The life of the duke of Zhou

Zhou Gongdan is Zhou Wuwang Ji Fa's younger brother. When Zhou Wenwang and Ji Chang were still alive, Duke Zhou was very filial, loyal and kind to his son, which was better than other brothers. When he ascended the throne in Ji Fa, Dan often assisted Ji Fa in handling many government affairs. In Zhou Wenwang, Zhou people had begun to deal with and struggle with Shang Dynasty. At first, Ji Chang won the trust of Di Xin and Shang Zhouwang, and the King of Yin gave Ji Chang an order to bring a bow and an axe, so that he had the right to conquer. Ji Chang was ordered to do his duty for seven years, and Ji Fa acceded to the throne, with Thai Wang Gong (Jiang Shang) as the main part and Zhou Gongdan as the auxiliary part. Tai Gong and Zhou Gong are King Wu's best assistants. Duke Zhou is the brother of King Wu, which is different from that of Tai Gong. Therefore, King Wu always discussed military and other thorny issues with Duke Zhou.

In the year when King Wu officially ascended the throne (1 125 BC), King Wu secretly contacted the Duke of Di Feng. He wanted to destroy the business day and night and quietly considered how to get the cooperation and response from the vassal states. King Wu was worried that the opportunity to overthrow the Shang Dynasty would be easily lost, just like in autumn, when the crops were ripe, if there was no harvest, the particles would automatically fall. Duke Zhou replied: "The decisive factor lies in virtue. For Zhou people, the most important thing is to respect the destiny, not to offend the governors near and far, and not to lose the governors who have been reconciled. Be sure to continue to Xiu De, don't feel at ease, otherwise it will be difficult to clean up. "

King Wu plans to ruin the business, but he is also worried that some things can't be done well. One day in January of the second year of the throne (1 125 BC), King Wu called Duke Zhou to his side again and said to him, "I stayed up all night, avoiding official business, and I knew nothing about it. Listen to the world diligently. " I don't know the best way to say that I will be alert to Yin people sooner or later. He asked the Duke of Zhou for advice, so that he could listen attentively and serve the world diligently. Therefore, Duke Zhou also advised King Wu Shunde to seek something.

In 65438 BC+065438 BC+024 BC, Jin Meng (now Mengjin County, Luoyang City, Henan Province) joined the Union and took an oath, which also reflected the thought of Duke Zhou respecting morality. King Wu offered sacrifices to God first, and marched eastward to Jin Meng. This is the first large-scale action since King Wu came to power. The Family History of the Duke of Zhou records that this action was assisted by the Duke of Zhou. They became the gods of King Wen and carried them by car to the Central Army. King Wu claimed to be "Prince Fafa" and said that he was instructed by King Wen not to make a move. So I told all the officials to be sincere and trustworthy, to inherit the virtues of our ancestors, and to make clear rewards and punishments in order to accomplish the task better. Obviously, this observation is an exercise, which is convenient for getting familiar with the terrain and route, is conducive to the army crossing the river in the future and exploring the northern expedition, and can also test the actual situation of the Shang Dynasty and the reaction of the princes. This time, 800 governors came unexpectedly. For King Wu, this is a better motivation, which makes him determined to destroy business and stay in Xiu De. Yin did not deeply realize the seriousness of the development of the power of western Ji surname. He invaded the East, refused domestic advice, and made a mess of domestic politics. After the death of King Wen, King Wu ascended the throne, with Duke Zhou as the most important right-hand man. With the help of Bi Gong, he observed soldiers in Jin Meng and held meetings with governors all over the world. This is a general drill before the attack, and it is also a kind of temptation. The following year1February, King Wu, with the help of Duke Zhou and others, commanded 300 chariots, 3,000 warriors and 45,000 military men to cross Jin Meng. In the early morning of February 1 123, King Wu gathered in Muye, a commercial suburb, and the oath was the grazing oath of Shangshu.

As the army marched eastward to conquer Dongyi, Zhou Wang temporarily organized prisoners to resist. As a result, the prisoners defected and rushed back to kill, and the troops were defeated. Zhou Wang boarded the deer platform and set himself on fire. The next day, the Duke of Zhou surrounded the Great Yue State and the Small Yue State around the prince of Wu, and announced the charges to the Heavenly Court and officially declared the demise of the Yin Dynasty, and the prince of Wu was the son of heaven in the Zhou Dynasty. . Comparing the two, we can see that Duke Zhou's position is second only to King Wu's, and his cymbal is a symbol of power.

After the downfall of Shang Dynasty, King Wu divided the place directly ruled by Shang Dynasty into three parts, which were in charge of Fu Geng, the son of Zhou Wang. Wei is in charge of the county and Yong is in charge of Cai Shu, which is known as the "Three Supervisors" in history. There are fiefs in the tube, and there are fiefs in Cai. Feng Boqin, son of Duke Zhou, is in Qufu. Feng Taigong looked at Yingqiu. Zhao Fengyan. King Wu died two years after ruining his business. He became a young king, still in his infancy. When the Duke of Zhou heard that King Wu had died, fearing that the world would betray the imperial court, he ascended the throne to handle government affairs for Wang Cheng and presided over the state power. Guan Shu and his brothers spread rumors in the countryside, saying, "Duke Zhou will become king." Duke Zhou said to Taihe Zhao (Shi), "The King of Wu died young and became king at a young age. I only did this to complete the great cause of stabilizing the Zhou Dynasty. " In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Duke of Zhou assisted the Emperor in his crusade against Wu Geng, wiped out the Amazon, enfeoffed the eldest son of the Duke of Zhou in his native Amazon, and established the State of Lu, with its capital in Qufu, with the territory south of Mount Tai, that is, the southern part of Shandong today.

At that time, the world of the Western Zhou Dynasty was very unstable, so He Zhao decided to split Shaanxi and rule it. "Shaanxi" refers to the area around Sanmenxia today, "Biography of Water Mirror" refers to the area around Laoshan (Shaanxi) City, and the vast land refers to Shaanxi Plateau (now Zhangbian Plateau in Shaanxi County, Sanmenxia). At that time, Zhou and Zhao agreed to chisel a 3.5-meter-high stone pillar and plant it on the boundary, which is called "column as boundary". Duke Zhou and Zhao Gong divided the rule of the Zhou Dynasty into two administrative regions: East and West, with Duke Zhou in charge of eastern Shaanxi and Zhao Gong in charge of western Shaanxi (hence the name Shaanxi). This stone pillar planted at the boundary was the earliest boundary pillar in China.

After Zhou and Zhao carved up Shaanxi, they could focus on preventing the rebellion of Shang adherents and stabilizing the newly expanded territory in the east. Zhao's responsibility is to further develop agricultural production in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, establish a solid economic rear, and relieve worries for the further expansion of the territory of the Zhou Dynasty. Guan Shu and Cai Shu colluded with Zhou Wang's son, Wu Geng, and joined the Dongyi tribe against the Zhou Dynasty. The Duke of Zhou was ordered to become a king, and moved his troops to the east to write Da Gao. Duke Zhou successfully put down the rebellion in the Third Prison, beheaded Guan Shu, killed Wu Geng and exiled Cai Shu. Collect the adherents of Yin, make Kang Shu Wei, and make Wei Zi Song, so that they can pay tribute to Yin. After the Duke of Zhou pacified Cai, he marched eastward to destroy Yan (now Qufu, Shandong Province) and other more than 50 countries. From this week's influence to the seaside. The pacification of the eastern regions such as Huaiyi was completed within two years. Princes all lived in the Zhou Dynasty.

The prince of Wu and the merchants only attacked the core of the Shang Dynasty, and its peripheral forces were swept away until the Duke of Zhou marched eastward. Although about 50 countries were conquered in three years, the consolidation and expansion of the occupied territories were still after the enfeoffment of the same surname. After the Eastern Expedition, Zhou people were no longer the "small country week" in the west, but became a big country with the sea in the east, the Huaihe River basin in the south and Liaodong in the north. The sudden flurry of the Duke of Zhou's eastward expedition swept the lower reaches, stirring up the pattern of the original ethnic tribes. Some Xu fled to Jiangnan (now Jiangxi); Part of Dongyi was driven to the Huaihe River Basin; The westward migration of the surname won; Chu fled to Vale. This has caused great ethnic migration and integration. The crusaders fought brutally and fiercely. The soldiers followed the Duke of Zhou in a crusade and cut the gap with axes. Although they suffered a lot in the battle, they are lucky to be alive. Crusaders miss their hometown, and once they return to the fields, their hearts are full of reverie. The Book of Songs Dongshan is a vivid portrayal of this kind of psychology. It is no longer a situation of "being shaken by the wind and rain and only giving voice" before the war. After Zhou Gongdan's counter-insurgency, in order to strengthen the control of the East, Zhou Chengwang was formally suggested to move the capital to Luoyi (now Luoyang) in Chengzhou. At the same time, a large number of Shang nobles captured in the war, that is, "Yin stubborn people", moved to Luoyi and sent troops to the Eighth Division of Luoyi to strengthen their supervision. How to rule the conquered areas is a big problem after the victory of the war. The Yin people destroyed the summer and the Zhou people destroyed the Yin, all because of the destruction of the countries around the capital. For example, Wei, Gu and Kunwu were all governors with different surnames at the end of the summer. "Wei and Gu all cut down and Kunwu". At the end of Shang Dynasty, Li, Zhi and Chong were the commanders of Western Shang Dynasty. After Zhou Wenwang was destroyed, King Wu could March directly into Konoha near Shangdu. The riots in Wu Geng, Yan State and Huai Yi showed that the old clan leaders could no longer be used in important areas, and the most reliable members of the Zhou family had to be enfeoffed to defend the capital, which was essentially different from the enfeoffment of the period.

After the capital of Luoyi was established, Zhou Gongdan began to implement the policy of "sealing the country". He successively established 7 1 vassals, and made 15 brothers and 16 heroes of King Wu as vassals to defend the royal family. In addition, the well-field system was widely implemented throughout the country, and the land was planned in a unified way, which consolidated and strengthened the economic foundation of the Zhou Dynasty.

Zhou Gongdan appointed his younger brother, Kang Shu, as Wei Jun, who was stationed in the old business market to manage the business adherents there. He was given to seven tribes of the Yin people: Tao, Shi, Fan, Zhu, Hunger and Zhong Kui. Most of these tribes had some handicraft expertise. The fief in Kang Shu was not only large in area, but also had eight divisions to prevent the Yin people from resisting again. Jiang Taigong was originally named Qi Hou and Du Yingqiu (now Linzi North, Shandong Province). The land that Duke Zhou asked Zhao Gong to seal to Taigong was "east to the sea, west to the river, south to Muling, and north to Wudi". At the same time, it also enjoyed the privilege of special expropriation and special logging. "The five emperors and nine uncles really want to levy." There are many small countries near Yingqiu. When Taigong took office, Dongyilai people competed with him for land. Qi destroyed these small countries one by one and became a big country in the East. Zhao, with the same name as Zhou, was made a state of Yan, while his eldest son was made a monarch only after the rebellion, with his capital in (present-day Beijing). Yan was the barrier of the Zhou Dynasty to the northeast. Its establishment can cut off the connection between the old clan of Yin Shang Dynasty and the ancient clan with the same surname in the north, and be close to the Su Shen clan in Songhua River, Heilongjiang River and Liaohe River Basin. It turned out to be a distant country in Zhou. Many Shang and Zhou bronzes were found in Beijing and southern Liaoning. It is confirmed that Yan in the early Zhou Dynasty really ruled the vast territory in the north.

I didn't take part in the rebellion of the third prison. After Zhou rebelled, he was ordered to represent the descendants of Yin people, pay homage to the ancestors of men and kings, establish the Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu, Henan), and later become a famous big country. In the Song Dynasty, there were Qi (descendants, now Qixian County, Henan Province) and Chen (descendants of Yu Shun, now Huaiyang, Henan Province) in the southwest, and some small countries in the north. Song was surrounded by various countries.

In addition to the above countries, the Duke of Zhou also enfeoffed a large number of countries with the same surname and countries with different surnames. According to Xunzi's Confucianism, Duke Zhou "founded 71 countries, and Ji lived alone with 53 people." In the twenty-fourth year of Zuo Zhuan's promise to the Duke, Fu Liang said, "Duke Zhou is not salty, so the feudal relatives screen Zhou as a vassal. Guan, Cai, Cheng, Huo, Lu, Wei, Mao, Yong, Cao, Teng, Bi, Yuan, Tan, Yi and Wen Ye. Governance, Jin, Ying, Han, Wu also. Fan, Jiang, Xing, Mao, Ji, Sacrifice, and Yin of the Duke of Zhou. "It can be seen that there are many countries that were enfeoffed by the Duke of Zhou, large and small. According to He Zun's inscription, after the destruction of the Shang Dynasty in Zhou Wuwang, due to the west of Haojiang River, it was impossible to control the eastern region where the old clan of Yin Shang was widely distributed, and the idea of building its capital in the center of the world was put forward. That night, the king of Wu couldn't sleep. He sighed to the Duke of Zhou: "I haven't decided the natural barrier yet, so why can I sleep!" . In order to consolidate the new regime, Zhou Wuwang visited the "Summer Resort" in Luoyang, Iraq, and planned to build a new capital here, but he died after failing to fully implement it. After the Duke of Zhou conquered Yin for the second time, the development of the vast territory of the East urgently required the ruling center to move eastward. Duke Zhou inherited the will of King Wu and built Luoyi. After the crusade against the rebellion, this matter became more urgent. Zhao Gong went to the Duke of Zhou to make a fortune, set up camp and live in Jiuding. Yue: In this world, tributes extend in all directions, and all roads lead to Rome. "

Luoyi is located in the center of Luo Yi Basin, where Yishui and Luoshui meet. The terrain is flat and fertile, with Longmen Mountain in the south, Mangshan Mountain in the north and surrounded by mountains. Yi, Luo, Zhuo and Jian meet. According to the east-west traffic throat. Down the river, you can reach the hometown of Yin people. Shun Luoshui, Wei, Lu. There are two waters in the south, Ru and Ying, which can reach harmony. The Yiluo Basin is indeed a good place to build a capital.

In the fifth year of Duke Zhou's reign, the large-scale construction of Zhouluoyi was officially started. On the fifth day of March, Zhao Gong first came to Luoyi. After divination, he determined the city site where Jianshui and Luoshui meet, and then planned the specific location of the city wall, ancestral temple, court and city. May 1 1 day was successfully planned. The next day, Duke Zhou came to Luoyi, made a comprehensive inspection of the planning of faithfulness, and re-divined. Divination shows that the new capital construction in the west of Zhuoshui, the east of Jianshui and the bank of Luoshui has been a great success. The process of Duke Zhou's construction of Luoyi was also described concisely in Shangshu: According to Shangshu Zhao Gao, one day in February 1039 BC, Zhou Chengwang sent Taibao Zhao Gong to Luoyi to inspect the capital base, which was called "Xiangzhai". On March 5th, Zhao Gong arrived in Luoyi, and after getting a good omen from Buzhai, the foundation stone was officially laid. On March 12th of the same year, Duke Zhou came to Luoyi. On 2 1 day, after a grand sacrificial ceremony, he issued an order to the nobles of Shang Dynasty and the leaders of various vassal states to build Luoyi. Since then, the prelude to the large-scale construction of "Big Week" has been opened.

Luoyi was built by the Duke of Zhou, known as "Chengzhou" or "Xinyi". Is a large-scale capital. According to "Yizhoushu Zuoluo Festival", "the square is 1,720 feet, and the square is 77 miles." I think the world is great together. ""Set Zhao Qiu in the southern suburbs and build a big club in the middle school. The main buildings in the city are "Five Palaces", such as Imperial Temple, Imperial Temple (Wangwen Temple), High Palace (Wuwang Temple), Palace and Tang Ming. The architectural structures of these palaces and ancestral temples are all "four armor, anti-discipline, health, lang, constant fatigue, recovery, algae tax, moving, traveling and painting", and there are also "inner steps, mysterious steps, dikes and halls, camp doors, library platforms and mysterious lots" in the city. It took about a year to build. Therefore, this land was originally called Mangya, and there is Mangshan in the north, so it is also called Mangya. Xindu is the residence of the King of Zhou, also known as the "King City". The eastern suburb of Xinyi, the residence of Yin people east of Zhuoshui, is called "Chengzhou".

According to "Shangshu Luogao": "In December of that year, Luoyi was first formed. The Zhou Dynasty held a grand celebration ceremony. Duke Zhou led officials to familiarize them with the etiquette of the old capital, and then followed the king to the new city. In Xinyi, the princes were greeted with Yin ceremony, and the King Wen was sacrificed in the new capital Luoyi. These ceremonies are very grand and orderly. After the completion of Luoyi in the Zhou Dynasty, the Duke of Zhou called the princes of the world to hold a grand celebration. Here, the princes of the world were officially conferred, various laws and regulations were promulgated, and the long-term stability of the Zhou Dynasty was planned.

According to Kang Hao's biography of Shangshu, "Zhou Gongju took a photo for three years, and the ritual and music system and Zhou Gongju held a ceremony and music, which were excellent for three years but not good. A gentleman is ashamed of his words but not his actions. I will make a masterpiece, I am afraid that the world will know nothing. I'm afraid I can't publicize my father's merits and virtues, and then I can see the world in Luozha camp, so the four governors led their respective party groups and attacked in their own courts. Duke Zhou said,' It's still good to show it by force, but it's good to show it by ceremony and music, okay?' Then you dare to make music. "

During the period of Duke Zhou's regency, on the basis of inheriting Wan Dance, he presided over the production of Elephant and Dianzhu for the first time in Six-year Rites and Music System. The former was a martial dance that praised martial arts, while the latter was a literary dance that expressed Duke Zhou's position and called on Gong Li to govern the country, which was collectively called Dawu. In the seventh year of Luoyi's success, the Duke of Zhou presided over the traditional "elephant" dance with new poems in order to sacrifice the king of Wen, and made the "elephant" dance to show the martial arts of the king of Wen.

"Li" emphasizes "don't", which is called "respect"; The function of "music" is "harmony", which is the so-called "kiss". Harmony but difference are two aspects to consolidate the internal unity of Zhou people. The central problem to be solved by etiquette is the distinction between honor and inferiority, that is, the patriarchal clan system, and then the establishment of inheritance system. Because there is no strict inheritance system, the Duke of Zhou can certainly be called the "salty king", and Guan and Cai can also betray the royal family for the throne. The small state should consider the experience and lessons of the big state Yin, and the Duke of Zhou knew Xia Yin's history like the back of his hand. Judging from the limited number of people who offered sacrifices to ancestors and brothers and sisters in the Yin Dynasty, they were divided into ordinary people, and the son was more expensive than the mother. Yin is the coexistence of younger brother and younger son, which once led to the "ninth rebellion". After all, it is a biological law to pass on one's younger brother to another. There are contradictions between the younger generation and the younger generation. The younger brother has contradictions between his younger brother's son and his older brother's son. The existence of these contradictions will often lead to royal disputes, which will lead to the decline of royal power and the prosperity of the country. After Kangding, Wuyi, Wending, Diyi and Di Xin in the Yin Dynasty, the system of passing on the younger brother was obviously abolished and the system of passing on the younger son was established. The patriarchal clan system will inevitably promote the maintenance of the hierarchical etiquette of the respect of father and son, brother, son of heaven and vassal. This etiquette is the externalization of affiliation. On the other hand, it plays a role in consolidating the patriarchal clan system, with the aim of maintaining patriarchy and the rule of the Zhou Emperor. Any violation of etiquette, dormitory, clothing, utensils and other specific provisions. Will be considered indecent and trespassing. If Zhou Tianzi can grant people territory, it must be based on state-owned land. "Under the sky, is it the land of kings, the shore of the land, is it the king?" (The Book of Songs, Xiaoya, Beishan) In the heyday of Duke Zhou's martial arts, this was not fiction. The resulting "the ground is not delicious"; Land is not allowed to be bought or sold, and I am afraid it is also from the Duke of Zhou. Duke of Zhou can grant Jiang Taigong the privilege of conquering alone. Then, I am afraid that "the conquest of rites and music comes from the son of heaven" was established in the Duke of Zhou or earlier, and it was legally established by the Duke of Zhou. In order to strengthen the central dynasty's rule over local areas, the system of conferring titles, patrolling hunting and paying tribute was probably determined by the Duke of Zhou on the basis of summing up the experience of the previous generation. Zhou Gongdan was a regent for six years. When he became king, he decided to return to politics and become a king. Before regaining power, Duke Zhou wrote "There is no escape", taking the demise of the Shang Dynasty as a lesson, warning Wang Cheng to be a prophet of "land to the tiller" and not to indulge in debauchery, comfort, fun and hunting. Then "return the government to be king and the north to be a minister." After Zhou Gongdan abdicated, he focused on the system of rites and music and continued to improve various laws and regulations. In the second year of Duke Zhou's rites and music, that is, the seventh year of Duke Zhou's reign, Duke Zhou completely handed over the throne to the king. The dialogue between Duke Zhou and Wang Cheng in Shangshu Zhao Gao and Shangshu Luogao was probably recorded by the historian at the ceremony when Duke Zhou abdicated as king. When the country is in danger, stand up, do not avoid hardships, and shoulder the heavy responsibility of the king; When the country turned the corner and embarked on the road of smooth development, it resolutely gave up the throne. This fearless and selfless spirit has always been praised by future generations.

However, Duke Zhou did not let go because of his abdication. Although he was retained by Wang Cheng, he also kept telling Wang Cheng, the most famous of which was Shangshu No Escape. "Can't escape" begins by saying that only by knowing the hard work of farming can we understand the "villain". Parents work hard in farming, and their children don't know the hardships of farming, so they will covet comfort and even make mistakes, and even insult their parents and say, "Old people don't know anything." Such unfilial remarks were absolutely not allowed at that time. Gao Kang also mentioned that unfilial and unfriendly people should be punished. As a supreme ruler, you should know the hidden suffering below, or you will do absurd things. The Duke of Zhou cited Wu Ding, the grandson of Taiwu, and Shang Tang, a famous monarch of the Yin Dynasty. They are not solemn and fearful, but diligent and self-disciplined. They are "afraid of being abandoned", that is, they can protect the king for a long time without being widowed and enjoy the country for a long time. After that, Yin Wang was born at ease, unaware of the hardships of farming, and only wanted to have fun, so they did not enjoy the country for a long time. Duke of Zhou then listed the humility and fear of King Tai and King Ji of Zhou, especially mentioning that King Wen wore rags, lived frugally, and took part in agricultural labor, so that he could "take care of the little people" and sometimes didn't even have time to eat from morning till night, so as to unite the whole people. He didn't dare to wander around for fun and didn't ask for anything extra, so he enjoyed the country for a long time. Duke Zhou warned future generations not to indulge in "observing, relaxing and hunting in the fields", and he himself could not tolerate saying: Let's just have fun and don't indulge in wine like Shang and Zhou Dynasties. If you don't listen, it will lead to chaos and people's resentment and curse. Someone told me, "Little people hate you and scold you." If you say that you have made a mistake, you should deeply reflect on yourself, don't be angry, don't kill innocent people indiscriminately, and don't punish innocent people indiscriminately. Otherwise, the same resentment will be concentrated on you alone, and the consequences will be unimaginable.

After three years in office, the Duke of Zhou retired to Di Feng and soon became seriously ill. Duke Zhou said to him before he died, "I must be buried in Chengzhou to show that I can't leave to be king until I die." After the death of Duke Zhou, Wang Cheng wanted to be buried in Chengzhou. The sky is stormy, the grain is exhausted, and trees are springing up. The people of China are afraid. After that, Duke Zhou was buried in the cemetery of King Wen. Wang Cheng said: "This means that I dare not take Duke Zhou as my minister."