The theories of the left picture

1, Jiang Liangfu said: The left disciple is Mo Ao. Jiang Liangfu said in Records of the Historian and Biographies of Qu Yuan (I): "I doubt is the so-called' Mo Ao' since the Spring and Autumn Period". There are three main reasons: first, "according to the fifteen or twenty-three years, the left family was the official of Chu, and Mo Ao only served as Yin". Second, there was Mo Aozhi in the Spring and Autumn Period, which was the period when Qu Yuan was a left disciple, and all of them were appointed by Qu in the Spring and Autumn Period, so Qu Yuan's left disciple was Mo Aozhi. Thirdly, both Mo Ao and the left picture are related to Chu Zhizong's surname. What is Mo Ao's occupation? Jiang Liangfu said: "Mo Ao is an official in charge of astronomy and rural worship. He knows a lot of history. Qu Yuan is also in charge of astronomy. " (2) Jiang Liangfu's statement is obviously inconsistent with Historical Records and Biography of Qu Yuan. Then, how can an official like Guan "discuss state affairs with the monarch when he enters" and "meet the guests when he leaves"?

2. Wang said: The picture on the left is Zuo's. In Textual Research on Zuo Tu-One of Qu Fu's Micro-exhibitions (IV), the king of the Republic of China wrote: "The post of Zuo Tu immediately became the so-called" Zuo Shi "in The Book of Rites Yu Zao Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi. How do you know? " "Jade Algae" says:' The son of heaven lives in the mysterious place, and when he moves, the history books are left, and when he speaks, the history books are right.' "The History of Literature and Art" says:' The ancient monarch has a historian, so he speaks with caution. Zuo's words, right's words, things for the Spring and Autumn Annals, words for the Book of History, emperors are different. At the same time, Wang believes that Shi Lu should be a translation of Chu Ci. Here, he not only mentioned that Zuo Tu is the source of Zuo Shi, but also explained the responsibility of Zuo Shi. Zhao Kuifu's Qu Yuan and His Times (5) calls it "insufficient evidence" and "absurd speculation".

3. Zhao Kuifu said: The left disciple is a pedestrian. In Qu Yuan and his time, Zhao Kuifu wrote Zuo Tu, Andrew, Pedestrian and Ci Fu. In this article, from the unearthed cultural relics and related materials, he believes that "ACTS" and "sounds" are disyllabic loanwords. At the same time, Li Sao, Jiyuan, Xiangnan Zheng, Tian Wen, Fei Long, Xi Bei Zheng, Er Ya Shi, Zheng and Xing Ye were quoted. The meaning of "levying yin" is the same as that of the so-called "pedestrians" in Central Plains countries, and they all refer to officials in charge of foreign affairs.

4. Zhang Zhongyi said: The picture on the left is a sorcerer. Zhang Zhongyi said in the article "A New Biography of Qu Yuan Qu Yuan is a Magical Witch" (VI): "Qu Yuan's left-hand official position is a sorcerer's official position." At first, he thought that the duties of a "leftist" described in Biography of Qu Yuan by Sima Qian were basically the same as those of a "doctor San Lv" described in Preface to Lisao by Wang Yi, and added: "It's just that the duties of San Lv described by Wang Yi are more specific. It is described that' San Lv' is not only responsible for internal affairs and diplomacy, but also for the education of the royal family, serving as a priest for the King of Chu and solving difficult problems. " Therefore, it can be inferred: "The reason why Qu Yuan can get close to the King of Chu and participate in the discussion of state affairs is that all major issues of the King of Chu must be divined by his left disciple Qu Yuan, so that he can make decisions and actions and decide doubts. It is inferred that the left picture is a witch official. "

A close reading of Biographies of Qu Yuan and Preface to Lisao Classics shows that Sima Qian and Wang Yi have obvious differences in the status of "Left Picture" and "Doctor San Lv". Zhang Zhongyi, He Jianxun and Zhao Hui infer that "Zuo Tu" and "Dr. San Lv" are the same office. (7) This statement is debatable. If we infer from his official position that the "Left Disciple" is a witch official, it is not only insufficient evidence, but also suspected of being a horse.

5. Zhang Shoujie said: The picture on the left is the official who connects the left and right. Zhang Shoujie's Biography of Qu Yuan in Historical Records said: "The left land reform took things around today." However, according to the textual research of scholars such as Chu Binjie and Zhao Kuifu, it is believed that the gleaning of later generations is actually an official who can speak in books and has no real power. The rank of gleaning in Tang Dynasty is only "from eight grades", which is not commensurate with Qu Yuan's political activities described in Historical Records. Lu Kanru's Biography of Qu Yuan (VIII) said: "The picture on the left is the official who connects the left and right, second only to Ling Yin." Zhao Kuifu said that this is "completely unreasonable' synthesis'". Zhan Antai also refuted Zhang Shoujie's statement in Qu Yuan (9), saying, "Obviously, this is inappropriate."

6. Lin Geng said: The picture on the left is an official like a teacher. In the article "Four Notes on the Left Picture" (10) attached to the biography of Qu Yuan, the author quoted the account in Historical Records that Chun was a close friend of Chu. After the left picture was promoted to Lingyin, he said: "The left picture is said to be a close friend of the imperial court, so it is a courtier of the prince, his situation and Jia Yizhi's" Changsha "and" Changsha ".

7. You Guoen said: The picture on the left is your deputy. You Guoen said in Qu Yuan (1 1) that according to the Records of the Chu Family, "King Kao Lie took the left picture as his spiritual hiding place, sealing Wu and spring." Therefore, the position of the left disciple seems to be second only to Lingyin, who has the highest status, and may be Lingyin's deputy.

8. Tang said: The left disciple is the left disciple. Tang believes that the official positions recorded in bamboo slips unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi are "left disciple" and "right disciple", and "sound" is a common word in ancient books. The ancient sound of "sound" is exactly the same as that of "Deng", and they can be exchanged. At the same time, Tang also explained the responsibilities of the "Left Tu", and thought that although the "Left Tu" was in charge of internal affairs and diplomacy, according to the records in the Biography of Qu Yuan, especially the Biography of Chun, their main activities were in diplomacy. For example, several envoys of Qu Yuan and his struggle with Zhang Yi can be confirmed.

9. Nie Shiqiao said: The picture on the left is an official second only to the prime minister. Nie Shiqiao's On Qu Yuan (13) said: "With Yin as the prime minister, it can be seen that the left picture is an official second only to the prime minister." In Qu Yuan, Zhan Antai thought: "According to the fact that Shen Jun and Huang Xie took the left picture as a hidden object in the spring, ... we can see that the left picture was a senior official after Ling Yin (the prime minister)." And said, "Left disciple can be your yin when he is promoted."

10, Yao Xiaoou said: The picture on the left is like a servant. In Li Sao and Re-understanding of Qu Yuan's Early Experience (14), Yao Xiaoou verified that the "road" in Li Sao and Come to Randolph to take the road first is "winding" and the riding of the king of Chu, which is consistent with the "fear of the imperial capital" below. Furthermore, the position of the left picture is researched, and it is considered that the left picture is equivalent to the official position of "Taifu" in later generations. Yao Xiaoou's "servant" is recorded in "servant": "servant, in charge of the king's position, in and out of the king's life. Responsible for the rebellion of the princes. " To this end, Yao Xiaoou said: "The position of' Taifu' in Zhou Li is the next doctor. His title is not high, but his position is very important." He also believes that "the position of the left disciple is equivalent to Zhou Li's' servant'".

From the above statement, it can be seen that most people think that Zuo Tu has a high position in Chu State and is the main person in charge of Chu State's internal affairs and diplomacy, and there is not much controversy about the specific tasks undertaken by Qu Yuan as Zuo Tu. According to Biography of Qu Yuan in Historical Records, "Qu Yuan's followers ... are left disciples who cherish the king, ... discuss state affairs with the king in time, give orders, meet guests when out, and deal with princes." Accordingly, most scholars in ancient and modern times believe that Qu Yuan's specific task as a left disciple has three aspects: first, to participate in the discussion of state affairs and give orders; The second is to receive guests and handle foreign affairs; The third is to draft a constitutional order to specifically grasp the state's policies and guidelines. Left-handed people will not leave these three aspects. This also fully shows that Zuo Tu's official position is relatively high, which can be seen from the accounts of "discussing state affairs", "giving orders", "meeting guests" and "dealing with princes". As for what rank left graph is equivalent to, this subtlety need not be explored. As far as the existing historical materials are concerned, it is difficult to draw a conclusion at the moment.

Precautions:

(1) Jiang Liangfu's Essays on Songs of the South, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, May 1984.

(2) Jiang Liangfu's Lectures on Chu Ci, Beijing Publishing House, 198 1 year1month.

③ See Sima Qian's Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng.

(4) See Academic Quarterly of Northwest Normal University, No.2, 1942+02.

5] Zhao Kuifu's Qu Yuan and His Times, People's Literature Publishing House, August 1996.

[6] Zhang Zhongyi's New Theory of Qu Yuan, Guizhou Publishing House, 1993 1 1.

What He Jianxun once said can be found in his book Collection of Songs of the South, Sichuan People's Publishing House, 1984 edition. In July, 2005, at the 11th annual meeting of Qu Yuan Society of China, Zhao Hui submitted a paper entitled "Zong Bo's Position in the Book of Rites", expounding the view that "the left picture" is "Dr. San Lv" in academic exchange, which was refuted by Zhou Jianzhong and other scholars on the spot.

Being Selected Works of Classical Literature by Lu Kanru, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987 edition.

Levies Zhan Antai Qu Yuan, Shanghai People's Publishing House, July 1975.

⑽ Lin Geng's Study on Poet Qu Yuan and His Works, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, July, 198 1.

⑾ You Guoen's Qu Yuan, Zhonghua Book Company, May 1980.

⑿ Tang A New Exploration of Qu Fu, Qilu Bookstore,1February, 984.

[13] Nie Shiqiao's On Qu Yuan, People's Literature Publishing House, 1982 February.

[14] See academic journal of zhongzhou No.5, 200 1. See also China's Songs of the South compiled by Qu Yuan Society of China, the fifth series, Explain My Road to Dolph, Academy Press, July 2004.