What are the famous witches in history?

The most famous witch in ancient Greek mythology has powerful magic power. With the help of herbs, she can recite spells and summon the gods to cast spells. People who offend her will become animals and create the illusion that they don't exist. She can hide the moon and the sun, darken the earth and poison her enemies. She owns her own island. Whenever a ship passes by, she pretends to entertain them warmly, but secretly drugged their food and turned them into animals. From the god she often calls, we can see the type of magic she uses. Later generations used to regard her name as a synonym for witch, banshee, witch, etc.

Mitija, a vengeful witch born of love and hate.

Medea, also translated as Medea, is a princess and priestess in the island country of Kocsis. She has had a bad life. In order to get golden fleece, she fell in love with Prince Jason (Jason) who came from other places to fight against her father. However, this marriage ended in tragedy. Mitija is the goddaughter of the moon goddess, so she knows how to use a lot of dark magic. She can concoct elixirs, divination and poison. She is not only proficient in magic, but also very clever and cruel. She once killed her brother for Jason. Later, because Jason moved on, he married the princess of a neighboring country. In a rage, Mitiga, abandoned by her lover, made a dress full of poison and gave it to Jason's fiancee to kill her. He even personally killed the two young children he gave birth to for Jason, and finally left him sadly on a dragon car.

Cassandra, the prophetess of Troy.

Because she can predict the future, she is classified as a witch. It is said that Cassandra's strength comes from Apollo, the god of truth and the sun god, who saw Cassandra one day (she has been working on his puzzling predictions). ), she fell in love with her, Apollo gave her the ability to predict the future. Cassandra refused Apollo's love and became angry from embarrassment. Apollo cursed her, and others would never believe what she said, so she was destined to know the truth forever but could not stop the tragedy. She's a Trojan. She predicted that Troy would be destroyed if Trojan horses were welcomed into the city, but no one believed that Troy died like this. And she was taken to the enemy country as a prisoner and later persecuted to death by the queen of the enemy country.

From the cultural background, the most representative trend of neo-paganism is Wiccanism. Wicca has been recognized as a legal religion by the American government for many years, and now it is the eighth largest religion in the United States. What is Wicca? Wicca is a modern witchcraft. Witchcraft originally refers to pagan religious beliefs and behaviors in early Christianity, and was later named witchcraft by Christians. Neo-paganism replaced the word witchcraft with Wicca, which means Satanism. But many people who engage in modern witchcraft prefer to call it craft rather than witchcraft or Wicca.

In old English, there is a word called wicca, which comes from Saxon witega and means wizard. Today, Wicca comes from the tradition of Gerald Gardner. To some extent, the establishment of Wicca by Gerald Gardner (1884- 1964) began with the writings and teaching of an Englishman (1884- 1964) in the 1930s. Gardner published his first non-fiction witchcraft book, which combines Kabbalah, Celtic mythology, Eastern philosophy and Egyptian idealism. It is generally believed that Gardner did not revive traditional witchcraft, but created a new religion.

root

The roots of Wicca include:

1. The early worship of human nature began about 12000 years ago;

2. Celtic beliefs that began around 500 BC, such as calendars and worship of totem animals;

3. pagan beliefs along the Mediterranean coast.

Gerald Gardner's academic foundation is the work of anthropologist Margaret Murray. Margaret Murray's view is that witches in the Middle Ages did not worship the devil, but were rooted in pagan beliefs earlier than Christianity. The main controversy of Margaret Murray's theory is that there is no evidence that there is a religion that worships the goddess "One". Generally speaking, pagan beliefs are pantheism, not female monotheism.

Margaret Murray named the goddess Diana as Diana worship, which was adopted by many movements and regarded as the ultimate spiritual representative of women's movements in history.

Gerald Gardner practiced witchcraft today (1954). He once joined the Rose Cross and Ordo Templi Orientis in aleister crowley, and he blended various folk customs, freemasonry ceremonies and aleister crowley-style spells. His other book, The Book of Shadows, contains rituals from various sources and has become the basic bibliography of Wicca, but many of its sexual spells have been deleted by many people.

Another important person is Alex &; Ma Kexin Sanders, who formed the Alexandrian School, made witchcraft popular in 1960s. Alexander's witchcraft is more free and open than Gardner's. Maxine, who separated from her husband in 1973, is a respected leader of Wicca.

Mother Earth is the object of Wiccans' belief, appearing as a triple goddess, namely maid, mother and old woman, representing the cyclical rhythm between human beings and nature. There are two main differences between Wicca and traditional witchcraft worldview. One is that there is a creative supreme existence in the universe, that is, the only or all mothers of the earth; The second is to praise the yin and yang of nature and emphasize the balance and coordination of yin and yang characteristics. Wicca of Gardner school seldom mentions the name of the god of elements, while Wicca of Alexandria uses the name of the Greek god. Wiccan rituals mainly include: (1) Sacrificial ceremonies; (2) magic ceremony. Most Wiccans adopt the Celtic calendar, and the annual wheel is divided into eight equal parts.

Wiccan Red & aleister crowley

Aleister crowley (1875- 1947), who once joined OGD, later established Argenteam Strum (Silver Star Order), and later became the leader of Ordo Templi Orientis, famous for his sexual magic and bad temper. Even so, his book Magic in Theory and Practice (1929) is still recognized as having considerable value.

Wiccan Reid is considered as aleister crowley, but some studies think that Wiccan Reid originated from Francois Rabelais's "first book". The History of Gagantua and Panta gruer (first edition 1532) records the moral standards that Christian priests and nuns should abide by. rabelais wrote that in all laws and strict orders, what should be pursued is to follow one's inclinations.

Because of aleister crowley's personal hedonism, this sentence was misled. In fact, it never means "you have the freedom to do whatever you want". On the contrary, the will mentioned in this sentence is consistent with the will of God, that is, a person's actions are carried out according to the will of God.