What are the main measures to strengthen centralization after Qin's reunification and their historical functions?

Emperor dictatorship-the emperor calls himself Zhen Xuan, which means supreme. The emperor has the final say in all major and minor political matters. Qin Shihuang stipulated that you should read 120 Jin a day (one Jin in the Qin Dynasty is equal to half of A Jin today), and you should not rest until you finish reading.

Counties-The world is divided into 36 counties. Later, Baiyue was conquered, and four counties were added: Minzhong (Ye Zhi County-Fuzhou City, Fujian Province), Nanhai (Panyu City, Guangdong Province-Guangzhou City), Guilin (Guangxi) and Xiang Jun (including Leizhou Peninsula in northern Guangdong Province). Forty counties across the country. The county is in charge of several counties. The county magistrate is appointed by the court and can be transferred at any time. Qin Fa: Officials, large and small, have made great achievements according to how many enemies they have defeated. Han Feizi said: This is tantamount to letting people who have beheaded meritorious deeds become doctors and carpenters, and they must not succeed. When Qin Shihuang was the first emperor, Wu Fu, the hero of Qin State, was a local official, and there were not a few. This is conducive to centralization, but cruel laws will inevitably arouse the resentment of Shandong's ruled people.

Official system-The central official system consists of left and right prime ministers (assisting the emperor in handling state affairs), censors (assisting the prime minister), Tai Wei (in charge of national military and political affairs), generals (in charge of conquering), Ting Wei (in charge of criminal law), Shi Su (in charge of finance and economy), Shao Fu (in charge of the taxation of mountains and seas ponds for the emperor's own expense) and doctors (as consultants). The local official system consists of county magistrate (in charge of a county's political affairs), county commandant (assisting county magistrate, in charge of military affairs), supervisor (supervising county magistrate), and county magistrate (in charge of a county's political affairs, a county is about 100 miles long, and more than 10 thousand households are called orders, and less than 10 thousand households are called chiefs). In the county, there are three fairs to go to the countryside, misers, vagrants (jiao's ten pavilions are called townships, three elders teach, misers manage prison litigation and taxes, vagrants catch thieves) and pavilions (ten miles and one pavilion, one pavilion and one thief). County officials, township officials and museum owners are mostly locals and have industries. Han Xin's "poor family has no business, so you can't choose an official", which shows that people with poor morality should also be officials. From the imperial court to the rural pavilion, it constitutes a huge ruling machine of the landlord class. The people in charge of all parts of this machine are mobile officials, not hereditary nobles. The manipulator of this machine is the emperor.

Second, the implementation of * * * the same word-"the same book and the same text".

"Different mu of land (different mu size), different tracks, different laws and disciplines, different clothes, different voices and different characters" is the feudal regime in the Warring States period. After the reunification of Qin, these differences have generally become the same. The characters of the Zhou Dynasty are characterized by heavy strokes and are called "Da Zhuan". During the Warring States period, the local culture of Qilu in the East was developed and relatively convenient fonts were used. Han people call it ancient prose, tadpole prose, or cave wall ancient prose. Written by Li Si, according to ancient Chinese, the strokes are simple and unified, which is called Qin Zhuan, or Xiao Zhuan. Li Si's Cang Xie articles, Zhao Gao's articles and Hu's erudite articles are all textbooks written in Xiao Zhuan, which teach both fonts and grammar. Legend has it that Cheng Miao, the jailer, was offended and locked in prison, resulting in a more convenient writing called official script. The font of official script is square and easy to write, which was widely used in Han Dynasty. Dialects are different in different regions. If there is a unified text, dialects will become a secondary difficulty. After large-scale immigration, the limitations of dialects have also been alleviated.

3. Draw the same area.

The territory of the Qin Dynasty stretches to the sea in the east and Wuling (Dayu, Qitian, Dubang, Zhu Meng and Yuecheng) in the south. Since Lintao (Min County, Gansu Province) in the northwest, the Great Wall has been built for more than 10,000 miles, generally following the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan to Liaodong in the northeast to prevent the invasion of nomadic people such as Xiongnu. This is the territory of China delineated at that time, and the residents in the territory are basically Han nationality. After the Qin Dynasty, China gradually expanded outward on this basis.

Fourth, promote the economic life of * *-"cars on the same rail"

Qin Shihuang made the following measures economically, which is of great significance. Xiuchidao-Building Chidao all over the country with Xianyang, Qin Jing as the center. The equator is fifty paces wide (six feet high), and the soil is built with iron vertebrae. The center of the equator is three feet wide and is the only road used by the emperor. Plant pine trees to mark the route. People on both sides of the lane should walk freely. With the completion of Chechi Island, land transportation is very convenient.

Waterway-During the Warring States Period, countries built dikes to block waterways. Qin Shihuang decided to open a dike to dredge the gorge (Bianhe River, now Henan Yan) as the center of the waterway, connecting the waters of Hebei, Ru, Huai and Si. In Wu, Chu, Qi, Shu and other places, water conservancy and boating irrigation are also carried out. In particular, Shilu showed great creativity in digging canals. 2 14 years ago, Qin Shihuang sent 500,000 troops across Lingnan, enabling Shilu to transport grain by water. Shi Lu, a talented water conservancy engineer, built a stone dike in the upper reaches of Xiangjiang River (about three miles southeast of xing an, Guangxi). The image of the levee is a plow, and the Xiangjiang River is divided into two canals, north and south. The North Canal flows northward into Xiangjiang River. The South Canal passes through Xing 'an County and flows westward into Darong River in the upper reaches of Gui Jiang. The South Canal passes through the highland, and the canal is dug manually by the stone road, which is 60 miles long. There are several Doumen in the canal, so that ships from north to south can get up and down one by one. Carrying heavy ships from Xiangjiang River, crossing the North Canal and entering the South Canal, safely crossing the mountain and saving manpower in transportation. This is an important route for the development of Lingnan. The Han, Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties were built one after another, and the route and farmland irrigation became more and more perfect. Shi Lu's contribution to the founding of the country is immeasurable. Two thousand years ago, this original project, called Lingqu, really lived up to its name. Qin Shihuang once ordered the alchemist Xu (the city was named Nuo Yuan, and the Eastern Han Dynasty was named Xu Fu) to lead thousands of boys to sail for the Three Holy Mountains. It shows that sailing at that time was not only sailing north and south along the coast, but also sailing on the sea on a large scale. Inland rivers at sea and roads on land have formed a fairly developed transportation network, which greatly helps to destroy economic isolation.

Remove obstacles-During the Warring States period, countries used dangerous terrain to build cities and kingdoms, and the Great Wall at the junction of Qi, Han, Chu and Wei divided the territory and hindered traffic. After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, the Great Wall of China and the fortress of Guo Cheng were destroyed, which reduced the dependence of the independent regime.

Unified monetary instrument-Qin Shihuang unified national weights and measures according to the Qin system. 22 1 year, the imperial edict of unified measurement was promulgated. Anyone who does weights and measures must engrave this 40-word imperial edict. Pottery measuring instruments can't engrave. Ten wooden stamps engraved with words were printed on the Tao Liang, forming an imperial edict. In the Sui Dynasty, Qin Shihuang was given the right to weigh, and two people were named as prime ministers Kui and Wang Wan (Yin Bowl W m 4 N). It is hoped that the official government will be responsible for supervising the weighing instruments according to the imperial edict, and private manufacturing is not allowed. During the Warring States period, the width of car tracks varied from country to country. Qin stipulated that the width of the car was six feet, and one car could pass through the whole country. During the Warring States period, the monetary system was chaotic, and Qin stipulated that money was divided into two classes: gold was the top currency, weighing one or two (twenty-two); Copper coins weigh half a tael. During the Warring States period, fields varied in size. The Qin Dynasty stipulated that 240 square steps should be an acre, and the Qin Mu system has been used ever since.

When Qin Shihuang just destroyed the Six Kingdoms, he moved120,000 rich households to Xianyang, and some of them were scattered to Bashu and other places. These very rich people are the remnants of the Lord and wealthy businessman dajia. They annexed land, lent usury, forced the poor to be slaves, dominated a township, a county or even a county, and hindered reunification. When very rich people are moved to new areas and lose their old power, they can only become landlords and run businesses. They also have to start from scratch, live in local farmland houses and distribute them to others, and the poor may get a temporary respite. General Meng Tian led 300,000 troops to drive away the Huns, took Henan land (south of Hetao and Yellow River in Gansu), built 44 counties (Historical Records is 34 counties, Hanshu is 44 counties), and immigrated criminals from the mainland to live. Han culture and advanced production technology were brought to nomadic areas, turning pastures into cultivated land and expanding the northern border. He also recruited people who had committed the crime of escape, their husbands and small businessmen Wei Jia, and took Guilin, Nanhai and other southern counties; Another 500,000 people guard Wuling and live with the aborigines. Han culture and technology were introduced to the south, and Lingnan began to become the territory of China. Qin immigrants played an active role in spreading culture and developing production.

Determine the private ownership of land-there were two kinds of land ownership in the second half of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. After a long struggle, in the first year of "making Guizhou people (people) have their fields" in AD 2 16 (the thirty-first year of Qin Shihuang), the personal private ownership of land was determined in the form of law, that is, the system of feudal landlords occupying land. This is a decree issued five years after moving to the richest120,000 households in the world. According to this law, landlords and farmers who own land automatically declare the true figures of all land, pay taxes according to their orders, and obtain land ownership. Since Shang Yang, Qin Dynasty has been advocating the essence and restraining the end. The so-called terminal industry refers to small private enterprises. Later, handicraft industry was promoted to this industry, and Li Si said that when people get married, they should devote themselves to agriculture and industry. Only small businessmen are unemployed and bound by the law. Qin corvee law, first of all, levied guilty officials, husbands and Jia people. The so-called husband, to the man's in-law's family, to the poor's wife, will not be redeemed at maturity, and will not be called the slave's husband. For example, the first is to punish men for being lazy and not supporting themselves, and the second is to prevent the number of slaves from increasing, all of which have positive significance. Secondly, recruit people who used to be businessmen, and then recruit people whose grandparents or parents used to be businessmen. In addition, the rich and powerful people have to take corvee first, which is called Lv You (the rich and powerful people live on the right side of the village), and then they have to recruit the poor and weak, which is called Zorro. When Qin Shihuang first came to the world, he usually used this method, so he made great efforts to build an army, and he was relatively able to maintain the foundation of the country. Langya Carved Poems say that "farming is heavy, except the end, the richest man", and Jieshi Carved Poems also say that "men enjoy their fields (mu) and women study their industries (textiles)". Farmers generally own a small piece of private land, although "men work hard and lack wages; Women's spinning performance is not enough for clothing. In the eyes of the rulers, it is considered to be "rich", and in the eyes of farmers, it is also considered to be "peaceful" than in the Warring States period.

Fifth, promote the psychological state of * * * in the same culture-"homotopy"

In the Han cultural area, the Daoism that is suitable for the family system is the representative of people's mental state. According to Confucianism, Qin Shihuang believed that he had gained the virtue of water, and October was the beginning of the year. Clothes and flags are all black. Six (negative) numbers are used for years, such as stepping six feet and driving six horses. The car is six feet wide, six inches long and six inches high. People wrap their heads in black cloth, which is called thousand hands. The Yellow River is the water of Germany. These are compatible with the theory of Confucian reform system. Orthodox Confucianism's worship of law (water virtue) is not benevolence, and it is also compatible with Xunzi's Confucianism (Xunzi's theory still focuses on the ceremony of the king, but due to the function of ceremony, Han Fei and Li Si have changed the emphasis on ceremony to law, and Xunzi school is still Confucianism except Confucian classics, and the rest are merged with legalists). After the demise of the Six Kingdoms, Qin Shihuang visited the counties and counties five times in his twelve-year reign, with the purpose of "showing strength and serving the sea" and declaring the achievements of unifying the four seas. Two hundred and twenty years ago, he toured Longxi and Beidi counties for the first time and climbed Jitou Mountain (west of Jingyuan County, Ningxia) to show the Huns the power of Qin Shihuang. 1929, the second trip to the east, successively carved stones in Zou Yi (Zouxian County, Shandong Province), Taishan Mountain, Dangshan Mountain (Yantai City, Shandong Province) and Langyatai (Zhucheng County, Shandong Province). In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Yue King Gou Jian destroyed Wu, moved the capital to Langya, established a vassal of the Taiwan Alliance, and respected Zhou as the emperor. Qin Shihuang stayed in Langyatai in March and moved to 30,000 households in Guizhou first. In doing so, he wanted to praise Gou Jian's respect for Zhou and encourage Vietnamese in the south to be introverted. The southern tour thought of Hengshan Mountain and sailed to Xiangshan (southwest of Yueyang County, Hunan Province), where it encountered strong winds. Qin Shihuang was furious and turned 3,000 prisoners into a mountain of light to show the emperor's power to Xiang Shen. 2 18 years, the third trip to the east, carving stones. In February15, the fourth time I traveled eastward to Jieshi Mountain (in Changli County, Hebei Province) to carve stones. In 2 10, the fifth southern tour went to Jiuyi Mountain (in ningyuan county, Hunan Province), went down the Yangtze River, and carved stones to worship Dayu in Huiji Mountain (in Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province). According to legend, the relationship between men and women has been lax since Gou Jian's time. The Stone Carving in Huiji pays special attention to "banning prostitution" and claims to correct it with heavy punishment (killing an adulterer without guilt), which is no different from the custom in the Central Plains. Qin Shihuang's five tours, combined with the promulgation of the unified system, large-scale immigration and various economic measures, promoted the great task of "traveling together" on the basis of Xunzi's Confucianism and Legalism. However, Xunzi's Confucianism, especially legalists' research on the name of punishment, is far from Confucian orthodoxy. When the violent rule fell from power, Xunzi and the study of criminal names had to gradually give way to orthodox Confucianism.