What were the official positions of the ancient imperial court?

Central officials: There are hundreds of officials in the court to assist the king in running the country. Among officials, they can be divided into three categories: administrative officials, religious officials and affairs officials. Administrative officials and religious officials have high status and great power. The official system of the Zhou Dynasty developed further on the basis of the Shang Dynasty, forming a huge bureaucratic organization and a relatively complete bureaucratic system. King Zhou was ruled by a surname, a teacher and a Taibao. He had great power and was the general manager of the country. The highest official position to assist the King of Zhou in handling government affairs is Liu Qing, that is, Taizai, Taizong, Taishi, Taishu, Taishi and Taishu. Taizai is the chief administrative officer of the imperial court, Taizong is in charge of the genealogy of the ancestral temple, Taishi is responsible for drafting proclamations and compiling historical books, Taishu is the biggest sacrificial officer, Taibu is the diviner and Taishi is the clerical officer. In addition, there were five divisions in the Zhou Dynasty, namely Stuart, Sima, Sikong, Shi Si and Sikou, which were in charge of land, military tax, engineering, princes and princes, and punishment. Kings, princes, doctors and other officials in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties were all hereditary and held the ruling power from generation to generation. This is the so-called stone clearing system. During the Spring and Autumn Period, due to the endless merger and hegemony between the vassal states, the Zhou Dynasty gradually lost control of the vassal states, and the aristocratic enfeoffment system became unworkable. When the vassal States became kings and set up official posts, the official system also changed. Qin destroyed the six countries, established the first unified autocratic centralized state in the history of our country, determined the supreme power of the emperor, and established the "three publics", namely, the Prime Minister, Qiu Wei and the Imperial censor. The prime minister is responsible for assisting the emperor in handling state affairs and is the emperor's assistant. Emperor Qiu Fuzhong was in charge of the national army. Inspectors are in charge of books and chapters and supervise officials. The three public offices are not subordinate to each other and are directly responsible to the emperor. "Governance millet literature and history, in charge of national finance and taxation; Serve Chang, in charge of the ceremony of the ancestral temple; Point branch, dealing with domestic minority affairs and foreign relations; LangZhongLing, in charge of the emperor's retinue guards; Shaofu, in charge of mountains and seas, land income and government handicrafts, for the needs of the royal family; Wei Wei, in charge of the palace guards; Too servant, in charge of the palace chariots and horses; Zong Zheng was in charge of the emperor's family affairs. The appointment, removal and transfer of three officials and nine ministers are all decided by the emperor, not hereditary. Dasitu, Dahefu, also known as the "three fairs" (also known as the "three divisions"). At first, it retained the official position of "Zhong Cheng" for supervision, and later it was called "Yu Shi", which was a full-time supervision institution in the history of China and was formally established. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was Shangshutai who officially gave orders, and the power of the three public offices was weakened, so they could only handle some daily affairs. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to seize power, Cao Cao became a prime minister himself, and once resumed his official positions as an imperial doctor. After Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, he thought that the power of Shangshutai in the Eastern Han Dynasty was too great, so he set up another province of Zhongshu to master confidential information, draft and issue government decrees, and gradually became the de facto prime minister's office. Since then, Shangshutai has become an executing agency, and its affairs have become increasingly busy. Cao began to divide Cao's affairs, set up assistant ministers, doctors and other officials to comprehensively manage Cao's work. The Jin Dynasty changed the Shi Zhong of the Han Dynasty into a province under the door, serving as the emperor's attendant and advisory body, and the chief executive was Shi Zhong. Although the position of assistant is not high, it is very powerful because it is close to the emperor. By the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the emperor had to ask the people for opinions on all important state laws and regulations, so that the lower provinces became departments involved in state affairs. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu provinces were the highest government agencies in the country, responsible for the decision-making, deliberation and implementation of state affairs respectively. Cao Cao in the former Shangshu Province was officially classified into six departments: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers. The minister called the minister. The establishment of three provinces and six departments in Sui and Tang Dynasties was the result of the change of the central official system in feudal countries after Qin and Han Dynasties. Its organization is relatively complete and its division of labor is relatively clear. From Sui and Tang Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties, the six basic phases remained unchanged. However, the original separation of the three provinces gradually changed after Emperor Taizong. Because Tang Taizong was a minister before he ascended the throne, many ministers were afraid to take office after he became emperor, so this position was no longer given to people, and the chief of Shangshu Province only had left and right servants, but soon, the left and right servants became officials who listened to orders and could not participate in major policies. After Emperor Gaozong arrived, he used other officials to participate in the discussion of state affairs and perform the duties of prime minister with the title of "same court official" or "same court official", so he did not often set up court officials and court officials. In addition to following the Tang system, the Five Dynasties also set up the Privy Council (to manage military secrets, border defense, military horses, etc. ) to participate in major policies, the chief said that the envoys of the Tang Dynasty all knew about the Privy Council. In Song Dynasty, the province under Zhongshumen was the government hall, and the Privy Council was in charge of government and military affairs, so it was called "the second government". The official name of its central secret organization has undergone many changes. The Yuan Dynasty abolished Shangshu Province, and the central government was unified in Zhongshu Province. The Chief Executive is a Chinese official who often appoints princes. The Secretariat Province, the Privy Council and the Yushitai are divided into political, military and supervisory powers. In addition, the Chinese Book Province is set up as a local institution of the Chinese Book Province. Therefore, the authority of the book province in the Yuan Dynasty was extremely heavy. In the 13th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, there was no prime minister. The emperor directly deals with state affairs and acts arbitrarily. And imitate the bachelor system in Song Dynasty, set up a college student as the emperor's adviser, and manage the literature and ink. When the Ming Dynasty became the ancestor, the university students were sent to the Wen Yuan Pavilion to handle affairs and participate in maintenance, which was called the "Cabinet". At the beginning, the position of cabinet university students was not high and there was little power. After Injong, the cabinet commented on articles and drafted imperial edicts. As a result, its taste gradually improved, and its power became bigger and bigger, even surpassing the prime minister, with the title of "assistant minister". In the early Qing dynasty, the cabinet was established along the Ming system. However, the national decision-making body is "five ministers discuss state affairs", and the power of the cabinet is reduced. During the Yongzheng period, there was another military department, and the minister of Manchu became the minister of military aircraft. The military department, located in the palace, handles important military affairs, appoints and dismisses officials and important personnel according to the emperor's will. From then on, all the chapters were directly sent to the emperor from the military department, and no longer passed through the cabinet that only did routine work. Military affairs ministers were close to the emperor and in charge of everything, which was the highest development of feudal autocratic centralized official system. Qin designated the whole country as 36 counties (later increased to more than 40 counties). Each county has several counties under its jurisdiction, which is a county-level system. Counties and counties set up the "Guard" as the chief officer and the "Lieutenant" as the subordinate to help guard the military affairs of counties and counties, and set up an imperial supervisor to supervise counties and counties. Counties are divided into two classes, the big county order and the small county order "long" as the chief. There is a "captain" who is responsible for the county's public security, and a "cheng" who assists in public security and is responsible for warehousing, prisons and documents. The county chief executive is directly appointed and removed by the emperor. Qin system was adopted in the early Han Dynasty, but the county magistrate was changed to prefect, and the county commandant was changed to captain. The official system of the vassal state is similar to that of the central government. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the whole country was divided into thirteen states (also known as the Ministry), and each state set up a secretariat to inspect the county and country on the orders of the emperor. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to suppress the peasant uprising, the secretariat was changed to state animal husbandry, ranking above the county magistrate and in charge of the military and political power of a state. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, local political power was basically at three levels: state, county and county. The governor of a state, or the state administrator or secretariat, is responsible for the civil affairs of a state. The sheriff will be renamed the Knights. At the same time, the secretariat of some States often gives the title of "commander-in-chief of military affairs in a certain state" or "commander-in-chief of military affairs in a certain state", which has great power. At the end of Sui Dynasty, the state was changed to a county, and in Tang Dynasty, the county was changed to a state, both of which were two-level systems. Tang also set up ten prisons in the whole country, named "Dao", and each school had a Beijing official, named ambassador, provincial judge, interview and disposal ambassador. To supervise the illegal events of state and county officials and have the right to recall or promote local officials. In addition, during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, several states were merged into a military region, and each region had a presidential system (renamed the governor in the Tang Dynasty) to be responsible for military affairs in the region; Later, Tang also set up an envoy in the frontier, with the title of Beijing official and ancient consultant, which combined the military, political, financial and supervisory power of several States and even more than ten States in one person, and its power was extremely powerful. After the Anshi Rebellion, our army expanded, became independent and monopolized one side, which was called "the buffer region" by the world. In view of the disasters of the Tang and Five Dynasties, in the Song Dynasty, in order to strengthen centralization, the buffer region was cut down, making our era an empty title. According to local conditions, the state, government, army and prison were all owned by the county, or the two-tier system was adopted. The administrative affairs of prefectures and counties are appointed by the central authorities, and the original titles are "Zhizhou Military" ("Prefecture" refers to civil affairs and "Army" refers to local troops) and "Magistrate Affairs", which are referred to as "Zhizhou" and "Magistrate" for short. In addition, there is a monitoring area called "Road". Lu Shedu dispatched envoys, sealed off some prisons, sealed off some Changping officials and other officials, and was responsible for official administration, civil and criminal cases and financial affairs along the way. In addition, there is a local military, equipped with a peace envoy or peace envoy, usually a local magistrate or local official. In the Yuan Dynasty, the division between the central and local governments was complicated. There are states in the county, roads in the states and provinces in the provinces. China's book province is an institution sent by the central book province, which has great power. In this way, the local official system in the Yuan Dynasty formed a four-level system of province, Taoism, prefecture and county. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the term "junior middle school" was changed to "undertaking to announce the department" (still called "province"), and the chief was the deployment ambassador, who was in charge of civil affairs and finance. In addition, there are provincial local government offices, such as the provincial judge's office and the governor's office, which are in charge of prisons, military affairs and other affairs in a province, and are collectively called the "three departments" with the political and military departments. There is a state or zhili state under it, and the chief executive is the magistrate or state; Below the government is a county or a scattered state, and the chief executive is a magistrate or a sheriff. The local political power is a three-level system of province, government (or Zhili prefecture) and county (or scattered prefecture). In the Ming Dynasty, the central government sent an imperial censor to inspect various places, which was called "patrol press". Or send Beijing officials to the governor's office, called the "governor", and finish it. During the reign of Xuanzong in the Ming Dynasty, there were governors in Guanzhong and Jiangnan, riding on the three divisions. Later, for military purposes, some places added governors, mostly ministers of the Ministry of War, who were often named ministers of the Ministry of War or assistant ministers of the Ministry of War, as well as censors in Beijing. After the governor was established, he was under his command. In some places, the governor and the governor are in the same city, and they are in trouble with each other, so they have to cancel the governor and become a province with a governor but no governor. The system of prefectures and counties in the Qing Dynasty is similar to that in the Ming Dynasty, except that there are "halls" in some special places (mainly areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities). The administrative level of the guild hall is similar to that of each state, and there are also some divisions between zhili guild hall and scattered guild hall. Taoism at or above the prefecture level has remained as a first-class administrative organization, and Taoist officials have also become specialized official positions, commonly known as "Daotai". At the provincial level, the governor or governor is in charge of military affairs and becomes a fixed "government official". Although he still retains the name of envoy, he has become a subordinate of the governor or governor, specializing in taxation and civil affairs, and is called "Fan Tai"; There is also a provincial judge who is responsible for the justice of a province and is called "Madam". The governor is in charge of a province, and the governor is in charge of a province or two or three provinces. The chief of the government is called the magistrate, the chief of the county is called the magistrate, and the official of the hall is called Tongzhi or Tongguan. This constitutes a four-level local official system of provinces, prefectures, prefectures (Zhili Prefecture and Zhili Hall) and counties (scattered prefectures and scattered halls). Prime minister: the highest official who assists the emperor in handling national political affairs. His main duties are to lead the discussion on North Korea and the performance of officials, as well as to select and appoint officials. His rank is called Shiwan. Royal adviser: the deputy of the Prime Minister, the chief executive after the Prime Minister, is mainly responsible for taking charge of documents, files and books, and supervising hundreds of officials to report illegal acts. This rank is also known as Shiwan. Ting Wei: The highest judicial official in the Han Dynasty, whose main duty is to convict and interpret laws and regulations, and whose rank is Zhong 2,000 stone. Guang Luxun: Mainly responsible for the security in the palace and the escort of attendants. The grade is two thousand stones. Wei Wei: The chief security officer of the imperial palace in Han Dynasty, whose main duty is to defend the outer hall of the imperial palace. His grade is Zhong 2000 stone. Zong Zheng: An official in charge of the names of the emperor's relatives, with the rank of Zhong 2000 Stone. Senior sinon: an official in charge of all financial and economic affairs of the country, with an official rank of 2000 stone. Shaofu: an official in charge of the emperor's private finance, with a title of two thousand stones. Captain Shuiheng: Established in the second year of Emperor Ding Yuan of Han Dynasty, he was in charge of all the affairs of Shanglinyuan, with a rank of 2,000 stone. Prime minister's long history: a senior official who assists the prime minister in managing documents and other affairs. His rank is Shi Qian. Yushi Zhong Cheng: A senior official who assists Yushi in managing the books of Lantai in the palace and supervises the officials. His rank is Shi Qian. Chief: the highest military and political officer of a county in Han Dynasty. In the second year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, it was renamed Taishou, ranking 2,000 stones, and the official department called the county government. County Commandant: A senior Wu Zhi official who assisted the county magistrate in the Han Dynasty. He is mainly responsible for the military training, assessment and public security of the Jia nationality in the county. In the second year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, it was renamed Dewey, ranking 2000 stone. Du Weicheng: Dewey's highest-ranking official is generally 600 stone. County magistrate: The highest official of a county in Han Dynasty, with an official rank of 600 stone, is called county magistrate. Xian Cheng: The highest official under the county magistrate, whose main duty is to assist the county magistrate in handling county affairs, especially thieves and warehouses. The grade is generally 200 or 300 stones. Pavilion director: a junior official in charge of pavilions in Han Dynasty, appointed by county magistrate. The main responsibility is to maintain public order in the pavilion department under its jurisdiction. It has the functions of welcoming officials and delivering official documents, and has no official rank. Governors: In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, governors had the power to govern the country. In the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, he ordered the governors to no longer have this power, and Chang 'an sent officials to govern. Prime Minister: It was called the Prime Minister in the early Western Han Dynasty, with the same name as the Chang 'an court. After Emperor Jing took back the power of the vassal, he changed the vassal to the prime minister. Literature and history: the official name of the vassal king, whose duty is to be responsible for the administration of the vassal king. After Korea proclaimed himself emperor, the post of literature and history was omitted, and the governor was in charge of administration instead.