When reading classical Chinese after class, we should pay attention to the understanding of the truth contained in the article or the induction and refinement of the personality characteristics of the characters in the article.

3. After reading this classical Chinese, according to my understanding of the article, write a composition to promote crickets. The promotion in the article is a plaything to satisfy the pleasure of the palace, and the common people have caused a series of tragedies for the promotion. Among them, the article mainly describes a tragedy that happened on the hero's reputation.

The first part of the article explains the cause of the story, "Xuande, the palace is still promoting drama, and recruiting people at the age of 18", "Every person who is responsible must lose several businesses". A few short sentences explain the background at that time and pave the way for the next * *. The second paragraph leads to the protagonist of the story-becoming famous-suffering because he can't give qualified pushers to officials for fun. In the whole process, the author also points to stop, without much modification. Readers can also see the arrogance and rudeness of court officials when they read here. In addition to their grief and indignation, the author told a new story. The divination of a famous family written in three or four paragraphs has been popularized, which has saved the suffering of the whole family and brought new hope of fame. The fifth to eighth paragraphs are the * * * and the end of the story, in which the gains and losses of a famous family and the emotional ups and downs caused by the tortuous development of the story add dramatic highlights to the article. From promotion failure to lovelorn is the in-depth development of the plot, which strengthens the tragic color of the story. The tragedy of Cheng's son's suicide by jumping into a well reflects the deep suffering brought to the people by the government's greed and violence. "The bug on the wall suddenly jumps into the sleeve", which shows the magic of promoting weaving and paves the way for the following transformation into promoting weaving. In this paper, the difference between small promotion and other promotion is described in detail, and the "self-talk and self-promotion" after Cheng Ziguang's reply is explained, which makes readers suddenly realize that the tortuous development process and magical color make readers feel deeply.

The whole story tells the tragicomedy of an ordinary family under the outrageous bureaucracy, with representative examples, simple and realistic language, meticulous and appropriate description, and the author's own thoughts and feelings at the end of the article, all of which touched the readers' heartstrings. It seems to be a farce blinded by bureaucracy, but in essence it reflects the essence of society at that time. The author looks at the whole society from the height of an era, and all kinds of ugliness and filth are invisible in the article. The arrogance of court officials deeply persecuted the people. This article undoubtedly gave a powerful attack to the dissolute and cruel feudal rulers. The author pinned his longing for a better society and hopes for an equal and peaceful life on this article. After reading this article, maybe we should really cherish our present life.

4. Understanding the beauty of classical Chinese writing makes people feel a kind of pleasure, satisfaction and sublimation of emotion, thought and wisdom, which makes the mind more beautiful and open, thus regulating their words and deeds and morality. For example, there is such a short answer in the Chinese examination paper of the senior high school entrance examination in Jiangxi Province in 2003: read the excerpts from Wen Tianxiang Biography of Song Dynasty, and combine the learned text. Talk about the reasons why Wen Tianxiang is still admired by people. This topic allows students to combine the two texts they have learned, Guo Yang and Tan, to talk about Wen Tianxiang personally leading the army against Yuan from the perspective of sacrificing his life. After being captured, he resolutely refused to yield to the Yuan Dynasty. We can also talk about his "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the country", taking the world as his own responsibility, regardless of personal safety, and then fighting endlessly, and finally serving the country with death is more important than Mount Tai, thus winning the admiration of Chinese descendants. Students can be shocked by this tragic beauty, experience the infection and edification of strong emotional integrity, purify and sublimate their souls, and learn from China. Comparison is the only way to distinguish. Recently, comparative and speculative reading is popular, which has a vital impact on junior high school students' ideological understanding and comprehensive ability training. For example, in 2002, students were asked to read Zhou Dunyi's "Love Lotus Theory" in the language volume of Huanggang City, Hubei Province. The analysis shows that (Love Lotus Theory) praises the noble quality of lotus, but it is actually the expression of the author's thoughts and feelings, but in fact, please briefly explain the reasons. Personally, I think that the opposing views of "getting out of the mud without dyeing" and "getting close to the ink is black, getting close to the ink is black" come down to the relationship between people and the environment. In the relationship between man and environment, man is the main body and plays a decisive leading role; Environment is secondary and plays a corresponding role under certain conditions. People who live in a good environment will perform better in their growth (under normal circumstances); There are two possibilities for people to survive in a harsh environment: one is to "get rid of mud and get clean", that is, to transform the environment in a harsh environment and become tougher, and the other is to "be near Zhu Zhechi and be near Mexico", that is, to be influenced by the environment. This shows that people play a decisive leading role, so a person's comprehensive literacy ability is particularly important. If we want to have excellent comprehensive quality, we must learn a lot of scientific and cultural knowledge. Only in this way can we become useful talents who keep pace with the times. Practice has proved that the essence of competition comes down to the competition of talents. And can't teachers and students get a glimpse of the education of cultivating the comprehensive quality of outstanding talents? It is urgent to attach importance to the ability test trend of reading short answers in classical Chinese and guide and cultivate students' healthy emotions and various abilities in normal teaching. What educators do must be to make young students grow into talents who keep pace with the times, and their education and influence will be lifelong. Only in this way can education really have a new impetus for development and fundamentally ensure the sustainability of development.

5. Understanding of Classical Chinese 1. Literal translation and free translation

Classical Chinese translation refers to translating articles written in classical Chinese into modern Chinese. Classical Chinese translation is an important means to cultivate and improve the reading ability of ancient Chinese, and to check and evaluate the level of ancient Chinese.

There are two kinds of translation of classical Chinese: literal translation and free translation.

The so-called literal translation is to translate basically according to the words in the original text, and strive to make every word in the original text reflected in the translation. For example:

Today, I sincerely call myself Fu Su, Xiang Yan, grandchildren and sing for the world. I should respond more. ("Historical Records? Chen She family ")

What if we really take a vacation now? GD799？ It is said that the son Fu Su and the general Xiang Yan's team, as the advocacy of the whole country, will certainly have many people to respond.

The so-called free translation refers to a general translation that does not completely follow the original words, but only follows the main idea of the original text. For example, the above example can be translated into:

If we really start a righteous act now and pretend to the people that we are the troops of sons and nephews Fu Su and Xiang Yan, and take the lead in the whole country, then many people will respond to us and join us.

Generally speaking, the translation of classical Chinese should adopt literal translation, not free translation.

Second, the standard of translation.

Yan Fu, a famous scholar in modern times, first put forward three principles and standards of translation, namely "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance". He said: "there are three difficulties in translating things: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance." It's hard enough to gain his trust. If you don't believe me, even if you don't translate it, will it be okay? What? ……? Trust, reach out and seek elegance. " This is also the standard of ancient Chinese translation.

6. Views on Learning Classical Chinese Significance of learning classical Chinese: (1) Learning classical Chinese well is conducive to understanding and learning China's profound culture.

Classical Chinese is an important cultural carrier, which completely and orderly preserves the rich and profound culture of China for 5,000 years. As long as we look back a little, from Shangshu to the literature of Qing Dynasty, we can feel how rich Chinese culture is contained in these classical Chinese books, and how many ancient people have outstanding wisdom and broad ideas.

Carrying forward traditional culture is the need of the times, and we have no reason to abandon thousands of years of cultural accumulation. As the teaching of classical Chinese in senior high school, it is natural to undertake the mission of improving students' traditional cultural literacy.

Learning classical Chinese in senior high school lays a foundation for them to further understand and love the motherland culture in the future, and has a far-reaching impact on their cultural literacy throughout their lives. (2) Learning classical Chinese well is conducive to enriching the spiritual world and cultivating a sense of language.

Poems written by ancient sages such as Qu Yuan, Sima Qian, Li Bai and Su Shi in classical Chinese are brilliant "spiritual lighthouses", which have been shining for thousands of years and bathed in ancient and modern times. Their souls have experienced a long spiritual journey in classical Chinese. Today, we let students follow the footsteps of ancient Chinese, which is a repeated experience of students' spirit.

Constant walking and constant experience are the spiritual accumulation, spiritual memory and spiritual inheritance of the nation! It is also the formation of language sense. Li, a writer, said in the 1940s: "People who have read a little poetry, such as orioles, swallows, pigeons, cuckoos and other birds, naturally feel completely different from those who have never read poetry.

We see everything through the eyes of poetry and listen to everything through the ears of poets, which seems to add a sense, while those who have never read poetry seem to be blind and deaf, and their life experience is naturally much worse. "Poetry here refers to classical poetry, so the accumulation of quantity is the formation of language sense and spiritual temperament.

I'm afraid all these are irreplaceable by simply learning vernacular poems. (3) Learning classical Chinese is conducive to promoting moral regression.

Morality, as a norm to adjust human behavior, is not only a means of human development, but also the purpose of human development. It has a positive role in regulating, educating and guiding the society. The Chinese nation has handed down many valuable moral concepts and values in classical Chinese since ancient times.

Therefore, classical Chinese has immeasurable educational potential and contains the soul of an ancient nation. In the process of rebuilding personal responsibility and virtue, classical Chinese teaching plays an irreplaceable role and function.

Many modern students generally lack the principles of self-cultivation, family management, intimate relationship, employment and communication, which are thought-provoking in ancient classics. For example, there is such a statement about "honesty" in interpersonal communication in The Doctrine of the Mean: "Honesty is the way of heaven, honesty is the way of people."

"Only the sincerity of the world can make the best use of it; If you can do your best, you can do your best. If you can make good use of human nature, you can make good use of things; If you can do your best, you can praise the education of heaven and earth and participate in it. " Another example is moral integrity. The ancients emphasized this aspect so much that they even regarded morality as more precious than life.

In the words of Confucius, "the three armed forces can win the handsome, but ordinary people can't win the ambition." "People with lofty ideals are benevolent, don't live to harm others, and kill themselves for the benevolent." Although these moral concepts have certain class limitations, as long as we use historical vision and dialectical methods to explore and use them reasonably, we will certainly release great energy.

From the short-term effect, it is helpful to improve students' ideological understanding of one person and one thing; In the long run, it is helpful to strengthen personal moral cultivation, enhance social responsibility and shape ideal personality. (4) Learning classical Chinese well is conducive to improving the writing level.

In the first half of the 20th century, China's literary world shone with a number of talented superstars, such as Lu Xun, Hu Shi, Liang Shiqiu, Guo Moruo, Lao She, Ba Jin, Cao Yu, Lin Yutang and Zhang Ailing. They are brilliant, brilliant. They skillfully control the vernacular Chinese and construct a colorful chapter of it.

In sharp contrast, in the second half of the 20th century, China's literary world lost its luster, and there was no "master group" skilled in vernacular Chinese. Only a few people are called "vernacular masters". Of course, there are many reasons for this phenomenon, but the most fundamental reason is that primary and secondary schools have cut off the blood of systematic classical Chinese education since the 1930 s and 1940 s

This makes the people who became the mainstream of the literary world in the second half of the 20th century have not received a systematic and in-depth education in classical Chinese, and it is difficult for them to reach the concise, clean, pure, elegant, vivid and vivid state of classical Chinese. Therefore, reading a considerable number of first-class classical Chinese in adolescence is conducive to improving the writing level of vernacular Chinese.

200 1 College Entrance Examination Nanjing 13 Jiang Xinjie, a middle school student, wrote the perfect composition "The Death of a Red Rabbit" as proof. Based on the well-known story of the Three Kingdoms, the author compiled a touching story of Red Rabbit's sincere death, which was profound in meaning and used proficient ancient vernacular throughout. His understanding, literary talent and sophisticated language skills were unanimously appreciated by the marking teachers.

Later, the reporter had an exclusive interview with him, and Jiang Xinjie told the reporter that this was because he usually loved reading classical works. "The wind is not thick, and its negative boat is weak."

People who lose contact with classical Chinese will inevitably make the article long and straightforward because of the lack of classical Chinese. China is an ancient civilization with a long history, and our ancestors left us rich cultural wealth. Chairman * * * once said that we should adopt an attitude of "making the past serve the present" for ancient culture.

When we study classical Chinese, we should master the methods and inherit the ancient cultural heritage. Therefore, we should not only learn classical Chinese, but also learn it well, so as to inherit the ancient cultural heritage and truly make the past serve the present.

7. How to learn Chinese reading comprehension and classical Chinese? 1. Learning classical Chinese, the most important thing is the knowledge of classical Chinese words and sentence patterns. Only by accumulating certain knowledge of classical Chinese can we read classical Chinese fluently. Pay attention to preview before self-study class, learn to translate word by word with the help of annotations, and don't wait for the teacher to explain. When previewing, pay attention to finding difficult sentences and submit them to class for discussion. Ask teachers and classmates for advice. It is necessary to classify keywords, highlight key points and break through difficulties. There are quite a few notional words in classical Chinese that are polysemy and multi-purpose. Be good at memorizing, comparing, summarizing and sorting out, and learn to "live" words. To follow the principle that words cannot be separated from sentences, its meaning and usage are always in a specific language environment. But to try to figure out the main sentence patterns of classical Chinese in combination with "context" We should keep in mind that there are five main sentence patterns in classical Chinese: judgment sentence, interrogative sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence and inversion sentence, and each sentence pattern has several different forms. Second, Chinese textbooks emphasize the reading and reciting of classical Chinese, with the intention of enabling students to master the knowledge of classical Chinese, understand the meaning of the text and cultivate a sense of language through more reading and reciting. Finish the task of rough reading in the preview of rough reading. The primary task of rough reading is to dredge the text, and then perceive the text on this basis, and grasp the structure of the text as a whole. Combined with the notes, read it two or three times according to the context, guess it again, and cover it. You should be able to understand 60% to 70% of the text. In rough reading, you should draw difficult words for discussion in class. Asking questions, solving problems and reading the text carefully should be able to correct pronunciation accurately. To solve the problems encountered in rough reading, it is necessary to analyze the structure of the article, improve the understanding of the content of the article, and try to achieve pronunciation, intonation and rhythm in intensive reading. Through intensive reading, we can deeply understand and understand the works, experience the emotions of the article and grasp the characteristics of the article. The steps to familiarize ourselves with the text are mainly carried out by students after class. We should be familiar with the words in classical Chinese and strengthen the learning effect of the text content.